[Leish-l] Fwd: Articles found by RefScout 8/2007

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  REQUEST: [ leishmania ]
(31 articles match this request. 3 articles matching other requests removed)

PMID: 17240003<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=17240003>
TITLE: Intranasal delivery of naked DNA encoding the LACK antigen leads to
protective immunity against visceral leishmaniasis in
mice.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17240003>
AUTHORS: Daniel ClÃ¡udio de Oliveira Gomes, Eduardo Fonseca Pinto, Luiz
Dione Barbosa de Melo, Wallace Pacienza Lima, Vicente Larraga, Ulisses Gazos
Lopes, Bartira Rossi-Bergmann
AFFILIATION: Instituto de BiofÃsica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade
Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21.949-900 Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil.
REFERENCE: Vaccine 2007 Mar 25(12):2168-72
We previously showed that intranasal (i.n.) vaccination with pCIneo plasmid
encoding the leishmanial LACK gene (pCIneo-LACK) induces long- lasting
protective immunity against cutaneous leishmaniasis in mice. In this work,
we proposed to investigate whether the efficacy of i.n. pCIneo-LACK is
extensive to visceral leishmaniasis. BALB/c mice received two i.n. doses of
30mug pCIneo-LACK prior to intravenous (i.v.) infection with
*Leishmania*chagasi. Vaccinated mice developed significantly lower
parasite burden in
the liver and spleen than control mice receiving empty pCIneo or saline. The
spleen cells of vaccinated mice produced significantly increased IFN-gamma
and IL-4 concomitant with decreased IL-10 production during infection. Serum
levels of specific IgG were elevated whereas TNF-alpha were decreased as
compared with controls. These results show that the practical needle-free
i.n. pCIneo-LACK vaccine displays potential broad-spectrum activity against
leishmaniasis.

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PMID: 17297134<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=17297134>
TITLE: Identification and characterization of a salivary adenosine deaminase
from the sand fly Phlebotomus duboscqi, the vector of *Leishmania* major in
sub-Saharan Africa.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17297134>
AUTHORS: Hirotomo Kato, Ryan C Jochim, Phillip G Lawyer, Jesus G Valenzuela
AFFILIATION: Vector Molecular Biology Unit, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector
Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National
Institutes of Health, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway, Room 2E-22C, Rockville, MD
20852, USA.
REFERENCE: J Exp Biol 2007 Mar 210(Pt 5):733-40
Two transcripts coding for an adenosine deaminase (ADA) were identified by
sequencing a Phlebotomus duboscqi salivary gland cDNA library. Adenosine
deaminase was previously reported in the saliva of the sand fly Lutzomyia
longipalpis but it was not present in the saliva of the sand flies
Phlebotomus papatasi, P. argentipes, P. perniciosus and P. ariasi,
suggesting that this enzyme is only present in the saliva of sand flies from
the genus Lutzomyia. In the present work, we tested the hypothesis that the
salivary gland transcript coding for ADA in Phlebotomus duboscqi, a sister
species of Phlebotomus papatasi, produces an active salivary ADA. Salivary
gland homogenates of P. duboscqi converted adenosine to inosine, suggesting
the presence of ADA activity in the saliva of this species of sand fly;
furthermore, this enzymatic activity was significantly reduced when using
either salivary glands of recently blood-fed sand flies or punctured
salivary glands, suggesting that this enzyme is secreted in the saliva of
this insect. This enzymatic activity was absent from the saliva of P.
papatasi. In contrast to other Phlebotomus sand flies, we did not find AMP
or adenosine in P. duboscqi salivary glands as measured by HPLC-photodiode
array. To confirm that the transcript coding for ADA was responsible for the
activity observed in the saliva of this sand fly, we cloned this transcript
into a prokaryotic expression vector and produced a soluble and active
recombinant protein of approximately 60 kDa that was able to convert
adenosine to inosine. Extracts of bacteria transformed with control plasmids
did not show this activity. These results suggest that P. duboscqi
transcripts coding for ADA are responsible for the activity detected in the
salivary glands of this sand fly and that P. duboscqi acquired this activity
independently from other Phlebotomus sand flies. This is another example of
a gene recruitment event in salivary genes of blood-feeding arthropods that
may be relevant for blood feeding and, because of the role of ADA in
immunity, it may also play a role in parasite transmission.

PMID: 17218153<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=17218153>
TITLE: Circulating nitric oxide and C-reactive protein levels in Indian kala
azar patients: Correlation with clinical
outcome.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17218153>
AUTHORS: Nasim Akhtar Ansari, Paresh Sharma, Poonam Salotra
AFFILIATION: Molecular Biology Lab., Institute of Pathology (ICMR),
Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi 110029, India.
REFERENCE: Clin Immunol 2007 Mar 122(3):343-8
Interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) and nitric oxide (NO) are the major players of
the host defense against *Leishmania*. In the present study circulating
levels of IFN-gamma, NO, interleukin (IL)-6 and C-reactive protein (CRP)
were compared in kala azar (KA), post-kala azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL)
and healthy controls. A significantly elevated level of these parameters was
evident in KA compared to PKDL or control . Further, significantly elevated
levels of IFN-gamma, NO and CRP were observed in sodium antimony gluconate
(SAG) unresponsive cases compared to responsive cases. In PKDL cases, NO was
significantly elevated while other parameters were comparable to control. At
post-treatment stage, KA patients showed a significant decrement in all the
parameters, however , IL-6 and CRP remained above control level. Hence, data
implies that the parasites survive in spite of the presence of effector
molecules, and the excessive release of IFN-gamma and NO could be associated
with the progression of the disease.

PMID: 17097842<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=17097842>
TITLE: Antileishmanial activities associated with plants used in the Malian
traditional medicine.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17097842>
AUTHORS: Kouassi Maximin Ahua, Jean-Robert Ioset, Karine Ndjoko Ioset,
Drissa Diallo, Jacques MauÃ«l, Kurt Hostettmann
AFFILIATION: Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie et Phytochimie, Ecole de
Pharmacie GenÃ¨ve-Lausanne, UniversitÃ(c) de GenÃ¨ve, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30,
CH-1211 GenÃ¨ve 4, Switzerland.
REFERENCE: J Ethnopharmacol 2007 Mar 110(1):99-104
Sixty-four extracts issued from twenty-one plants used in the Malian
traditional medicine - several of them as antiparasitic drugs - were assayed
for their antileishmanial effects against both extracellular and
intracellular forms of *Leishmania* major. Seven extracts from six different
plants -Sarcocephalus latifolius, Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides, Entada
africana, Bobgunnia madagascarensis, Pseudocedrela kotschyi and Psorospermum
guineense - were found to be significantly active against the intracellular
form of the parasite.

PMID: 17293996<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=17293996>
TITLE: Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) associated with
changing patterns in the transmission of the human cutaneous leishmaniasis
in French Guiana.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17293996>
AUTHORS: Florence Fouque, Pascal Gaborit, Jean Issaly, Romuald Carinci,
Jean-Charles Gantier, Christophe Ravel, Jean-Pierre Dedet
AFFILIATION: Cellule d'Intervention Biologique d'Urgence, Institut Pasteur,
Paris, France.
REFERENCE: Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2007 Feb 102(1):35-40
Between March 2000 and December 2001 a survey of the sand flies (Diptera :
Phlebotominae) of French Guiana was carried out during 14 nights of captures
with CDC light-traps and Malaise traps, and resulted in the collection of
2245 individuals of 38 species. The most abundant species were Lutzomyia
(Trichophoromyia) ininii Floch & Abonnenc, Lu.( Psychodopygus) squamiventris
maripaensis Floch & Abonnenc, and Lu .( Nyssomyia) flaviscutellata
Mangabeira. Half of the collected sand flies females were dissected under
field conditions and five species were found harboring *Leishmania*-like
parasites. The *Leishmania* ( Kinetoplastidae: Trypanosomatidae) species
were identified by molecular typing, and for the first time Lu. (Nys.)
flaviscutellata was found harboring *Leishmania* (Viannia) guyanensis and
Lu. (Tri) ininii harboring unknown *Leishmania*. The first record for French
Guiana of Lu. (Psy.) squamiventris maripaensis harboring L. (V.) naiffi, was
also reported. The patterns of diversification of the human cutaneous
leishmaniasis transmission in French Guiana are discussed.

PMID: 17294004<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=17294004>
TITLE: Interferon-gamma is required for the late but not early control of *
Leishmania* amazonensis infection in C57Bl/6
mice.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17294004>
AUTHORS: Roberta Olmo Pinheiro, Bartira Rossi-Bergmann
AFFILIATION: Instituto de BiofÃsica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade
Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21949-900, Brasil.
REFERENCE: Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2007 Feb 102(1):79-82
The critical role of interferon-gamma (IFN-g) in the resistance of C57Bl /6
mice to *Leishmania* major is widely established but its role in the
relative resistance of these animals to L. amazonensis infection is still
not clear. In this work we use C57Bl/6 mice congenitally deficient in the
IFN-g gene (IFN-g KO) to address this issue. We found that IFN-g KO mice
were as resistant as their wild-type (WT) counterparts at least during the
first two months of infection. Afterwards, whereas WT mice maintained lesion
growth under control, IFN-g KO mice developed devastating lesions. At day 97
of infection, their lesions were 9-fold larger than WT controls, concomitant
with an increased parasite burden. At this stage, lesion-draining cells from
IFN-g KO mice had impaired capacity to produce interleukin-12 (IL-12) and
tumour necrosis factor-a in response to parasite antigens whereas IL-4 was
slightly increased in comparison to infected WT mice. Together, these
results show that IFN-g is not critical for the initial control of L.
amazonensis infection in C57Bl/6 mice, but is essencial for the developmente
of a protective Th1 type immune response in the later stages.

PMID: 17213267<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=17213267>
TITLE: Role of ABC transporter MRPA, {gamma}-glutamylcysteine synthetase and
ornithine decarboxylase in natural antimony-resistant isolates of *
Leishmania* donovani.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17213267>
AUTHORS: Angana Mukherjee, Prasad K Padmanabhan, Sushma Singh, GaÃ(c)tan Roy,
Isabelle Girard, Mitali Chatterjee, Marc Ouellette, Rentala Madhubala
AFFILIATION: School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi
- 110 067, India.
REFERENCE: J Antimicrob Chemother 2007 Feb 59(2):204-11
Objectives The resistance of clinical isolates of *Leishmania* donovani to
sodium antimony gluconate (SAG), the mainstay of treatment in Indian
visceral leishmaniasis, has become a critical issue in India. The present
work investigates the mechanism of resistance to SAG in parasites isolated
from patients who are unresponsive to SAG. Methods and results
Susceptibility to SAG as determined in vitro with intracellular amastigotes
correlated well with the clinical response. The ABC transporter gene MRPA
was amplified in resistant field isolates as part of an extrachromosomal
circle. Co-amplification of the pterin reductase gene (PTR1) and MRPA
suggests amplification of the H locus in SAG-resistant isolates.
Amplification of MRPA was correlated to increased RNA as determined by
real-time PCR. MRPA is an ABC-thiol transporter, and cysteine and
glutathione were increased in the resistant isolates. Ornithine
decarboxylase (a rate limiting enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis), and
gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (a rate limiting enzyme in glutathione
biosynthesis), the two building blocks of the main cellular thiol
trypanothione, were overexpressed in some of the resistant isolates.
Conclusions A variety of resistance mechanisms to SAG, most of them
consistent with a model based on the study of resistance in vitro, were
present in clinical isolates from the same geographical region.

PMID: 17184847<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=17184847>
TITLE: Interleukin-10 reduces hyperalgesia and the level of
Interleukin-1beta in BALB/c mice infected with *Leishmania* major with no
major effect on the level of
Interleukin-6.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17184847>
AUTHORS: Marc C Karam, Hamdan G Hamdan, Najib A Abi Chedid, Kikki B
Bodman-Smith, George M Baroody
AFFILIATION: Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese
American University, Byblos, Lebanon.
REFERENCE: J Neuroimmunol 2007 Feb 183(1-2):43-9
Infection with a high dose of *Leishmania* major has been shown to induce
hyperalgesia in BALB/c mice accompanied by a sustained upregulation of
Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and an early upregulation of Interleukin-6
(IL-6). On the other hand, Interleukin 10 (IL-10) has been demonstrated to
be hypoalgesic in other models such as rats exposed to UV rays. In this
study, we injected BALB/c mice with a high dose of *Leishmania* major and
treated them with IL-10 (15 ng/animal) for six consecutive days.
Hyperalgesia was assessed using thermal pain tests and the levels of IL-
1beta and IL-6 were also assessed at different post-infection days. Our
results show that IL-10 can reduce the *Leishmania* major-induced
hyperalgesia during the treatment period through a direct effect on the
levels of IL-1beta which seems to play an important role in this
hyperalgesia induction since its level was reduced during the period of
IL-10 injection and was increased again when this treatment was stopped . On
the contrary IL-10 has no direct effect on the levels IL-6 which seems to
have no direct role in the induced hyperalgesia.

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PMID: 17293992<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=17293992>
TITLE: Lutzomyia longipalpis in Brazil: a complex or a single species? A
mini-review.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17293992>
AUTHORS: Luiz Gsr Bauzer, Nataly A Souza, Rhayza Dc Maingon, Alexandre A
Peixoto
AFFILIATION: Departamento de BioquÃmica e Biologia Molecular, Instituto
Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil.
REFERENCE: Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2007 Feb 102(1):1-12
Lutzomyia longipalpis is the main vector of *Leishmania* infantum chagasi ,
the causative agent of American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL). Although there
is strong evidence that Lu. longipalpis is a species complex, not all data
concerning populations from Brazil support this hypothesis. The issue is
still somewhat controversial for this large part of Lu. longipalpis
distribution range even though that it is the Latin American region
contributing to most of the cases of AVL. In this mini-review we consider in
detail the current data for the Brazilian populations and conclude that Lu.
longipalpis is a complex of incipient vector species with a complexity
similar to Anopheles gambiae s.s. in Africa.

PMID: 17294918<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=17294918>
TITLE: Impact of phlebotomine sand flies on U.S. Military operations at
Tallil Air Base, Iraq: 2. Temporal and geographic distribution of sand
flies.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17294918>
AUTHORS: Russell E Coleman, Douglas A Burkett, Van Sherwood, Jennifer Caci,
Sharon Spradling, Barton T Jennings, Edgar Rowton, Wayne Gilmore, Keith
Blount, Charles E White, John L Putnam
AFFILIATION: 520th Theater Army Medical Laboratory, United States Army,
Tallil Air Base, Iraq. russell.coleman at us.army.mil
REFERENCE: J Med Entomol 2007 Jan 44(1):29-41
CDC miniature light traps were used to evaluate the general biology of
phlebotomine sand flies from April 2003 to November 2004 at Tallil Air Base,
Iraq. Factors evaluated include species diversity and temporal ( daily and
seasonal) and geographic distribution of the sand flies. In addition, the
abundance of sand flies inside and outside tents and buildings was observed.
In total, 61,630 sand flies were collected during 1,174 trap nights (mean 52
per trap, range 0-1,161), with 90% of traps containing sand flies. Sand fly
numbers were low in April, rose through May, were highest from mid-June to
early September, and dropped rapidly in late September and October. More
than 70% of the sand flies were female, and of these sand flies, 8%
contained visible blood. Phlebotomus alexandri Sinton, Phlebotomus papatasi
Scopoli, Phlebotomus sergenti Parrot, and Sergentomyia spp. accounted for
30, 24, 1, and 45% of the sand flies that were identified, respectively. P.
alexandri was more abundant earlier in the season (April and May) than P.
papatasi, whereas P. papatasi predominated later in the season (August and
September). Studies on the nocturnal activity of sand flies indicated that
they were most active early in the evening during the cooler months ,
whereas they were more active in the middle of the night during the hotter
months. Light traps placed inside tents with and without air conditioners
collected 83 and 70% fewer sand flies, respectively, than did light traps
placed outside the tents. The implications of these findings to
*Leishmania*transmission in the vicinity of Tallil Air Base are
discussed.

PMID: 17294933<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=17294933>
TITLE: Effect of temperature on metabolism of Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera:
Psychodidae).<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17294933>
AUTHORS: Ivana Benkova, Petr Volf
AFFILIATION: Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Vinicna 7, 128
44 Prague, Czech Republic.
REFERENCE: J Med Entomol 2007 Jan 44(1):150-4
Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli) (Diptera: Psychodidae) is the most important
vector of *Leishmania* major, and previous experiments revealed that *
Leishmania* development in the sand fly midgut is significantly affected by
temperature. Therefore, we maintained blood-fed P. papatasi females at 23 or
28 degrees C to understand the effect of temperature on bloodmeal digestion
and developmental times of this sand fly. At the lower temperature, the
metabolic processes were slower and developmental times were longer:
defecation, oviposition, and egg hatch started later and took longer to
complete. Also, the mortality of blood-fed females was significantly lower.
The defecation of bloodmeal remains was delayed for 12-36 h at 23 degrees C
compared with the group maintained at 28 degrees C. Such delay would provide
more time for *Leishmania* to establish the midgut infection and could
partially explain the increased susceptibility of P. papatasi to *Leishmania
* major at 23 degrees C. In both experimental groups, blood-fed females laid
similar numbers of eggs (mean 60 and 70, maximum 104 and 115 per female).
Egg numbers were positively correlated with the amount of hematin excreted
in feces of ovipositing females. In parallel experiments, autogeny was
recorded in 8 % of females. The autogenous egg batches were smaller (mean,
12; range, 1-39), but they all produced viable larvae.

PMID: 17293978<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=17293978>
TITLE: Single and concomitant experimental infectionsby Endotrypanum spp.
and *Leishmania* (Viannia) guyanensis (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) in
the Neotropical sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera:
Psychodidae).<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17293978>
AUTHORS: AndrÃ(c) F Barbosa, Sandra Mp Oliveira, Alvaro L Bertho, Antonia Mr
Franco, Elizabeth F Rangel
AFFILIATION: Departamento de Entomologia, Laboratorio de Transmissores de
Leishmanioses.
REFERENCE: Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2006 Dec 101(8):851-6
Lutzomyia longipalpis females received single and mixed infections with
Endotrypanum and *Leishmania*. Two biological parameters were analyzed: the
percentage of infected females and the distribution of flagellates in the
gut of the females. The principal comparisons were performed between (1) two
strains of Endotrypanum, (2) cloned versus primary sample of one strain of
Endotrypanum, (3) Endotrypanum versus *Leishmania* guyanensis, and (4) the
pattern of flagellates behaviour by optical microscopy in females with
single or mixed infection versus the identification of parasites isolated
from digestive tracts by isoenzyme electrophoresis. Flagellates of
Endotrypanum showed distinct patterns of infection suggesting that there is
variation between and within strains . The distribution of Endotrypanum and
L. guyanensis differed significantly in relation to the colonization of the
stomodeal valve. In co-infection with L. guyanensis, a large number of
flagellates were seen to be plentifully infecting the stomodeal valve in
significantly more specimens than in females infected by Endotrypanum only.
However, the electrophoretic profiles of isoenzymes of parasites recovered
from all co-infected specimens corresponded to Endotrypanum. This suggests
that the mere correlation sand fly infection-biochemical analysis of
isolates may induce parasitological incorrect consideration.

PMID: 17293991<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=17293991>
TITLE: Final comments on an interesting taxonomic dilemma:
*Leishmania*infantum versus
*Leishmania* infantum
chagasi.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17293991>
AUTHORS: Filipe Dantas-Torres
AFFILIATION: Departamento de Imunologia, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu
MagalhÃ£es, Fiocruz, Recife, PE, 50670-420, Brasil.
REFERENCE: Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2006 Dec 101(8):929-30

PMID: 17293989<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=17293989>
TITLE: *Leishmania* (Viannia) lainsoni: occurrence of intracellular
promastigote forms in vivo and in
vitro.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17293989>
AUTHORS: JosÃ(c) R CorrÃªa, Maurilio J Soares
AFFILIATION: LaboratÃ³rio de Biologia Celular de Microrganismos,
Departamento de Ultra-estrutura e Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz,
Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brasil.
REFERENCE: Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2006 Dec 101(8):923-4
Experimental chronic (45-day-old) skin lesion in hamster hind foot induced
by *Leishmania* (Viannia) lainsoni infection showed the presence of
promastigote forms in the tissue, inside parasitophorous vacuoles, as
assessed by transmission electron microscopy. Experimental in vitro
interaction (24 and 48 h) between *Leishmania* (V.)lainsoni and J774-G8
macrophage cells also demonstrated the same profile. This morphological
aspect is unusual, since in this parasite genus only amastigote forms have
been described as the resistant and obligate intracellular forms.

PMID: 17184256<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=17184256>
TITLE: Itraconazole in the treatment of cutaneous
leishmaniasis.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17184256>
AUTHORS: Alireza Firooz, Alireza Khatami, Yahya Dowlati
REFERENCE: Int J Dermatol 2006 Dec 45(12):1446-7

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PMID: 17176592<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=17176592>
TITLE: Leishmaniasis in ancient Egypt and Upper
nubia.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17176592>
AUTHORS: Albert R Zink, Mark Spigelman, Bettina Schraut, Charles L
Greenblatt, Andreas G Nerlich, Helen D Donoghue
REFERENCE: Emerg Infect Dis 2006 Oct 12(10):1616-7

PMID: 17176597<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=17176597>
TITLE: Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis,
Afghanistan.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17176597>
AUTHORS: Michael K Faulde, Gerhard Heyl, Mohammed L Amirih
REFERENCE: Emerg Infect Dis 2006 Oct 12(10):1623-4

PMID: 17293915<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=17293915>
TITLE: *Leishmania* mexicana infection of the eyelid in a traveler to
Belize.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17293915>
AUTHORS: Joseph M Vinetz, Lynn Soong
AFFILIATION: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, San
Diego School of Medicine, University of California.
REFERENCE: Braz J Infect Dis 2006 Aug 10(4):304-7
A 50 year-old man, a United States resident, presented in Texas with a
violaceous non-ulcerating lesion, involving the entire lower eyelid. The
patient had traveled to a jungle area of Belize several hours drive from the
capital city. *Leishmania* mexicana was isolated. The lesion only partially
resolved after an initial course of sodium stibogluconate, requiring
retreatment. At two years of follow-up, there was no relapse. The parasite
isolated from the patient caused a progressive, non- ulcerating lesion in an
experimental mouse footpad infection. This is an unusual case of cutaneous
leishmaniasis in a traveler. Travelers must be educated about personal
protective measures to prevent exotic infections acquired during travel.

PMID: 17301418<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=17301418>
TITLE: Evaluation of In Vitro Production of IFN-gamma, IL-10, IL-12 and
IL-13 by Blood Cells in Patients with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Lesions.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17301418>
AUTHORS: Majid Mahmoodi, Saeid Rajabalian, Alireza Fekri, Iraj Esfandiarpour
AFFILIATION: Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman,
Iran. mahmoodij at yahoo.com.
REFERENCE: Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol 2005 Mar 4(1):15-21
This study investigated the in vitro production of interferon-gamma,
interleukin (IL)-10, IL-12, and IL-13, after antigenic stimulation of the
cells (with *Leishmania* antigen and lipopolysaccharide) using whole blood
from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions caused by
*Leishmania*tropica and in normal volunteers with history of cutaneous
leishmaniasis.ELISA results showed that the mean production of
interferon-gamma by cells of whole blood in patients with lesions in
response to *Leishmania* antigen was significantly lower than corresponding
values in volunteers with history of cutaneous leishmaniasis (P< 0.05) and
significantly higher levels of IL-10 production in patients with lesions
were observed compared with cured volunteers of the disease (P<0.01). A
similar level of IL-12, including p40 subunit of IL-12, was detected in both
groups tested in this study in response to stimulation of parasite antigen.
The levels of the IL-13 after stimulation with *Leishmania* antigen were
significantly more in patients compared with volunteers with history of
cutaneous leishmaniasis (P< 0.01). There was no significant difference in
the mean production of IFN-gamma, IL-10, IL-12 and IL-13 by PHA or LPS
stimulated cells from patients with lesions and volunteers with history of
the disease, indicating that there was no qualitative defect in cytokine
production in these patients.In this study, we have detected the decreased
production of interferon- gamma by cells of patients with lesions of
cutaneous leishmaniasis in response to parasite antigen and unbalanced
production of regulatory cytokines such as IL-10 and IL-13 using the
whole-blood stimulation assay technique. The required small volume of blood
and the rapid set up time are the advantages in this assay technique. Using
this assay for further immunodetection of cytokines may confirm its value
for clinical investigation.

PMID: 17301350<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=17301350>
TITLE: Effect of immunomodulator daraprim on potentiation of vaccine
protection of *leishmania* major in BALB/c
mice.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17301350>
AUTHORS: M Keshavarzi, Z M Hassan
AFFILIATION: Department of Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences,
University of Tarbiat Modarres, Iran.
REFERENCE: Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol 2003 Mar 2(1):7-12
In this study, a crude leishmanial antigen, was prepared by son icating *
Leishmania* major promastigotes used to induce immunity in BALB/c mice
against cutaneous leishmaniasis. Correlation between the route of antigen
injection and the efficacy of induced protection was examined. To enhance
the effectiveness of the antigen, an irnmunostimulant drug, daraprim
(pyrimethamine), was administered simultaneously with the antigen. The
experiment demonstrated that simultaneous intraperitoneal injection of the
antigen and daraprim resulted in protection from subsequent development of
cutaneous lesions. Results of lymphocyte proliferation from mice immunized
with either the antigen or antigen- daraprim mixture showed a signficant
response to the antigen. The results suggest that daraprim can be used in
prophylaxis programs to enhance the effectiveness of vaccines for cutaneous
leishmaniasis.

********************************************************************************************************************
The following references are revised files and are brought to you in
accordance to license agreement with the NLM.
********************************************************************************************************************

PMID: 16753146<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=16753146>
TITLE: *Leishmania* tarentolae: purification and characterization of tubulin
and its suitability for antileishmanial drug
screening.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16753146>
AUTHORS: Adam J Yakovich, Frank L Ragone, Juan D Alfonzo, Dan L Sackett,
Karl A Werbovetz
AFFILIATION: Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of
Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
REFERENCE: Exp Parasitol 2006 Dec 114(4):289-96
Previously, tubulin has been purified from *Leishmania* amazonensis and used
to identify novel molecules with selective antimitotic activity. However, L.
amazonensis is pathogenic and requires a relatively expensive medium for
large-scale cultivation. Herein, the purification and characterization of
tubulin from the non-pathogenic *Leishmania* tarentolae is reported,
together with the sequence of alpha- and beta- tubulin from this organism.
This protein was purified by sonication, diethylaminoethyl-Sepharose
chromatography, and one assembly disassembly cycle in 1% overall recovery
based on total cellular protein. *Leishmania* tarentolae tubulin was
indistinguishable from the corresponding L. amazonensis protein in terms of
binding affinity for dinitroaniline sulfanilamides and sensitivity to
assembly inhibition by these compounds. The amino acid sequences derived
from the L. tarentolae alpha- and beta-tubulin genes were 99.6 and
99.4%identical to the corresponding amino acid sequences from the
*Leishmania* major Friedlin strain. These results indicate that tubulin from
L. tarentolae is suitable for use in drug screening.

PMID: 16426375<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=16426375>
TITLE: Cutaneous leishmaniasis: successful treatment with
itraconazole.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16426375>
AUTHORS: Javier Consigli, Cristian Danielo, VerÃ³nica Gallerano, Mariana
Papa, AndrÃ(c)s Guidi
AFFILIATION: Department of Dermatology, Hospital CÃ³rdoba, Argentina.
consigli at arnet.com.ar
REFERENCE: Int J Dermatol 2006 Jan 45(1):46-9
BACKGROUND: Leishmaniasis is a disease produced by several species of
protozoa of the *Leishmania* genus. These protozoa are injected into the
human bloodstream by sandflies. The symptomathology, either cutaneous,
mucocutaneous or visceral, depends on the infective species and the immune
status of the patient. Antimonial drugs are the mainstay treatment for all
the clinical forms of the disease. Amphotericin B is the second-choice drug.
METHODS: We report two clinical cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis treated
with itraconazole. One case was a relapsing form unresponsive to
conventional therapy. RESULTS: Both patients achieved fast resolution of
their lesions with no secondary effects. CONCLUSIONS: Itraconazole may be a
valid option for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis, mainly in those
cases unresponsive to conventional drugs.

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PMID: 16020728<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=16020728>
TITLE: The genome of the kinetoplastid parasite, *Leishmania*
major.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16020728>
AUTHORS: Alasdair C Ivens, Christopher S Peacock, Elizabeth A Worthey, Lee
Murphy, Gautam Aggarwal, Matthew Berriman, Ellen Sisk, Marie-Adele
Rajandream, Ellen Adlem, Rita Aert, Atashi Anupama, Zina Apostolou, Philip
Attipoe, Nathalie Bason, Christopher Bauser, Alfred Beck, Stephen M
Beverley, Gabriella Bianchettin, Katja Borzym, Gordana Bothe, Carlo V
Bruschi, Matt Collins, Eithon Cadag, Laura Ciarloni, Christine Clayton,
Richard M R Coulson, Ann Cronin, Angela K Cruz, Robert M Davies, Javier De
Gaudenzi, Deborah E Dobson, Andreas Duesterhoeft, Gholam Fazelina, Nigel
Fosker, Alberto Carlos Frasch, Audrey Fraser, Monika Fuchs, Claudia Gabel,
Arlette Goble, AndrÃ(c) Goffeau, David Harris, Christiane Hertz-Fowler, Helmut
Hilbert, David Horn, Yiting Huang, Sven Klages, Andrew Knights, Michael
Kube, Natasha Larke, Lyudmila Litvin, Angela Lord, Tin Louie, Marco Marra,
David Masuy, Keith Matthews, Shulamit Michaeli, Jeremy C Mottram, Silke
MÃ¼ller-Auer, Heather Munden, Siri Nelson, Halina Norbertczak, Karen Oliver,
Susan O'neil, Martin Pentony, Thomas M Pohl, Claire Price, BÃ(c)nÃ(c)dicte
Purnelle, Michael A Quail, Ester Rabbinowitsch, Richard Reinhardt, Michael
Rieger, Joel Rinta, Johan Robben, Laura Robertson, Jeronimo C Ruiz, Simon
Rutter, David Saunders, Melanie SchÃ¤fer, Jacquie Schein, David C Schwartz,
Kathy Seeger, Amber Seyler, Sarah Sharp, Heesun Shin, Dhileep Sivam, Rob
Squares, Steve Squares, Valentina Tosato, Christy Vogt, Guido Volckaert,
Rolf Wambutt, Tim Warren, Holger Wedler, John Woodward, Shiguo Zhou,
Wolfgang Zimmermann, Deborah F Smith, Jenefer M Blackwell, Kenneth D Stuart,
Bart Barrell, Peter J Myler
AFFILIATION: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus,
Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK. alicat at sanger.ac.uk
REFERENCE: Science 2005 Jul 309(5733):436-42
*Leishmania* species cause a spectrum of human diseases in tropical and
subtropical regions of the world. We have sequenced the 36 chromosomes of
the 32.8-megabase haploid genome of *Leishmania* major (Friedlin strain )
and predict 911 RNA genes, 39 pseudogenes, and 8272 protein-coding genes, of
which 36% can be ascribed a putative function. These include genes involved
in host-pathogen interactions, such as proteolytic enzymes, and extensive
machinery for synthesis of complex surface glycoconjugates. The organization
of protein-coding genes into long, strand-specific, polycistronic clusters
and lack of general transcription factors in the L. major, Trypanosoma
brucei, and Trypanosoma cruzi (Tritryp) genomes suggest that the mechanisms
regulating RNA polymerase II-directed transcription are distinct from those
operating in other eukaryotes, although the trypanosomatids appear capable
of chromatin remodeling. Abundant RNA-binding proteins are encoded in the
Tritryp genomes, consistent with active posttranscriptional regulation of
gene expression.

PMID: 12871109<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=12871109>
TITLE: The synthesis of parasitic cysteine protease and trypanothione
reductase inhibitors.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12871109>
AUTHORS: Kelly Chibale, Chitalu C Musonda
AFFILIATION: Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch
7701, South Africa. chibale at science.uct.ac.za
REFERENCE: Curr Med Chem 2003 Sep 10(18):1863-89
The presence of parasitic cysteine proteases and trypanothione reductase in
the parasitic protozoa of the genus Trypanosoma and *Leishmania* has made
these enzymes attractive targets for the development of antitrypanosomal and
antileishmanial agents. Furthermore, the presence of cysteine proteases in
Plasmodium falciparum has presented additional opportunities for the
development of chemical scaffolds that could potentially be utilized against
all of the aforementioned parasites. While previous reviews on parasitic
cysteine proteases and trypanothione reductase covered various aspects, none
emphasized the chemistry behind the synthesis of described inhibitors. This
review focuses on recent developments in the synthesis of low-molecular
weight inhibitors of these enzymes with a bearing on the human diseases of
leishmaniasis, malaria and trypanosomiasis. Only those inhibitors whose
synthesis has been described in the open literature during the period
1993-mid 2002 have been highlighted. The review thus excludes what may be in
the patent literature. Inhibitors synthesized using combinatorial and/or
parallel synthesis chemistry as well as polymer-assisted synthesis
methodologies have been deliberately omitted from this review because they
are a subject of a separate and focused review.

PMID: 10828290<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=10828290>
TITLE: Target-based drug discovery for malaria, leishmaniasis, and
trypanosomiasis.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10828290>
AUTHORS: K A Werbovetz
AFFILIATION: Department of Parasitology, Division of Experimental
Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC 20307,
USA. karl.werbovetz at na.amedd.army.mil
REFERENCE: Curr Med Chem 2000 Aug 7(8):835-60
Advances in combinatorial chemistry, high-throughput screening, and
molecular modeling have revolutionized the process of drug discovery in the
pharmaceutical industry. Drug discovery efforts for the primary protozoal
parasitic diseases of the developing world, malaria, leishmaniasis, and
trypanosomiasis, have also begun to employ these techniques. Drug targets in
these parasites, exemplified by cysteine proteases and trypanothione
reductase, have been purified and used for inhibitor screening. Through this
work, small molecules have been identified that inhibit both parasite
proteins and the growth of the organisms. This review describes advances
that have been made in examining the effects of small molecules on potential
parasitic drug targets determined by biochemical and computer-based
screening, and also details the activity of such compounds on parasites in
vitro and in vivo. Based on these results, it is apparent that modern drug
discovery techniques hold promise for the identification of antiparasitic
drug candidates.

PMID: 9569963<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=9569963>
TITLE: Visceral leishmaniasis in a renal transplant recipient. Short review
and therapy alternative.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9569963>
AUTHORS: F GÃ³mez CampderÃ¡, J Berenguer, F Anaya, M Rodriguez, F
ValderrÃ¡bano
REFERENCE: Am J Nephrol 1998 18(2):171

PMID: 8739293<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=8739293>
TITLE: Visceral leishmaniasis in a renal transplant recipient: diagnostic
and therapeutic
problems.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8739293>
AUTHORS: R K Sharma, R Jha, P Kumar, V Kher, A Gupta, A Kumar, S Gulati, P
Arora, M Murari, M Bhandari
AFFILIATION: Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute
of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.
REFERENCE: Am J Nephrol 1996 16(4):358-60
Visceral leishmaniasis is infrequently reported in renal transplant
recipients. A 40-year-old renal transplant recipient developed
hepatosplenomegaly and pyrexia of unknown origin 5 months after
transplantation. Visceral leishmaniasis was confirmed on bone marrow
examination. The usual dose of antiparasitic therapy with stibogluconate
sodium failed to eradicate *Leishmania* donovani. High-dose conventional
therapy with stibogluconate sodium for an extended period of time was
successful in the treatment of a relapse of leishmaniasis.

PMID: 1799197<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=1799197>
TITLE: Acute renal failure in visceral
leishmaniasis.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=1799197>
AUTHORS: F Caravaca, A MuÃ±oz, J L Pizarro, J Saez de SantamarÃa, J
Fernandez-Alonso
AFFILIATION: Nephrology Division, Hospital Regional Infanta Cristina,
Badajoz, Spain.
REFERENCE: Am J Nephrol 1991 11(4):350-2
We describe the case of a 33-year-old male patient with an acute visceral
leishmaniasis (*Leishmania* donovani) associated with an acute renal
failure. The clinical manifestations were dominated by fever, oliguric renal
failure and hepatic alterations. Serum C3 and C4 fractions of complement
were decreased, and a renal biopsy demonstrated an interstitial nephritis
with no glomerular involvement. The clinical course was favorable with
recuperation of renal function without sequels.

REQUEST: [ sand fly NOT culicoides ]
(8 articles match this request. 6 articles matching other requests removed)

PMID: 17294917<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=17294917>
TITLE: Distribution of *sand fly* (Diptera: Psychodidae) species and
efficiency of capturing methods in Sanliurfa province,
Turkey.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17294917>
AUTHORS: Sahin Toprak, Nurdan Ozer
AFFILIATION: Biology Department Science Faculty, Harran University,
Sanliurfa, Turkey.
REFERENCE: J Med Entomol 2007 Jan 44(1):23-8
The population dynamics of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) were studied in
Sanliurfa province in southeastern Turkey, in the country's largest focus of
typical anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis, during 2000-2002. Sand flies
were collected at nine different sampling stations , located throughout the
city, representing a cross section of urban and rural habitats. In total,
29,771 sand flies were collected, 45.35% of which were Phlebotomus papatasi
Scopoli. In this study, the overall sand fly species diversity, relative
abundance of each species, biodiversity , and similarity indices among
sampling stations and efficiency of trapping methods were evaluated. Among
the sampling stations, Sanliurfa city center and SuruÃ§ were shown to have
the highest number of *sand fly* species; Harran-Akcakale and Hilvan
habitats produced the largest number of individuals. The greatest similarity
rates (80%) in terms of *sand fly* species were observed between Hilvan and
city center, Harran- Akcakale and city center, Harran-Akcakale and Yenice,
and Siverek and Viransehir. The lowest similarity rate (16%) was observed
between Bozova -Birecik and city center. Comparison of biodiversity and
similarity indices between the various sampling stations reveals the
distribution of the suspected vector species and provides basic knowledge
required to develop logical and effective control strategies. Among the
trapping methods used, light traps showed the highest capture efficiency,
above aspirators and sticky papers. It was concluded that light traps alone
were sufficient to determine the *sand fly* fauna of the study area. It is
recommended that the spatial and temporal dynamics of *sand fly* populations
be monitored throughout the southeastern Anatolia Project ( GAP)
construction period, considering the potential impact the project may have
on mean temperature, humidity, and human population movements.

PMID: 17293981<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=17293981>
TITLE: Abundance of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae:
Phlebotominae) and urban transmission of visceral leishmaniasis in Campo
Grande, state of Mato Grosso do Sul,
Brazil.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17293981>
AUTHORS: Alessandra Gutierrez de Oliveira, Eunice Aparecida Bianchi Galati,
Orcy de Oliveira, Gilliard Rezende de Oliveira, Italo Alexander Cabello
Espindola, Maria Elizabeth Cavalheiros Dorval, Reginaldo PeÃ§anha Brazil
AFFILIATION: LaboratÃ³rio de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Mato
Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil.
REFERENCE: Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2006 Dec 101(8):869-74
The outspread and urbanization of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Campo
Grande, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, lead us to undertake the present study
over diversity and abundance of sand flies in the urban area to compare with
previous search carried out during 1999/2000, before the identification of
the disease in the human population.The captures were carried out with
automatic light traps, weekly, from February 2004 to February 2005 on three
sites including a forested area (ZÃ(c) Pereira), two peridomicilies (shelters
of domestic animals and cultivation areas ), and intradomicilie. In the
present study 110 collections were obtained during 13 months for 1320 h of
collections, resulting in 5004 specimens, 3649 males and 1355 females
belonging to the 20 following species: Brumptomyia avellari, Brumptomyia
sp., Bichromomyia flaviscutellata, Evandromyia lenti, E. termitophila, E.
cortelezzii, E. borrouli, Lutzomyia sp., L. longipalpis, Micropygomyia
quinquefer, N. antunesi, N. whitmani, Pintomyia christenseni, Pi.
damascenoi, Psathyromyia aragaoi, Ps. campograndensis, Ps. hermanlenti, Ps.
shannoni , Pychodopygus claustrei, and Sciopemyia sordellii. L. longipalpis
was the most abundant species in the anthropic environment with 92.22% of
the captures. This shows an increase of sixty times in the density of L .
longipalpis compared to the last *sand fly* evaluation in 1999/2000. The
high density of L. longipalpis in Campo Grande is the main factor of risk in
transmission of the disease to human in the urban area. The capture of N.
antunesi, typical specie from Amazonian region, in Mato Grosso do Sul is
reported for the first time.

REQUEST: [ sandfly NOT culicoides ]
(0 articles match this request)

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