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This is RefScout-Newsletter 8/2007.<br><br>
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REQUEST: [ leishmania ]<br>
(31 articles match this request. 3 articles matching other requests removed)<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=17240003" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17240003</a>
<input name="id_17240003" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17240003" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Intranasal delivery of naked DNA encoding the LACK antigen leads to protective immunity against visceral leishmaniasis in mice.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Daniel Cláudio de Oliveira Gomes, Eduardo Fonseca Pinto, Luiz Dione Barbosa de Melo, Wallace Pacienza Lima, Vicente Larraga, Ulisses Gazos Lopes, Bartira Rossi-Bergmann<br>
AFFILIATION: Instituto de BiofÃsica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21.949-900 Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil.<br>
REFERENCE: Vaccine 2007 Mar 25(12):2168-72<br>
We previously showed that intranasal (i.n.) vaccination with pCIneo
plasmid encoding the leishmanial LACK gene (pCIneo-LACK) induces long-
lasting protective immunity against cutaneous leishmaniasis in mice. In
this work, we proposed to investigate whether the efficacy of i.n.
pCIneo-LACK is extensive to visceral leishmaniasis. BALB/c mice received
two i.n. doses of 30mug pCIneo-LACK prior to intravenous (i.v.)
infection with <b>Leishmania</b> chagasi. Vaccinated mice developed
significantly lower parasite burden in the liver and spleen than control
mice receiving empty pCIneo or saline. The spleen cells of vaccinated
mice produced significantly increased IFN-gamma and IL-4 concomitant
with decreased IL-10 production during infection. Serum levels of
specific IgG were elevated whereas TNF-alpha were decreased as compared
with controls. These results show that the practical needle-free i.n.
pCIneo-LACK vaccine displays potential broad-spectrum activity against
leishmaniasis.<br>
<br><br>
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PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=17297134" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17297134</a>
<input name="id_17297134" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17297134" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Identification and characterization of a salivary adenosine deaminase from the sand fly Phlebotomus duboscqi, the vector of
<b>Leishmania</b> major in sub-Saharan Africa.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Hirotomo Kato, Ryan C Jochim, Phillip G Lawyer, Jesus G Valenzuela<br>
AFFILIATION: Vector Molecular Biology Unit, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway, Room 2E-22C, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
<br>
REFERENCE: J Exp Biol 2007 Mar 210(Pt 5):733-40<br>
Two transcripts coding for an adenosine deaminase (ADA) were identified
by sequencing a Phlebotomus duboscqi salivary gland cDNA library.
Adenosine deaminase was previously reported in the saliva of the sand
fly Lutzomyia longipalpis but it was not present in the saliva of the
sand flies Phlebotomus papatasi, P. argentipes, P. perniciosus and P.
ariasi, suggesting that this enzyme is only present in the saliva of
sand flies from the genus Lutzomyia. In the present work, we tested the
hypothesis that the salivary gland transcript coding for ADA in
Phlebotomus duboscqi, a sister species of Phlebotomus papatasi, produces
an active salivary ADA. Salivary gland homogenates of P. duboscqi
converted adenosine to inosine, suggesting the presence of ADA activity
in the saliva of this species of sand fly; furthermore, this enzymatic
activity was significantly reduced when using either salivary glands of
recently blood-fed sand flies or punctured salivary glands, suggesting
that this enzyme is secreted in the saliva of this insect. This
enzymatic activity was absent from the saliva of P. papatasi. In
contrast to other Phlebotomus sand flies, we did not find AMP or
adenosine in P. duboscqi salivary glands as measured by HPLC-photodiode
array. To confirm that the transcript coding for ADA was responsible for
the activity observed in the saliva of this sand fly, we cloned this
transcript into a prokaryotic expression vector and produced a soluble
and active recombinant protein of approximately 60 kDa that was able to
convert adenosine to inosine. Extracts of bacteria transformed with
control plasmids did not show this activity. These results suggest that
P. duboscqi transcripts coding for ADA are responsible for the activity
detected in the salivary glands of this sand fly and that P. duboscqi
acquired this activity independently from other Phlebotomus sand flies.
This is another example of a gene recruitment event in salivary genes of
blood-feeding arthropods that may be relevant for blood feeding and,
because of the role of ADA in immunity, it may also play a role in
parasite transmission.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=17218153" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17218153</a>
<input name="id_17218153" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17218153" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Circulating nitric oxide and C-reactive protein levels in Indian kala azar patients: Correlation with clinical outcome.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Nasim Akhtar Ansari, Paresh Sharma, Poonam Salotra<br>
AFFILIATION: Molecular Biology Lab., Institute of Pathology (ICMR), Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi 110029, India.<br>
REFERENCE: Clin Immunol 2007 Mar 122(3):343-8<br>
Interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) and nitric oxide (NO) are the major players
of the host defense against <b>Leishmania</b>. In the present study
circulating levels of IFN-gamma, NO, interleukin (IL)-6 and C-reactive
protein (CRP) were compared in kala azar (KA), post-kala azar dermal
leishmaniasis (PKDL) and healthy controls. A significantly elevated
level of these parameters was evident in KA compared to PKDL or control
. Further, significantly elevated levels of IFN-gamma, NO and CRP were
observed in sodium antimony gluconate (SAG) unresponsive cases compared
to responsive cases. In PKDL cases, NO was significantly elevated while
other parameters were comparable to control. At post-treatment stage, KA
patients showed a significant decrement in all the parameters, however
, IL-6 and CRP remained above control level. Hence, data implies that
the parasites survive in spite of the presence of effector molecules,
and the excessive release of IFN-gamma and NO could be associated with
the progression of the disease.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=17097842" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17097842</a>
<input name="id_17097842" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17097842" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Antileishmanial activities associated with plants used in the Malian traditional medicine.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Kouassi Maximin Ahua, Jean-Robert Ioset, Karine Ndjoko Ioset, Drissa Diallo, Jacques Mauël, Kurt Hostettmann<br>
AFFILIATION: Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie et Phytochimie, Ecole de Pharmacie Genève-Lausanne, Université de Genève, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.<br>
REFERENCE: J Ethnopharmacol 2007 Mar 110(1):99-104<br>
Sixty-four extracts issued from twenty-one plants used in the Malian
traditional medicine - several of them as antiparasitic drugs - were
assayed for their antileishmanial effects against both extracellular and
intracellular forms of <b>Leishmania</b> major. Seven extracts from six
different plants -Sarcocephalus latifolius, Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides,
Entada africana, Bobgunnia madagascarensis, Pseudocedrela kotschyi and
Psorospermum guineense - were found to be significantly active against
the intracellular form of the parasite.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=17293996" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17293996</a>
<input name="id_17293996" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17293996" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) associated with changing patterns in the transmission of the human cutaneous leishmaniasis in French Guiana.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Florence Fouque, Pascal Gaborit, Jean Issaly, Romuald Carinci, Jean-Charles Gantier, Christophe Ravel, Jean-Pierre Dedet<br>
AFFILIATION: Cellule d'Intervention Biologique d'Urgence, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.<br>
REFERENCE: Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2007 Feb 102(1):35-40<br>
Between March 2000 and December 2001 a survey of the sand flies (Diptera
: Phlebotominae) of French Guiana was carried out during 14 nights of
captures with CDC light-traps and Malaise traps, and resulted in the
collection of 2245 individuals of 38 species. The most abundant species
were Lutzomyia (Trichophoromyia) ininii Floch & Abonnenc, Lu.(
Psychodopygus) squamiventris maripaensis Floch & Abonnenc, and Lu .(
Nyssomyia) flaviscutellata Mangabeira. Half of the collected sand flies
females were dissected under field conditions and five species were
found harboring <b>Leishmania</b>-like parasites. The <b>Leishmania</b> (
Kinetoplastidae: Trypanosomatidae) species were identified by molecular
typing, and for the first time Lu. (Nys.) flaviscutellata was found
harboring <b>Leishmania</b> (Viannia) guyanensis and Lu. (Tri) ininii harboring
unknown <b>Leishmania</b>. The first record for French Guiana of Lu. (Psy.)
squamiventris maripaensis harboring L. (V.) naiffi, was also reported.
The patterns of diversification of the human cutaneous leishmaniasis
transmission in French Guiana are discussed.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=17294004" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17294004</a>
<input name="id_17294004" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17294004" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Interferon-gamma is required for the late but not early control of
<b>Leishmania</b> amazonensis infection in C57Bl/6 mice.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Roberta Olmo Pinheiro, Bartira Rossi-Bergmann<br>
AFFILIATION: Instituto de BiofÃsica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21949-900, Brasil.<br>
REFERENCE: Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2007 Feb 102(1):79-82<br>
The critical role of interferon-gamma (IFN-g) in the resistance of C57Bl
/6 mice to <b>Leishmania</b> major is widely established but its role in the
relative resistance of these animals to L. amazonensis infection is
still not clear. In this work we use C57Bl/6 mice congenitally deficient
in the IFN-g gene (IFN-g KO) to address this issue. We found that IFN-g
KO mice were as resistant as their wild-type (WT) counterparts at least
during the first two months of infection. Afterwards, whereas WT mice
maintained lesion growth under control, IFN-g KO mice developed
devastating lesions. At day 97 of infection, their lesions were 9-fold
larger than WT controls, concomitant with an increased parasite burden.
At this stage, lesion-draining cells from IFN-g KO mice had impaired
capacity to produce interleukin-12 (IL-12) and tumour necrosis factor-a
in response to parasite antigens whereas IL-4 was slightly increased in
comparison to infected WT mice. Together, these results show that IFN-g
is not critical for the initial control of L. amazonensis infection in
C57Bl/6 mice, but is essencial for the developmente of a protective Th1
type immune response in the later stages.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=17213267" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17213267</a>
<input name="id_17213267" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17213267" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Role of ABC transporter MRPA, {gamma}-glutamylcysteine synthetase and ornithine decarboxylase in natural antimony-resistant isolates of
<b>Leishmania</b> donovani.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Angana Mukherjee, Prasad K Padmanabhan, Sushma Singh, Gaétan Roy, Isabelle Girard, Mitali Chatterjee, Marc Ouellette, Rentala Madhubala<br>
AFFILIATION: School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi - 110 067, India.<br>
REFERENCE: J Antimicrob Chemother 2007 Feb 59(2):204-11<br>
Objectives The resistance of clinical isolates of <b>Leishmania</b> donovani to
sodium antimony gluconate (SAG), the mainstay of treatment in Indian
visceral leishmaniasis, has become a critical issue in India. The
present work investigates the mechanism of resistance to SAG in
parasites isolated from patients who are unresponsive to SAG. Methods
and results Susceptibility to SAG as determined in vitro with
intracellular amastigotes correlated well with the clinical response.
The ABC transporter gene MRPA was amplified in resistant field isolates
as part of an extrachromosomal circle. Co-amplification of the pterin
reductase gene (PTR1) and MRPA suggests amplification of the H locus in
SAG-resistant isolates. Amplification of MRPA was correlated to
increased RNA as determined by real-time PCR. MRPA is an ABC-thiol
transporter, and cysteine and glutathione were increased in the
resistant isolates. Ornithine decarboxylase (a rate limiting enzyme in
polyamine biosynthesis), and gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (a rate
limiting enzyme in glutathione biosynthesis), the two building blocks of
the main cellular thiol trypanothione, were overexpressed in some of
the resistant isolates. Conclusions A variety of resistance mechanisms
to SAG, most of them consistent with a model based on the study of
resistance in vitro, were present in clinical isolates from the same
geographical region.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=17184847" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17184847</a>
<input name="id_17184847" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17184847" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Interleukin-10 reduces hyperalgesia and the level of Interleukin-1beta in BALB/c mice infected with
<b>Leishmania</b> major with no major effect on the level of Interleukin-6.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Marc C Karam, Hamdan G Hamdan, Najib A Abi Chedid, Kikki B Bodman-Smith, George M Baroody<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon.<br>
REFERENCE: J Neuroimmunol 2007 Feb 183(1-2):43-9<br>
Infection with a high dose of <b>Leishmania</b> major has been shown to induce
hyperalgesia in BALB/c mice accompanied by a sustained upregulation of
Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and an early upregulation of Interleukin-6
(IL-6). On the other hand, Interleukin 10 (IL-10) has been demonstrated
to be hypoalgesic in other models such as rats exposed to UV rays. In
this study, we injected BALB/c mice with a high dose of <b>Leishmania</b> major
and treated them with IL-10 (15 ng/animal) for six consecutive days.
Hyperalgesia was assessed using thermal pain tests and the levels of IL-
1beta and IL-6 were also assessed at different post-infection days. Our
results show that IL-10 can reduce the <b>Leishmania</b> major-induced
hyperalgesia during the treatment period through a direct effect on the
levels of IL-1beta which seems to play an important role in this
hyperalgesia induction since its level was reduced during the period of
IL-10 injection and was increased again when this treatment was stopped
. On the contrary IL-10 has no direct effect on the levels IL-6 which
seems to have no direct role in the induced hyperalgesia.<br>
<br><br>
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PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=17293992" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17293992</a>
<input name="id_17293992" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17293992" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Lutzomyia longipalpis in Brazil: a complex or a single species? A mini-review.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Luiz Gsr Bauzer, Nataly A Souza, Rhayza Dc Maingon, Alexandre A Peixoto<br>
AFFILIATION: Departamento de BioquÃmica e Biologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil.<br>
REFERENCE: Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2007 Feb 102(1):1-12<br>
Lutzomyia longipalpis is the main vector of <b>Leishmania</b> infantum chagasi
, the causative agent of American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL). Although
there is strong evidence that Lu. longipalpis is a species complex, not
all data concerning populations from Brazil support this hypothesis.
The issue is still somewhat controversial for this large part of Lu.
longipalpis distribution range even though that it is the Latin American
region contributing to most of the cases of AVL. In this mini-review we
consider in detail the current data for the Brazilian populations and
conclude that Lu. longipalpis is a complex of incipient vector species
with a complexity similar to Anopheles gambiae s.s. in Africa.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=17294918" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17294918</a>
<input name="id_17294918" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17294918" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Impact of phlebotomine sand flies on U.S. Military operations at Tallil Air Base, Iraq: 2. Temporal and geographic distribution of sand flies.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Russell E Coleman, Douglas A Burkett, Van Sherwood, Jennifer Caci, Sharon Spradling, Barton T Jennings, Edgar Rowton, Wayne Gilmore, Keith Blount, Charles E White, John L Putnam<br>
AFFILIATION: 520th Theater Army Medical Laboratory, United States Army, Tallil Air Base, Iraq. <a href="mailto:russell.coleman@us.army.mil" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">russell.coleman@us.army.mil
</a><br>
REFERENCE: J Med Entomol 2007 Jan 44(1):29-41<br>
CDC miniature light traps were used to evaluate the general biology of
phlebotomine sand flies from April 2003 to November 2004 at Tallil Air
Base, Iraq. Factors evaluated include species diversity and temporal (
daily and seasonal) and geographic distribution of the sand flies. In
addition, the abundance of sand flies inside and outside tents and
buildings was observed. In total, 61,630 sand flies were collected
during 1,174 trap nights (mean 52 per trap, range 0-1,161), with 90% of
traps containing sand flies. Sand fly numbers were low in April, rose
through May, were highest from mid-June to early September, and dropped
rapidly in late September and October. More than 70% of the sand flies
were female, and of these sand flies, 8% contained visible blood.
Phlebotomus alexandri Sinton, Phlebotomus papatasi Scopoli, Phlebotomus
sergenti Parrot, and Sergentomyia spp. accounted for 30, 24, 1, and 45%
of the sand flies that were identified, respectively. P. alexandri was
more abundant earlier in the season (April and May) than P. papatasi,
whereas P. papatasi predominated later in the season (August and
September). Studies on the nocturnal activity of sand flies indicated
that they were most active early in the evening during the cooler months
, whereas they were more active in the middle of the night during the
hotter months. Light traps placed inside tents with and without air
conditioners collected 83 and 70% fewer sand flies, respectively, than
did light traps placed outside the tents. The implications of these
findings to <b>Leishmania</b> transmission in the vicinity of Tallil Air Base
are discussed.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=17294933" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17294933</a>
<input name="id_17294933" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17294933" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Effect of temperature on metabolism of Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae).
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Ivana Benkova, Petr Volf<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Vinicna 7, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic.<br>
REFERENCE: J Med Entomol 2007 Jan 44(1):150-4<br>
Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli) (Diptera: Psychodidae) is the most
important vector of <b>Leishmania</b> major, and previous experiments revealed
that <b>Leishmania</b> development in the sand fly midgut is significantly
affected by temperature. Therefore, we maintained blood-fed P. papatasi
females at 23 or 28 degrees C to understand the effect of temperature on
bloodmeal digestion and developmental times of this sand fly. At the
lower temperature, the metabolic processes were slower and developmental
times were longer: defecation, oviposition, and egg hatch started later
and took longer to complete. Also, the mortality of blood-fed females
was significantly lower. The defecation of bloodmeal remains was delayed
for 12-36 h at 23 degrees C compared with the group maintained at 28
degrees C. Such delay would provide more time for <b>Leishmania</b> to
establish the midgut infection and could partially explain the increased
susceptibility of P. papatasi to <b>Leishmania</b> major at 23 degrees C. In
both experimental groups, blood-fed females laid similar numbers of eggs
(mean 60 and 70, maximum 104 and 115 per female). Egg numbers were
positively correlated with the amount of hematin excreted in feces of
ovipositing females. In parallel experiments, autogeny was recorded in 8
% of females. The autogenous egg batches were smaller (mean, 12; range,
1-39), but they all produced viable larvae.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=17293978" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17293978</a>
<input name="id_17293978" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17293978" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Single and concomitant experimental infectionsby Endotrypanum spp. and
<b>Leishmania</b> (Viannia) guyanensis (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) in the Neotropical sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae).</a><br>
AUTHORS: André F Barbosa, Sandra Mp Oliveira, Alvaro L Bertho, Antonia Mr Franco, Elizabeth F Rangel<br>
AFFILIATION: Departamento de Entomologia, Laboratorio de Transmissores de Leishmanioses.<br>
REFERENCE: Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2006 Dec 101(8):851-6<br>
Lutzomyia longipalpis females received single and mixed infections with
Endotrypanum and <b>Leishmania</b>. Two biological parameters were analyzed:
the percentage of infected females and the distribution of flagellates
in the gut of the females. The principal comparisons were performed
between (1) two strains of Endotrypanum, (2) cloned versus primary
sample of one strain of Endotrypanum, (3) Endotrypanum versus <b>Leishmania</b>
guyanensis, and (4) the pattern of flagellates behaviour by optical
microscopy in females with single or mixed infection versus the
identification of parasites isolated from digestive tracts by isoenzyme
electrophoresis. Flagellates of Endotrypanum showed distinct patterns of
infection suggesting that there is variation between and within strains
. The distribution of Endotrypanum and L. guyanensis differed
significantly in relation to the colonization of the stomodeal valve. In
co-infection with L. guyanensis, a large number of flagellates were
seen to be plentifully infecting the stomodeal valve in significantly
more specimens than in females infected by Endotrypanum only. However,
the electrophoretic profiles of isoenzymes of parasites recovered from
all co-infected specimens corresponded to Endotrypanum. This suggests
that the mere correlation sand fly infection-biochemical analysis of
isolates may induce parasitological incorrect consideration.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=17293991" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17293991</a>
<input name="id_17293991" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17293991" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Final comments on an interesting taxonomic dilemma:
<b>Leishmania</b> infantum versus <b>Leishmania</b> infantum chagasi.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Filipe Dantas-Torres<br>
AFFILIATION: Departamento de Imunologia, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fiocruz, Recife, PE, 50670-420, Brasil.<br>
REFERENCE: Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2006 Dec 101(8):929-30<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=17293989" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17293989</a>
<input name="id_17293989" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17293989" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)"><b>Leishmania</b>
(Viannia) lainsoni: occurrence of intracellular promastigote forms in vivo and in vitro.</a><br>
AUTHORS: José R Corrêa, Maurilio J Soares<br>
AFFILIATION: Laboratório de Biologia Celular de Microrganismos, Departamento de Ultra-estrutura e Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brasil.<br>
REFERENCE: Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2006 Dec 101(8):923-4<br>
Experimental chronic (45-day-old) skin lesion in hamster hind foot
induced by <b>Leishmania</b> (Viannia) lainsoni infection showed the presence
of promastigote forms in the tissue, inside parasitophorous vacuoles, as
assessed by transmission electron microscopy. Experimental in vitro
interaction (24 and 48 h) between <b>Leishmania</b> (V.)lainsoni and J774-G8
macrophage cells also demonstrated the same profile. This morphological
aspect is unusual, since in this parasite genus only amastigote forms
have been described as the resistant and obligate intracellular forms.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=17184256" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17184256</a>
<input name="id_17184256" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17184256" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Itraconazole in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Alireza Firooz, Alireza Khatami, Yahya Dowlati<br>
REFERENCE: Int J Dermatol 2006 Dec 45(12):1446-7<br>
<br><br>
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</map><img usemap="#110e13f2f36afc16_boxmap-p6" alt="Shop at Amazon.com" border="0" height="150" width="120"><br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=17176592" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17176592</a>
<input name="id_17176592" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17176592" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Leishmaniasis in ancient Egypt and Upper nubia.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Albert R Zink, Mark Spigelman, Bettina Schraut, Charles L Greenblatt, Andreas G Nerlich, Helen D Donoghue<br>
REFERENCE: Emerg Infect Dis 2006 Oct 12(10):1616-7<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=17176597" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17176597</a>
<input name="id_17176597" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17176597" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis, Afghanistan.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Michael K Faulde, Gerhard Heyl, Mohammed L Amirih<br>
REFERENCE: Emerg Infect Dis 2006 Oct 12(10):1623-4<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=17293915" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17293915</a>
<input name="id_17293915" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17293915" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)"><b>Leishmania</b>
mexicana infection of the eyelid in a traveler to Belize.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Joseph M Vinetz, Lynn Soong<br>
AFFILIATION: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, San Diego School of Medicine, University of California.<br>
REFERENCE: Braz J Infect Dis 2006 Aug 10(4):304-7<br>
A 50 year-old man, a United States resident, presented in Texas with a
violaceous non-ulcerating lesion, involving the entire lower eyelid. The
patient had traveled to a jungle area of Belize several hours drive
from the capital city. <b>Leishmania</b> mexicana was isolated. The lesion only
partially resolved after an initial course of sodium stibogluconate,
requiring retreatment. At two years of follow-up, there was no relapse.
The parasite isolated from the patient caused a progressive, non-
ulcerating lesion in an experimental mouse footpad infection. This is an
unusual case of cutaneous leishmaniasis in a traveler. Travelers must
be educated about personal protective measures to prevent exotic
infections acquired during travel.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=17301418" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17301418</a>
<input name="id_17301418" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17301418" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Evaluation of In Vitro Production of IFN-gamma, IL-10, IL-12 and IL-13 by Blood Cells in Patients with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Lesions.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Majid Mahmoodi, Saeid Rajabalian, Alireza Fekri, Iraj Esfandiarpour<br>
AFFILIATION: Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. <a href="mailto:mahmoodij@yahoo.com" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">mahmoodij@yahoo.com</a>.<br>
REFERENCE: Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol 2005 Mar 4(1):15-21<br>
This study investigated the in vitro production of interferon-gamma,
interleukin (IL)-10, IL-12, and IL-13, after antigenic stimulation of
the cells (with <b>Leishmania</b> antigen and lipopolysaccharide) using whole
blood from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions caused by
<b>Leishmania</b> tropica and in normal volunteers with history of cutaneous
leishmaniasis.ELISA results showed that the mean production of
interferon-gamma by cells of whole blood in patients with lesions in
response to <b>Leishmania</b> antigen was significantly lower than
corresponding values in volunteers with history of cutaneous
leishmaniasis (P< 0.05) and significantly higher levels of IL-10
production in patients with lesions were observed compared with cured
volunteers of the disease (P<0.01). A similar level of IL-12,
including p40 subunit of IL-12, was detected in both groups tested in
this study in response to stimulation of parasite antigen. The levels of
the IL-13 after stimulation with <b>Leishmania</b> antigen were significantly
more in patients compared with volunteers with history of cutaneous
leishmaniasis (P< 0.01). There was no significant difference in the
mean production of IFN-gamma, IL-10, IL-12 and IL-13 by PHA or LPS
stimulated cells from patients with lesions and volunteers with history
of the disease, indicating that there was no qualitative defect in
cytokine production in these patients.In this study, we have detected
the decreased production of interferon- gamma by cells of patients with
lesions of cutaneous leishmaniasis in response to parasite antigen and
unbalanced production of regulatory cytokines such as IL-10 and IL-13
using the whole-blood stimulation assay technique. The required small
volume of blood and the rapid set up time are the advantages in this
assay technique. Using this assay for further immunodetection of
cytokines may confirm its value for clinical investigation.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=17301350" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17301350</a>
<input name="id_17301350" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17301350" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Effect of immunomodulator daraprim on potentiation of vaccine protection of
<b>leishmania</b> major in BALB/c mice.</a><br>
AUTHORS: M Keshavarzi, Z M Hassan<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Tarbiat Modarres, Iran.<br>
REFERENCE: Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol 2003 Mar 2(1):7-12<br>
In this study, a crude leishmanial antigen, was prepared by son icating
<b>Leishmania</b> major promastigotes used to induce immunity in BALB/c mice
against cutaneous leishmaniasis. Correlation between the route of
antigen injection and the efficacy of induced protection was examined.
To enhance the effectiveness of the antigen, an irnmunostimulant drug,
daraprim (pyrimethamine), was administered simultaneously with the
antigen. The experiment demonstrated that simultaneous intraperitoneal
injection of the antigen and daraprim resulted in protection from
subsequent development of cutaneous lesions. Results of lymphocyte
proliferation from mice immunized with either the antigen or antigen-
daraprim mixture showed a signficant response to the antigen. The
results suggest that daraprim can be used in prophylaxis programs to
enhance the effectiveness of vaccines for cutaneous leishmaniasis.<br>
<br><br>
********************************************************************************************************************<br>
The following references are revised files and are brought to you in accordance to license agreement with the NLM.<br>
********************************************************************************************************************<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=16753146" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">16753146</a>
<input name="id_16753146" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16753146" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)"><b>Leishmania</b>
tarentolae: purification and characterization of tubulin and its suitability for antileishmanial drug screening.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Adam J Yakovich, Frank L Ragone, Juan D Alfonzo, Dan L Sackett, Karl A Werbovetz<br>
AFFILIATION: Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.<br>
REFERENCE: Exp Parasitol 2006 Dec 114(4):289-96<br>
Previously, tubulin has been purified from <b>Leishmania</b> amazonensis and
used to identify novel molecules with selective antimitotic activity.
However, L. amazonensis is pathogenic and requires a relatively
expensive medium for large-scale cultivation. Herein, the purification
and characterization of tubulin from the non-pathogenic <b>Leishmania</b>
tarentolae is reported, together with the sequence of alpha- and beta-
tubulin from this organism. This protein was purified by sonication,
diethylaminoethyl-Sepharose chromatography, and one assembly disassembly
cycle in 1% overall recovery based on total cellular protein.
<b>Leishmania</b> tarentolae tubulin was indistinguishable from the
corresponding L. amazonensis protein in terms of binding affinity for
dinitroaniline sulfanilamides and sensitivity to assembly inhibition by
these compounds. The amino acid sequences derived from the L. tarentolae
alpha- and beta-tubulin genes were 99.6 and 99.4% identical to the
corresponding amino acid sequences from the <b>Leishmania</b> major Friedlin
strain. These results indicate that tubulin from L. tarentolae is
suitable for use in drug screening.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=16426375" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">16426375</a>
<input name="id_16426375" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16426375" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Cutaneous leishmaniasis: successful treatment with itraconazole.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Javier Consigli, Cristian Danielo, Verónica Gallerano, Mariana Papa, Andrés Guidi<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Dermatology, Hospital Córdoba, Argentina. <a href="mailto:consigli@arnet.com.ar" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">consigli@arnet.com.ar</a><br>
REFERENCE: Int J Dermatol 2006 Jan 45(1):46-9<br>
BACKGROUND: Leishmaniasis is a disease produced by several species of
protozoa of the <b>Leishmania</b> genus. These protozoa are injected into the
human bloodstream by sandflies. The symptomathology, either cutaneous,
mucocutaneous or visceral, depends on the infective species and the
immune status of the patient. Antimonial drugs are the mainstay
treatment for all the clinical forms of the disease. Amphotericin B is
the second-choice drug. METHODS: We report two clinical cases of
cutaneous leishmaniasis treated with itraconazole. One case was a
relapsing form unresponsive to conventional therapy. RESULTS: Both
patients achieved fast resolution of their lesions with no secondary
effects. CONCLUSIONS: Itraconazole may be a valid option for the
treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis, mainly in those cases unresponsive
to conventional drugs.<br>
<br><br>
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</map><img usemap="#110e13f2f36afc16_boxmap-p6" alt="Shop at Amazon.com" border="0" height="150" width="120"><br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=16020728" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">16020728</a>
<input name="id_16020728" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16020728" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">The genome of the kinetoplastid parasite,
<b>Leishmania</b> major.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Alasdair C Ivens, Christopher S Peacock, Elizabeth A Worthey, Lee Murphy, Gautam Aggarwal, Matthew Berriman, Ellen Sisk, Marie-Adele Rajandream, Ellen Adlem, Rita Aert, Atashi Anupama, Zina Apostolou, Philip Attipoe, Nathalie Bason, Christopher Bauser, Alfred Beck, Stephen M Beverley, Gabriella Bianchettin, Katja Borzym, Gordana Bothe, Carlo V Bruschi, Matt Collins, Eithon Cadag, Laura Ciarloni, Christine Clayton, Richard M R Coulson, Ann Cronin, Angela K Cruz, Robert M Davies, Javier De Gaudenzi, Deborah E Dobson, Andreas Duesterhoeft, Gholam Fazelina, Nigel Fosker, Alberto Carlos Frasch, Audrey Fraser, Monika Fuchs, Claudia Gabel, Arlette Goble, André Goffeau, David Harris, Christiane Hertz-Fowler, Helmut Hilbert, David Horn, Yiting Huang, Sven Klages, Andrew Knights, Michael Kube, Natasha Larke, Lyudmila Litvin, Angela Lord, Tin Louie, Marco Marra, David Masuy, Keith Matthews, Shulamit Michaeli, Jeremy C Mottram, Silke Müller-Auer, Heather Munden, Siri Nelson, Halina Norbertczak, Karen Oliver, Susan O'neil, Martin Pentony, Thomas M Pohl, Claire Price, Bénédicte Purnelle, Michael A Quail, Ester Rabbinowitsch, Richard Reinhardt, Michael Rieger, Joel Rinta, Johan Robben, Laura Robertson, Jeronimo C Ruiz, Simon Rutter, David Saunders, Melanie Schäfer, Jacquie Schein, David C Schwartz, Kathy Seeger, Amber Seyler, Sarah Sharp, Heesun Shin, Dhileep Sivam, Rob Squares, Steve Squares, Valentina Tosato, Christy Vogt, Guido Volckaert, Rolf Wambutt, Tim Warren, Holger Wedler, John Woodward, Shiguo Zhou, Wolfgang Zimmermann, Deborah F Smith, Jenefer M Blackwell, Kenneth D Stuart, Bart Barrell, Peter J Myler
<br>
AFFILIATION: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK. <a href="mailto:alicat@sanger.ac.uk" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
alicat@sanger.ac.uk</a><br>
REFERENCE: Science 2005 Jul 309(5733):436-42<br>
<b>Leishmania</b> species cause a spectrum of human diseases in tropical and
subtropical regions of the world. We have sequenced the 36 chromosomes
of the 32.8-megabase haploid genome of <b>Leishmania</b> major (Friedlin strain
) and predict 911 RNA genes, 39 pseudogenes, and 8272 protein-coding
genes, of which 36% can be ascribed a putative function. These include
genes involved in host-pathogen interactions, such as proteolytic
enzymes, and extensive machinery for synthesis of complex surface
glycoconjugates. The organization of protein-coding genes into long,
strand-specific, polycistronic clusters and lack of general
transcription factors in the L. major, Trypanosoma brucei, and
Trypanosoma cruzi (Tritryp) genomes suggest that the mechanisms
regulating RNA polymerase II-directed transcription are distinct from
those operating in other eukaryotes, although the trypanosomatids appear
capable of chromatin remodeling. Abundant RNA-binding proteins are
encoded in the Tritryp genomes, consistent with active
posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=12871109" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">12871109</a>
<input name="id_12871109" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12871109" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">The synthesis of parasitic cysteine protease and trypanothione reductase inhibitors.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Kelly Chibale, Chitalu C Musonda<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa. <a href="mailto:chibale@science.uct.ac.za" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">chibale@science.uct.ac.za
</a><br>
REFERENCE: Curr Med Chem 2003 Sep 10(18):1863-89<br>
The presence of parasitic cysteine proteases and trypanothione reductase
in the parasitic protozoa of the genus Trypanosoma and <b>Leishmania</b> has
made these enzymes attractive targets for the development of
antitrypanosomal and antileishmanial agents. Furthermore, the presence
of cysteine proteases in Plasmodium falciparum has presented additional
opportunities for the development of chemical scaffolds that could
potentially be utilized against all of the aforementioned parasites.
While previous reviews on parasitic cysteine proteases and trypanothione
reductase covered various aspects, none emphasized the chemistry behind
the synthesis of described inhibitors. This review focuses on recent
developments in the synthesis of low-molecular weight inhibitors of
these enzymes with a bearing on the human diseases of leishmaniasis,
malaria and trypanosomiasis. Only those inhibitors whose synthesis has
been described in the open literature during the period 1993-mid 2002
have been highlighted. The review thus excludes what may be in the
patent literature. Inhibitors synthesized using combinatorial and/or
parallel synthesis chemistry as well as polymer-assisted synthesis
methodologies have been deliberately omitted from this review because
they are a subject of a separate and focused review.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=10828290" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">10828290</a>
<input name="id_10828290" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10828290" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Target-based drug discovery for malaria, leishmaniasis, and trypanosomiasis.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: K A Werbovetz<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Parasitology, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC 20307, USA. <a href="mailto:karl.werbovetz@na.amedd.army.mil" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
karl.werbovetz@na.amedd.army.mil</a><br>
REFERENCE: Curr Med Chem 2000 Aug 7(8):835-60<br>
Advances in combinatorial chemistry, high-throughput screening, and
molecular modeling have revolutionized the process of drug discovery in
the pharmaceutical industry. Drug discovery efforts for the primary
protozoal parasitic diseases of the developing world, malaria,
leishmaniasis, and trypanosomiasis, have also begun to employ these
techniques. Drug targets in these parasites, exemplified by cysteine
proteases and trypanothione reductase, have been purified and used for
inhibitor screening. Through this work, small molecules have been
identified that inhibit both parasite proteins and the growth of the
organisms. This review describes advances that have been made in
examining the effects of small molecules on potential parasitic drug
targets determined by biochemical and computer-based screening, and also
details the activity of such compounds on parasites in vitro and in
vivo. Based on these results, it is apparent that modern drug discovery
techniques hold promise for the identification of antiparasitic drug
candidates.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=9569963" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">9569963</a>
<input name="id_9569963" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9569963" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Visceral leishmaniasis in a renal transplant recipient. Short review and therapy alternative.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: F Gómez Campderá, J Berenguer, F Anaya, M Rodriguez, F Valderrábano<br>
REFERENCE: Am J Nephrol 1998 18(2):171<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=8739293" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">8739293</a>
<input name="id_8739293" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8739293" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Visceral leishmaniasis in a renal transplant recipient: diagnostic and therapeutic problems.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: R K Sharma, R Jha, P Kumar, V Kher, A Gupta, A Kumar, S Gulati, P Arora, M Murari, M Bhandari<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.<br>
REFERENCE: Am J Nephrol 1996 16(4):358-60<br>
Visceral leishmaniasis is infrequently reported in renal transplant
recipients. A 40-year-old renal transplant recipient developed
hepatosplenomegaly and pyrexia of unknown origin 5 months after
transplantation. Visceral leishmaniasis was confirmed on bone marrow
examination. The usual dose of antiparasitic therapy with stibogluconate
sodium failed to eradicate <b>Leishmania</b> donovani. High-dose conventional
therapy with stibogluconate sodium for an extended period of time was
successful in the treatment of a relapse of leishmaniasis.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=1799197" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">1799197</a>
<input name="id_1799197" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=1799197" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Acute renal failure in visceral leishmaniasis.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: F Caravaca, A Muñoz, J L Pizarro, J Saez de SantamarÃa, J Fernandez-Alonso<br>
AFFILIATION: Nephrology Division, Hospital Regional Infanta Cristina, Badajoz, Spain.<br>
REFERENCE: Am J Nephrol 1991 11(4):350-2<br>
We describe the case of a 33-year-old male patient with an acute
visceral leishmaniasis (<b>Leishmania</b> donovani) associated with an acute
renal failure. The clinical manifestations were dominated by fever,
oliguric renal failure and hepatic alterations. Serum C3 and C4
fractions of complement were decreased, and a renal biopsy demonstrated
an interstitial nephritis with no glomerular involvement. The clinical
course was favorable with recuperation of renal function without sequels.<br>
<br><br>
REQUEST: [ sand fly NOT culicoides ]<br>
(8 articles match this request. 6 articles matching other requests removed)<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=17294917" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17294917</a>
<input name="id_17294917" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17294917" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Distribution of
<b>sand fly</b> (Diptera: Psychodidae) species and efficiency of capturing methods in Sanliurfa province, Turkey.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Sahin Toprak, Nurdan Ozer<br>
AFFILIATION: Biology Department Science Faculty, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey.<br>
REFERENCE: J Med Entomol 2007 Jan 44(1):23-8<br>
The population dynamics of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) were
studied in Sanliurfa province in southeastern Turkey, in the country's
largest focus of typical anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis, during
2000-2002. Sand flies were collected at nine different sampling stations
, located throughout the city, representing a cross section of urban and
rural habitats. In total, 29,771 sand flies were collected, 45.35% of
which were Phlebotomus papatasi Scopoli. In this study, the overall sand
fly species diversity, relative abundance of each species, biodiversity
, and similarity indices among sampling stations and efficiency of
trapping methods were evaluated. Among the sampling stations, Sanliurfa
city center and Suruç were shown to have the highest number of <b>sand fly</b>
species; Harran-Akcakale and Hilvan habitats produced the largest
number of individuals. The greatest similarity rates (80%) in terms of
<b>sand fly</b> species were observed between Hilvan and city center, Harran-
Akcakale and city center, Harran-Akcakale and Yenice, and Siverek and
Viransehir. The lowest similarity rate (16%) was observed between Bozova
-Birecik and city center. Comparison of biodiversity and similarity
indices between the various sampling stations reveals the distribution
of the suspected vector species and provides basic knowledge required to
develop logical and effective control strategies. Among the trapping
methods used, light traps showed the highest capture efficiency, above
aspirators and sticky papers. It was concluded that light traps alone
were sufficient to determine the <b>sand fly</b> fauna of the study area. It is
recommended that the spatial and temporal dynamics of <b>sand fly</b>
populations be monitored throughout the southeastern Anatolia Project (
GAP) construction period, considering the potential impact the project
may have on mean temperature, humidity, and human population movements.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-08.xml&id=17293981" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17293981</a>
<input name="id_17293981" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17293981" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Abundance of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) and urban transmission of visceral leishmaniasis in Campo Grande, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Alessandra Gutierrez de Oliveira, Eunice Aparecida Bianchi Galati, Orcy de Oliveira, Gilliard Rezende de Oliveira, Italo Alexander Cabello Espindola, Maria Elizabeth Cavalheiros Dorval, Reginaldo Peçanha Brazil
<br>
AFFILIATION: Laboratório de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil.<br>
REFERENCE: Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2006 Dec 101(8):869-74<br>
The outspread and urbanization of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Campo
Grande, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, lead us to undertake the present
study over diversity and abundance of sand flies in the urban area to
compare with previous search carried out during 1999/2000, before the
identification of the disease in the human population.The captures were
carried out with automatic light traps, weekly, from February 2004 to
February 2005 on three sites including a forested area (Zé Pereira),
two peridomicilies (shelters of domestic animals and cultivation areas
), and intradomicilie. In the present study 110 collections were
obtained during 13 months for 1320 h of collections, resulting in 5004
specimens, 3649 males and 1355 females belonging to the 20 following
species: Brumptomyia avellari, Brumptomyia sp., Bichromomyia
flaviscutellata, Evandromyia lenti, E. termitophila, E. cortelezzii, E.
borrouli, Lutzomyia sp., L. longipalpis, Micropygomyia quinquefer, N.
antunesi, N. whitmani, Pintomyia christenseni, Pi. damascenoi,
Psathyromyia aragaoi, Ps. campograndensis, Ps. hermanlenti, Ps. shannoni
, Pychodopygus claustrei, and Sciopemyia sordellii. L. longipalpis was
the most abundant species in the anthropic environment with 92.22% of
the captures. This shows an increase of sixty times in the density of L
. longipalpis compared to the last <b>sand fly</b> evaluation in 1999/2000. The
high density of L. longipalpis in Campo Grande is the main factor of
risk in transmission of the disease to human in the urban area. The
capture of N. antunesi, typical specie from Amazonian region, in Mato
Grosso do Sul is reported for the first time.<br>
<br><br>
REQUEST: [ sandfly NOT culicoides ]<br>
(0 articles match this request)<br><br>
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