[leish-l] Scalibor collar protects against sand fly bites

[killickendrick]

    In the account of US soldiers and cutaneous leishmaniasis, it is correctly said that insecticidal dog collars should not be used on humans. 
    It is incorrectly said that 'there is no evidence they [the collars] work against sand flies.' 
    The Scalibor dog collar (Intervet International), which is a depot of deltamethrin slowly released into the lipids of the skin, protects dogs against the bites of over 80% of sand flies for well over six months. Experimental trials with dogs have been done in labs in France, Spain and Brazil with Phlebotomus perniciosus, Phlebotomus papatasi and Lutzomyia longipalpis all with excellent results. In a field test in Italy it was calculated that Scalibor gave a protection rate to dogs of 85% when the the force of transmission was high. Another field trial in Iran showed that reducing the risk of infection to dogs by collaring them significantly reduced the risk of visceral leishmaniasis in children. 
    Key references that should be seen before assuming there is no collar that can protect against the bite of sand flies are shown below. For more details on canine leishmaniasis and how to protect dogs, see www.leishmaniasis.info. 
    There is a highly active focus of human visceral leishmaniasis in Iraq the area between the Tigris and the Euphrates. The parasite is Leishmania infantum; the reservoirs are dogs and jackals; the vector is unknown but apparently there are only two candidate man-biting species present - P.alexandri (the probable vector?) and P. papatasi (very unlikely vector of L. infantum).  It would be a good idea to protect dogs used by the US forces in Iraq from sand fly bites with Scalibor replaced every six months. Immersion in water does not remove protection. Shampooing should be with Scalibor shampoo to avoid loss of protection.  
  a.. Killick-Kendrick R, Killick-Kendrick M, Focheux M C, Dereure J, Puech M P & Cadiergues M C (1997) Protection of dogs from bites of phlebotomine sandflies by Scalibor ProtectorBands for control of canine leishmaniasis. Med Vet Entomol 11, 105-111.
  b.. Halbig P, Hodjati M H, Mazloumi-Gavagni A S, Mohite H & Davies C R (2000) Further evidence that deltamethrin-impregnated collars protect domestic dogs from sandfly bites. Med Vet Entomol 14, 223-226. 
  c.. David J R, Stamm L M, Bezarra H S, Nonato Souza, R, Killick-Kendrick R & Oliveira Lima J W (2001) Deltamethrin-impregnated plastic dog collars have a potent anti-feeding effect on Lutzomyia longipalpis and Lutzomyia migonei. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 96, 839-847. 
  d.. Maroli M, Mizzon V, Siragusa C, D'Orazi A & Gradoni L (2001) Evidence for an impact on the incidence of canine leishmaniasis by the mass use of deltamethrin-impregnated dog collars in southern Italy. Med Vet Entomol 15, 358-363. 
  e.. Reithinger R, Teodoro U & Davies C R (2001) Topical insecticide treatments to protect dogs from sand fly vectors of leishmaniasis. Emerg Infect Dis 7, 872-876. 
  f.. Mazloumi Gavgani A S, Hodjati M H, Mohite H & Davies C R (2002) Effect of insecticide-impregnated dog collars on incidence of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in Iranian children: a matched-cluster randomised trial. 3 The Lancet 360, 374-379. 

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