[Leish-l] RefScout 3/2007

[Jeffrey Shaw]

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> Date: Thu, 18 Jan 2007 17:54:00
> Subject: Articles found by RefScout for your requests
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> This is RefScout-Newsletter 3/2007
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>   REQUEST: [ leishmania ]
> (18 articles match this request. 2 articles matching other requests
> removed)
>
> PMID: 17118560<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-03.xml&id=17118560>
> TITLE: Effect of thiocyanate on the peroxidase and pseudocatalase
> activities of *Leishmania* major ascorbate peroxidase.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17118560>
> AUTHORS: Subhankar Dolai, Rajesh K Yadav, Alok K Datta, Subrata Adak
> AFFILIATION: Division of Structural Biology and Bio-informatics, Indian
> Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata-700 032,
> India.
> REFERENCE: Biochim Biophys Acta 2007 Feb 1770(2):247-56
> We report here that the *Leishmania* major ascorbate peroxidase (LmAPX),
> having similarity with plant ascorbate peroxidase, catalyzes the oxidation
> of suboptimal concentration of ascorbate to monodehydroascorbate (MDA) at
> physiological pH in the presence of added H(2)O(2) with concurrent evolution
> of O(2). This pseudocatalatic degradation of H(2)O(2) to O(2) is solely
> dependent on ascorbate and is blocked by a spin trap,
> alpha-phenyl-n-tert-butyl nitrone (PBN), indicating the involvement of free
> radical species in the reaction process. LmAPX thus appears to catalyze
> ascorbate oxidation by its peroxidase activity, first generating MDA and
> H(2)O with subsequent regeneration of ascorbate by the reduction of MDA with
> H(2)O(2) evolving O(2) through the intermediate formation of O(2)(-).
> Interestingly, both peroxidase and ascorbate-dependent pseudocatalatic
> activity of LmAPX are reversibly inhibited by SCN(-) in a concentration
> dependent manner. Spectral studies indicate that ascorbate cannot reduce
> LmAPX compound II to the native enzyme in presence of SCN(-). Further
> kinetic studies indicate that SCN(-) itself is not oxidized by LmAPX but
> inhibits both ascorbate and guaiacol oxidation, which suggests that SCN(-)
> blocks initial peroxidase activity with ascorbate rather than subsequent
> nonenzymatic pseudocatalatic degradation of H(2)O(2) to O(2). Binding
> studies by optical difference spectroscopy indicate that SCN(-) binds LmAPX
> (Kd=100+/-10 mM) near the heme edge. Thus, unlike mammalian peroxidases,
> SCN(-) acts as an inhibitor for *Leishmania* peroxidase to block ascorbate
> oxidation and subsequent pseudocatalase activity.
>
>
>  [image: Shop at Amazon.com]
>
> PMID: 17205440<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-03.xml&id=17205440>
> TITLE: Treatment of Bolivian mucosal leishmaniasis with miltefosine.
> <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17205440>
> AUTHORS: J Soto, J Toledo, L Valda, M Balderrama, I Rea, R Parra, J
> Ardiles, P Soto, A Gomez, F Molleda, C Fuentelsaz, G Anders, H Sindermann, J
> Engel, J Berman
> AFFILIATION: Consorcio de Investigaciones Bioclinicas, Bogota, Colombia.
> Jaime.Soto at medplus.org.co
> REFERENCE: Clin Infect Dis 2007 Feb 44(3):350-6
> BACKGROUND: Although mucosal leishmaniasis is a prominent disease, it has
> been studied only to a limited extent. It is classically treated with
> parenteral antimony or, as a last resort, amphotericin B. METHODS: We
> treated Bolivian mucosal leishmaniasis due to *Leishmania* braziliensis
> with the oral agent miltefosine, 2.5 mg/kg/day for 28 days, and
> followed-up for 12 months. RESULTS: Seventy-two patients were evaluable .
> The cure rate for the 36 patients who had "mild" disease (i. e., affecting
> nasal skin and nasal mucosa) was 83%. The cure rate for the 36 patients who
> had more extensive disease (involving the palate, pharynx, and larynx) was
> 58%. Patients refused to be randomized to parenteral agents, but the cure
> rate for an almost contemporary group who was receiving amphotericin B (45
> mg/kg over 90 days) was 7 (50%) of 14. CONCLUSIONS: In this unrandomized
> trial, oral miltefosine was at least as effective as heroic doses of
> parenteral amphotericin B. The cure rate for miltefosine was approximately
> equivalent to historical cure rates using parenteral pentavalent antimony
> for mild and extensive disease in neighboring Peru. Although
> gastrointestinal side reactions do occur with miltefosine, its toxicity
> profile is superior to that of antimony and far superior to that of
> amphotericin B--in part because of the inherent attractiveness of oral
> versus parenteral agents. Our results suggest that miltefosine should be the
> treatment of choice for mucosal disease in North and South America.
>
>
> PMID: 17200196<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-03.xml&id=17200196>
> TITLE: FasL and TRAIL Induce Epidermal Apoptosis and Skin Ulceration Upon
> Exposure to *Leishmania* major.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17200196>
> AUTHORS: Liv Eidsmo, Caroline Fluur, Bence Rethi, Sofia Eriksson Ygberg,
> Nicolas Ruffin, Angelo De Milito, Hannah Akuffo, Francesca Chiodi
> AFFILIATION: Karolinska Institutet, MTC, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
> liv.eidsmo at mtc.ki.se.
> REFERENCE: Am J Pathol 2007 Jan 170(1):227-39
> Receptor-mediated apoptosis is proposed as an important regulator of
> keratinocyte homeostasis in human epidermis. We have previously reported
> that Fas/FasL interactions in epidermis are altered during cutaneous
> leishmaniasis (CL) and that keratinocyte death through apoptosis may play a
> pathogenic role for skin ulceration. To further investigate the alterations
> of apoptosis during CL, a keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) and primary human
> epidermal keratinocytes were incubated with supernatants from *Leishmania*major-infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells. An apoptosis-specific
> microarray was used to assess mRNA expression in HaCaT cells exposed to
> supernatants derived from L. major-infected cultures. Fas and tumor necrosis
> factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) mRNA and protein expression
> were significantly up- regulated, and apoptosis was detected in both HaCaT
> and human epidermal keratinocyte cells. The keratinocyte apoptosis was
> partly inhibited through blocking of Fas or FasL and even more efficiently
> through TRAIL neutralization. Up-regulation of Fas on keratinocytes in
> epidermis and the presence of FasL-expressing macrophages and T cells in
> dermis were previously reported by us. In this study, keratinocytes
> expressing TRAIL , as well as the proapoptotic receptor TRAIL-R2, were
> detected in skin biopsies from CL cases. We propose that activation of Fas
> and TRAIL apoptosis pathways, in the presence of inflammatory mediators at
> the site of infection, leads to tissue destruction and ulceration during CL.
>
>
> PMID: 17214851<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-03.xml&id=17214851>
> TITLE: Analysis of the CC chemokine receptor 5 delta32 polymorphism in a
> Brazilian population with cutaneous leishmaniasis.
> <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17214851>
> AUTHORS: Karen Brajão de Oliveira, Edna Maria Vissoci Reiche, Helena
> Kaminami Morimoto, Maria Helena Pelegrinelli Fungaro, Dirceu Estevão,
> Rubens Pontello, Thiago Franco Nasser, Maria Angelica Ehara Watanabe
> AFFILIATION: Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences
> Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Parana, Brazil.
> REFERENCE: J Cutan Pathol 2007 Jan 34(1):27-32
> Patients with mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL) show a vigorous T-cell
> immune response against *Leishmania* braziliensis. Because the Th response
> is associated with inflammation, the non-functional CC chemokine receptor 5
> (CCR5) may rely in a less severe inflammatory state. The aim of this study
> was to investigate the CCR5 gene in a Brazilian population with
> leishmaniasis compared with healthy control subjects and to determine the
> progression from cutaneous to MCL in the Delta32 allele carriers. Among 100
> patients with Montenegro skin test and indirect immunofluorescence assay
> (IIF) values positive for leishmaniasis, there were 32% women and 68% men.
> The patients were 89% CCR5/CCR5, 10% CCR5/ Delta32, and 1% Delta32/Delta32,
> while healthy subjects showed a 91% incidence of CCR5/CCR5, 8% of
> CCR5/Delta32, and 1% of Delta32/Delta32. The CCR5/CCR5 patients (89%) showed
> a large spectrum of clinical manifestations, where 22.47% had active
> mucous lesions and 77.53% had cutaneous lesions. In this work, the Delta32
> allele carriers (10%) showed only cutaneous manifestations when compared
> with wild-type individuals. Finally, with regard to the Delta32 allele
> carriers, a less severe spectrum of clinical manifestations was observed in
> comparison with wild-type individuals. Although a lack of mucocutaneous
> lesions was evident among Delta32 allele carriers, the number of individuals
> studied was small. Therefore, further investigations are needed to elucidate
> the role of CCR5 in the clinical aspects of leishmaniasis.
>
>
>  [image: Shop at Amazon.com]
>
> PMID: 17202589<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-03.xml&id=17202589>
> TITLE: Functional alterations in macrophages after hypoxia selection.
> <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17202589>
> AUTHORS: Adriana Degrossoli, Selma Giorgio
> AFFILIATION: Department of Parasitology, Biology Institute, Universidade
> Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6109, Cep 13083-970, Campinas, São
> Paulo, Brazil. sgiorgio at unicamp.br.
> REFERENCE: Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2007 Jan 232(1):88-95
> Regions of low oxygen tension are common features of inflamed and infected
> tissues and provide physiologic selective pressure for the expansion of
> cells with enhanced hypoxia tolerance. The aim of this study was to
> investigate whether macrophages resistant to death induced by hypoxia were
> accompanied by functional alterations. A mouse macrophage cell line (J774
> cells) was used to obtain subpopulations of death-resistant macrophages
> induced by long-term exposure to severe hypoxia (<1% O(2)). The results
> indicated that exposing J774 macrophages to periods of severe hypoxia
> results in the selection of cells with phenotypes associated with the
> modulation of heat-shock protein 70 kDa (HSP70) expression, tumor necrosis
> factor-alpha (TNF- alpha), and nitric oxide (NO) production and reduced
> susceptibility to parasite *Leishmania* infection. Thus, we suggest that
> hypoxia-selected macrophages may influence the outcome of inflammation and
> infection. Exp Biol Med 232:88-95, 2007.
>
>
> PMID: 17202371<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-03.xml&id=17202371>
> TITLE: Activation of the MAPK, ERK, following *Leishmania* amazonensis
> Infection of Macrophages.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17202371>
> AUTHORS: Ziyan Yang, David M Mosser, Xia Zhang
> AFFILIATION: Laboratory of Macrophage Biology, Department of Cell Biology
> and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742.
> REFERENCE: J Immunol 2007 Jan 178(2):1077-85
> IL-10 is a critical cytokine in determining host susceptibility to *
> Leishmania* spp. We previously demonstrated that macrophage-derived IL-10
> could contribute to disease exacerbation, but the mechanisms whereby *
> Leishmania* infections led to IL-10 induction were not fully understood.
> In this study, we demonstrated that infection of macrophages with *
> Leishmania* amazonensis amastigotes led to the activation of the MAPK,
> ERK1/2. This activation was required, but not sufficient for IL-10
> induction. In addition to ERK activation, an inflammatory stimulus, such as
> low m.w. hyaluronic acid from the extracellular matrix, must also be
> present. The combination of these two signals resulted in the superinduction
> of IL-10. We also demonstrated that IgG on the surface of *Leishmania*amastigotes was required to achieve maximal IL-10 production from infected
> macrophages. Surface IgG engages macrophage FcgammaR to induce ERK
> activation. Macrophages lacking FcgammaR, or macrophages treated with an
> inhibitor of spleen tyrosine kinase, the tyrosine kinase that signals via
> FcgammaR, failed to activate ERK and consequently failed to produce IL-10
> following infection with *Leishmania* amastigotes . We confirmed that
> ERK1/2 activation led to the phosphorylation of histone H3 at the IL-10
> promoter, and this phosphorylation allowed for the binding of the
> transcription factor, Sp1, to the IL-10 promoter. Finally, the
> administration of U0126, an inhibitor of ERK activation, to infected mice
> resulted in decreased lesion progression with reduced numbers of parasites
> in them. Thus, our findings reveal an important role of MAPK, ERK signaling
> in the pathogenesis of *Leishmania* infection.
>
>
> PMID: 17124718<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-03.xml&id=17124718>
> TITLE: Establishing a liquid-phase IEF in combination with 2-DE for the
> analysis of *Leishmania* proteins.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17124718>
> AUTHORS: Reynolds K B Brobey, Lynn Soong
> AFFILIATION: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for
> Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch,
> Galveston, TX, USA.
> REFERENCE: Proteomics 2007 Jan 7(1):116-20
> The recent completion of genome sequencing projects for *Leishmania* major
> and near completion for two other species, L. infantum and L. braziliensis,
> has provided the needed genomic information for investigating the proteomes
> of *Leishmania* parasites. However, the design of effective 2-DE-based
> proteome mapping for complex protozoan parasites like *Leishmania* has
> proven to be severely compromised due to extensive overcrowding of spots
> especially in the acidic regions, coupled to a relatively low representation
> of basic proteins. In the present study, we optimized a liquid-phase IEF in
> combination with 2-DE for L. amazonensis promastigote as a way of reducing
> protein complexity and enhancing representation for low-abundance proteins
> on gels. Of 20 pH-based fractions eluted from Rotofortrade mark cells, 5
> representative fractions selected from acidic, basic or neutral regions of
> the proteome and with adequate protein concentration were further analyzed
> by 2-DE using medium-range IPG strips. On this basis, we were able to
> generate high-resolution 2-DE maps encompassing both the acidic and basic
> ends of the proteome with enhanced spot representation.
>
>
> PMID: 17089325<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-03.xml&id=17089325>
> TITLE: Antileishmanial Activity of Quinovic Acid Glycosides and Cadambine
> Acid Isolated from Nauclea diderrichii.
> <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17089325>
> AUTHORS: Carole Di Giorgio, Marow Lamidi, Florence Delmas, Guy Balansard,
> Evelyne Ollivier
> AFFILIATION: Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Hygiène et Zoologie, FacultÃ(c)
> de Pharmacie, Marseille, France.
> REFERENCE: Planta Med 2006 Dec 72(15):1396-402
> Nine quinovic acid glycosides and the alkaloid cadambine acid isolated
> from N. DIDERRICHII, an evergreen endemic plant of West and Central Africa,
> were assessed for their IN VITRO antileishmanial activity against *
> LEISHMANIA* INFANTUM. Four quinovic acid glycosides and cadambine acid
> revealed a strong antileishmanial activity (IC (50) = 1 muM) highly specific
> for the intracellular amastigote form of the parasite. Quinovic acid
> glycosides were shown to inhibit parasite internalisation by interfering
> with promastigotes while cadambine acid exerted immunomodulatory activity by
> inducing NO production in human macrophages . The association of cadambine
> acid with amphotericin B demonstrated an interesting synergism, suggesting
> that cadambine acid could be used as a complement of such conventional
> therapy.
>
>
>  [image: Shop at Amazon.com]
>
> PMID: 17217101<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-03.xml&id=17217101>
> TITLE: [Regulatory T cells]
> <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17217101>
> AUTHORS: Igor Marinić, Alenka Gagro, Sabina Rabatić
> AFFILIATION: Imunoloski zavod, Zagreb, Hrvatska.
> REFERENCE: Acta Med Croatica 2006 Dec 60(5):447-56
> Regulatory T-cells are a subset of T cells that have beene extensively
> studied in modern immunology. They are important for the maintenance of
> peripheral tolerance, and have an important role in various clinical
> conditions such as allergy, autoimmune disorders, tumors, infections, and in
> transplant medicine. Basically, this population has a suppressive effect on
> the neighboring immune cells, thus contributing to the local modulation and
> control of immune response. There are two main populations of regulatory T
> cells - natural regulatory T cells, which form a distinct cellular lineage,
> develop in thymus and perform their modulatory action through direct
> intercellular contact, along with the secreted cytokines; and inducible
> regulatory T cells, which develop in the periphery after contact with the
> antigen that is presented on the antigen presenting cell, and their primary
> mode of action is through the interleukin 10 (IL-10) and transforming growth
> factor beta (TGF-alpha) cytokines. Natural regulatory T cells are activated
> through T cell receptor after contact with specific antigen and inhibit
> proliferation of other T cells in an antigen independent manner. One of the
> major difficulties in the research of regulatory T cells is the lack of
> specific molecular markers that would identify these cells. Natural
> regulatory T cells constitutively express surface molecule CD25, but many
> other surface and intracellular molecules (HLA-DR, CD122, CD45RO, CD62,
> CTLA-4, GITR, PD-1, Notch, FOXP3, etc.) are being investigated for further
> phenotypic characterization of these cells. Because regulatory T cells have
> an important role in establishing peripheral tolerance, their importance is
> manifested in a number of clinical conditions. In the IPEX syndrome
> (immunodysregulation, polyendocrinopathy and enteropathy, X-linked), which
> is caused by mutation in Foxp3 gene that influences the development and
> function of regulatory T cells, patients develop severe autoimmune reactions
> that involve autoimmune endocrine disorders (type 1 diabetes, thyroiditis),
> respiratory and nutritive allergy, eczema and severe infections. In
> different types of allergy ( pollen allergy, dust mite, nutritive allergens,
> contact hypersensitivity , etc.) and autoimmune diseases (such as rheumatoid
> arthritis, multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes) a lower number or
> decreased functional capability of regulatory T cells have been described.
> In inflammatory conditions and infections, this cell population has an
> important task in restricting immune response and protecting the host from
> excessive damage. This ability of regulatory T cells can be used by some
> pathogens (Epstein Barr virus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, *Leishmania*major, etc .) and tumor cells to avoid host response and therefore
> contribute to the development of some pathological conditions. The knowledge
> gained on the phenotype and function of regulatory T cells could be useful
> in many medical conditions. In allergy, autoimmune diseases and in
> transplant procedures in medicine it would be desirable to increase their
> function, thus to partially suppress the immune system activity. On the
> other hand, in some infections and tumors, it would be preferable to
> decrease the activity of regulatory T cells and boost the function of
> effector T cells. Regulatory T cells comprise a very active field of
> immunology, therefore monitoring and modulating of their activity is of
> great potential significance in a broad spectrum of clinical conditions . By
> developing and standardizing methods for their monitoring, it would be
> possible to follow additional parameters of certain clinical conditions and
> possibly utilize them in therapy.
>
>
> PMID: 17078864<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-03.xml&id=17078864>
> TITLE: A sporadic case of visceral leishmaniasis from Kocaeli, Turkey.
> <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17078864>
> AUTHORS: Meliha Meriç, Ayse Aydogan, Nazan Sarper, Emin Sami Arisoy
> AFFILIATION: Department of Clinical Bacteriology and Infectious Diseases,
> Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey.
> drmelihameric at gmail.com
> REFERENCE: APMIS 2006 Nov 114(11):818-20
> Visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis are endemic in the western and
> southeastern parts of Turkey. We report a sporadic case of visceral
> leishmaniasis from Kocaeli, which is not an endemic area. The patient, a
> 10-month-old male infant, had since birth never been outside the city. He
> was referred to our hospital with a one-month history of fever. Antibiotics
> were administered but fever persisted. There were Leishman bodies in the
> bone marrow aspirate, both in macrophages and in clusters among other cells.
> Immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) detected no antibodies in the
> mother. Liposomal amphotericin B was administered. Visceral leishmaniasis
> should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with
> persistant fever, hepatosplenomegaly and cytopenia, even in nonendemic
> areas.
>
>
> PMID: 17201284<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-03.xml&id=17201284>
> TITLE: [Phlebotomine sandflies and transmission of disease agents around
> the Mediterranean basin]
> <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17201284>
> AUTHORS: A Izri, J Depaquit, P Parola
> AFFILIATION: L'UnitÃ(c) de Parasitologie de I'Hôpital Avicenne, UFR SMBH,
> UniversitÃ(c) Paris. arezki.izri at avc.aphp.fr
> REFERENCE: Med Trop (Mars) 2006 Oct 66(5):429-35
> Around 800 species of phlebotomine sandflies are widely distributed in
> tropical and temperate areas. Some sand flies are documented vectors of
> human disease agents including parasitic protozoa, (*Leishmania* spp),
> bacteria (Bartonella bacilliformis) and viruses (phlebovirus). In addition
> to presenting morphologic, taxonomic and biologic aspects of Phlebotomine
> sandflies, this report focuses on ecologic, epidemiologic, ethologic, and
> anthropic factors contributing to the proliferation of sand flies as
> exemplified by zoonotic cutaneous and visceral leishmaniases around the
> Mediterranean basin.
>
>
> PMID: 17203834<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-03.xml&id=17203834>
> TITLE: First case of cutanous leishmaniasis in Nepalese patient.
> <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17203834>
> AUTHORS: Basu Dev Pandey, Elizabeth Babu, Suman Thapa, Laxmi Bikram Thapa
> AFFILIATION: Sukra Raj Tropical and Infectious Diseases Hospital, Teku,
> Kathmandu, Nepal. basupandey at wlink.com.np
> REFERENCE: Nepal Med Coll J 2006 Sep 8(3):213-4
> Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is a serious disease caused by *Leishmania*donovani (LD) complex and prevalent in the temperate and tropical zones of
> the earth. VL, endemic in the southern plains of the 14 districts in the
> Terai region of Nepal, is considered a major public health problem. Cutanous
> leishmaniasis (CL) is prevalent mainly in the tropics and subtropics,
> affects nearly 1.5 million people worldwide. No reported cases of CL have
> been identified in Nepal until now. We report the first case of CL in a
> Nepalese patient.
>
>
>  [image: Shop at Amazon.com]
>
> PMID: 17176478<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-03.xml&id=17176478>
> TITLE: *Leishmania* infantum leishmaniasis in corticosteroid--treated
> patients.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17176478>
> AUTHORS: Silvia Pittalis, Emanuele Nicastri, Francesco Spinazzola, Piero
> Ghirga, Michele De Marco, Maria Grazia Paglia, Pasquale Narciso
> AFFILIATION: National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS L,
> Spallanzani Rome Italy. pittalis at inmi.it < pittalis at inmi.it>
> REFERENCE: BMC Infect Dis 2006 6():177
> BACKGROUND: The number of leishmaniasis cases associated with
> immunosuppression has increased regularly over the past 20 years.
> Immunosuppression related to HIV infection, immunosuppressive treatment ,
> organ transplantation, and neoplastic diseases increases the risk for *
> Leishmania*-infected people to develop visceral illness. CASE
> PRESENTATION: Three cases of *Leishmania* infantum leishmaniasis in
> corticosteroid (CS)-treated patients are reported: an isolated lingual
> leishmaniasis in a farmer treated with CS for asthma, a severe visceral
> leishmaniasis associated with cutaneous lesions in a woman with myasthenia
> gravis, and a visceral involvement after cutaneous leishmaniasis in a man
> receiving CS. CONCLUSION: Physicians should recognise CS-treated patients as
> a population likely to be immune- suppressed. In immunodeficiency
> conditions, unusual forms of leishmaniasis can develop and foster the risk
> of a diagnostic delay and of poor response to therapy.
>
>
> PMID: 17183669<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-03.xml&id=17183669>
> TITLE: Mapping the Antigenicity of the Parasites in *Leishmania* donovani
> Infection by Proteome Serology.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17183669>
> AUTHORS: Michael Forgber, Rajatava Basu, Kaushik Roychoudhury, Stephan
> Theinert, Syamal Roy, Shyam Sundar, Peter Walden
> AFFILIATION: Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergy, CharitÃ(c) -
> Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt University Berlin, Germany.
> REFERENCE: PLoS ONE 2006 1():e40
> BACKGROUND: Leishmaniasis defines a cluster of protozoal diseases with
> diverse clinical manifestations. The visceral form caused by *Leishmania*donovani is the most severe. So far, no vaccines exist for visceral
> leishmaniasis despite indications of naturally developing immunity, and
> sensitive immunodiagnostics are still at early stages of development.
> METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPLE FINDINGS: Establishing a proteome-serological
> methodology, we mapped the antigenicity of the parasites and the
> specificities of the immune responses in human leishmaniasis. Using 2-
> dimensional Western blot analyses with sera and parasites isolated from
> patients in India, we detected immune responses with widely divergent
> specificities for up to 330 different leishmanial antigens. 68 antigens were
> assigned to proteins in silver- and fluorochrome-stained gels. The
> antigenicity of these proteins did not correlate with the expression levels
> of the proteins. Although some antigens are shared among different parasite
> isolates, there are extensive differences and no immunodominant antigens,
> but indications of antigenic drift in the parasites. Six antigens were
> identified by mass spectrometry. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Proteomics-based
> dissection of the serospecificities of leishmaniasis patients provides a
> comprehensive inventory of the complexity and interindividual heterogeneity
> of the host-responses to and variations in the antigenicity of the *
> Leishmania* parasites. This information can be instrumental in the
> development of vaccines and new immune monitoring and diagnostic devices.
>
>
>
> ********************************************************************************************************************
> The following references are revised files and are brought to you in
> accordance to license agreement with the NLM.
>
> ********************************************************************************************************************
>
> PMID: 15711017<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-03.xml&id=15711017>
> TITLE: N-terminal region of the large subunit of *Leishmania* donovani
> bisubunit topoisomerase I is involved in DNA relaxation and interaction with
> the smaller subunit.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15711017>
> AUTHORS: Benu Brata Das, Nilkantha Sen, Somdeb Bose Dasgupta, Agneyo
> Ganguly, Hemanta K Majumder
> AFFILIATION: Department of Molecular Parasitology, Indian Institute of
> Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India.
> REFERENCE: J Biol Chem 2005 Apr 280(16):16335-44
> *Leishmania* donovani topoisomerase I is an unusual bisubunit enzyme. We
> have demonstrated earlier that the large and small subunit could be
> reconstituted in vitro to show topoisomerase I activity. We extend our
> biochemical study to evaluate the role of the large subunit in topoisomerase
> activity. The large subunit (LdTOP1L) shows a substantial degree of homology
> with the core DNA binding domain of the topoisomerase IB family. Two
> N-terminal truncation constructs, LdTOP1Delta39L ( lacking amino acids 1-39)
> and LdTOP1Delta99L (lacking amino acids 1-99) of the large subunit were
> generated and mixed with intact small subunit (LdTOP1S). Our observations
> reveal that residues within amino acids 1- 39 of the large subunit have
> significant roles in modulating topoisomerase I activity (i.e. in vitro
> DNA relaxation, camptothecin sensitivity, cleavage activity, and DNA binding
> affinity). Interestingly , the mutant LdTOP1Delta99LS was unable to show
> topoisomerase I activity . Investigation of the loss of activity indicates
> that LdTOP1Delta99L was unable to pull down glutathione
> S-transferase-LdTOP1S in an Ni(2+)- nitrilotriacetic acid co-immobilization
> experiment. For further analysis , we co-expressed LdTOP1L and LdTOP1S in
> Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)pLysS cells. The lysate shows topoisomerase I
> activity. Immunoprecipitation revealed that LdTOP1L could interact with
> LdTOP1S, indicating the subunit interaction in bacterial cells, whereas
> immunoprecipitation of bacterial lysate co-expressing LdTOP1Delta99L and
> LdTOP1S reveals that LdTOP1Delta99L was significantly deficient at
> interacting with LdTOP1S to reconstitute topoisomerase I activity. This
> study demonstrates that heterodimerization between the large and small
> subunits of the bisubunit enzyme appears to be an absolute requirement for
> topoisomerase activity . The residue within amino acids 1-39 from the
> N-terminal end of the large subunit regulates DNA topology during relaxation
> by controlling noncovalent DNA binding or by coordinating DNA contacts by
> other parts of the enzyme.
>
>
> PMID: 11349082<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-03.xml&id=11349082>
> TITLE: Protection against cutaneous leishmaniasis induced by recombinant
> antigens in murine and nonhuman primate models of the human disease.
> <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11349082>
> AUTHORS: A Campos-Neto, R Porrozzi, K Greeson, R N Coler, J R Webb, Y A
> Seiky, S G Reed, G Grimaldi
> AFFILIATION: Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
> 98104, USA. acampos at idri.org
> REFERENCE: Infect Immun 2001 Jun 69(6):4103-8
> Leishmaniasis affects approximately 2 million people each year throughout
> the world. This high incidence is due in part to the lack of an efficacious
> vaccine. We present evidence that the recombinant leishmanial antigens
> LmSTI1 and TSA, which we identified and characterized previously, induce
> excellent protection in both murine and nonhuman primate (rhesus monkey)
> models of human cutaneous leishmaniasis. The remarkable protection induced
> by LmSTI1 and TSA in an animal model that is evolutionarily close to humans
> qualifies this antigen combination as a promising candidate subunit vaccine
> against human leishmaniasis.
>
>
> REQUEST: [ sand fly NOT culicoides ]
> (0 articles match this request)
>
> REQUEST: [ sandfly NOT culicoides ]
> (1 article matches this request)
>
> PMID: 17216941<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-03.xml&id=17216941>
> TITLE: Infection by certain arboviruses among workers potentially at risk
> of infection.
> <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17216941>
> AUTHORS: El-Esnawy, A Nagwa
> AFFILIATION: Water Pollution Dept., National Research Centre, Cairo-Egypt.
> REFERENCE: J Egypt Public Health Assoc 2001 76(3-4):169-82
> Egyptian workers at sewage treatment plants (STPs) work and live in areas,
> which are highly infested with arthropods. Most of these diseases cause,
> febrile, influenza like illness, headache, backache, abdominal pain, and
> fatigue. To determine arboviral etiology in those workers, 264 serum samples
> were obtained from the workers in four STPs during January and October 1999.
> Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed for immunoglobulins
> (IgG and IgM), for the detection of West Nile (WN), Sindbis (SIN), Rift
> Valley fever (RVF), *Sandfly* Naples (SFN) and *Sandfly* Sicilian (SFS)
> viruses. The results showed that (WN) has the highest prevalence (143/264,
> 54.14%), followed by (SFN) (58/264, 21.97 %) then (RVF) (23/264, 7.95%),
> while, only one recent infection for each of RVF, SFS and SFN (1/264,
> 0.38%) and 3 persons for SIN viruses. Out of the four STPs Helwan workers'
> exhibited the highest infection rate for most of the studied arboviruses WN,
> SFN, SIN and SFS.
>
>
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>
>
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