[Leish-l] FW: PRO/AH/EDR> Leishmaniasis - Syria (04): comment on canine reservoir

[jeffrey shaw]

---------- Forwarded message ----------
From: ProMED-mail <promed at promed.isid.harvard.edu>

Date: 2013/4/20
Subject: PRO/AH/EDR> Leishmaniasis - Syria (04): comment on canine reservoir
To: promed-ahead-edr at promedmail.org


LEISHMANIASIS - SYRIA (04): COMMENT ON CANINE RESERVOIR


*******************************************************

A ProMED-mail post

<http://www.promedmail.org>

ProMED-mail is a program of the

International Society for Infectious Diseases

<http://www.isid.org>



Date: Mon 15 Apr 2013

From: Merritt Clifton <anmlpepl at whidbey.com> [edited]





Syria does not have a large dog population, free-roaming or otherwise,

as dogs have been culturally considered unclean and have been

frequently shot or poisoned.



Turkey, however, has been historically rather tolerant of free-roaming

dogs and instituted a national dog sterilization program 10 years ago

to replace shooting or poisoning street dogs. Unfortunately, the

sterilization program has not been very well managed in much of the

nation, so much of Turkey still has abundant street dogs.



Jordan and Lebanon have far fewer free-roaming dogs but are

nonetheless much more tolerant of dogs than Syria.



This sets up the possibility that, whereas dogs are sometimes

implicated in transmitting leishmaniasis to humans, in this situation,

human refugees may be inadvertently bringing the sand flies that carry

leishmaniasis into more frequent contact with the dogs of Turkey,

Jordan, and Lebanon, and the pet keepers and humane communities of

those nations may, accordingly, need to escalate vigilance against

leishmaniasis, after having not worried about it much for many years.



--

Merritt Clifton

Editor, Animal People

P.O. Box 960

Clinton, WA 98236

<http://www.animalpeoplenews.org>

<anmlpepl at whidbey.com>



[ProMED-mail thanks Merritt Clifton for his comment.



Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is caused by _Leishmania tropica_, and 30

000 cases were reported in 2008 in Syria (Alvar J et al. and the WHO

Leishmaniasis Control Team. Leishmaniasis Worldwide and Global

Estimates of Its Incidence. PLoS One. 2012; 7(5): e35671).



Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is rare but is found from Aleppo and

towards the Turkish border. The reservoir for _L. tropica_ is small

rodents and for _L. infantum_, it is dogs.



In Turkey, there has been a considerable reduction in the number of

reported cases since 1995 onwards (Zeyrek FY et al. Serodiagnosis of

anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) caused by _Leishmania

tropica_ in Sanliurfa Province, Turkey, where ACL is highly endemic.

Clin Vaccine Immunol 2007;14:1409-15).



A recent upsurge of CL cases in the southeastern Anatolia Region is

attributed to the environmental impact of a big irrigation project

(Guneydogu Anadolu Projesi-GAP) [Ok UZ et al. Leishmaniasis in Turkey.

Acta Trop 2002;84:43-8).



Some CL cases are attributed to _L. infantum_ in the eastern

Mediterranean region. The main reservoirs are dogs and humans.



In Jordan, outbreaks of CL have been reported every year for the past

5 years: in Aqaba (2006 and 2007), North Agwar (2008) and South Shuneh

(2004 and 2005) with 100-200 cases. Severe underreporting of CL is

suspected; between 2001 and 2003, an estimated incidence was 47 times

higher than the officially reported number of cases (Mosleh IM et al.

(2008). Cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Jordanian side of the Jordan

Valley: severe under-reporting and consequences on public health

management. Trop Med Int Health 2008;13:855-60).



The main reservoir for _L. infantum is dogs and for _L. major_, small

rodents (_Psammomys obesus_, _Meriones libycus_). - Mod.EP



HealthMap/ProMED-mail maps for Syria, Turkey, and Jordan can be

accessed at: <http://healthmap.org/r/3aLZ>,

<http://healthmap.org/r/1Cfs>, and <http://healthmap.org/r/1CMW>,

respectively.



A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map can be accessed at:

<http://healthmap.org/r/3aLZ>.]



[see also:

Leishmaniasis - Syria (03): Turkey ex Syria: 20130409.1633859

Leishmaniasis - Syria (02): 20130328.1608713

Leishmaniasis - Syria: RFI 20130227.1562934

2012

----

Leishmaniasis, tuberculosis - Syria (02): comment 20121227.1471041

Leishmaniasis, tuberculosis - Syria 20121226.1470184]

.................................................ep/msp/ml

*##########################################################*

************************************************************

ProMED-mail makes every effort to  verify  the reports  that

are  posted,  but  the  accuracy  and  completeness  of  the

information,   and  of  any  statements  or  opinions  based

thereon, are not guaranteed. The reader assumes all risks in

using information posted or archived by  ProMED-mail.   ISID

and  its  associated  service  providers  shall not be  held

responsible for errors or omissions or  held liable for  any

damages incurred as a result of use or reliance upon  posted

or archived material.

************************************************************

Donate to ProMED-mail. Details available at:

<http://www.isid.org/ProMEDMail_Donations.shtml>

************************************************************

Visit ProMED-mail's web site at <http://www.promedmail.org>.

Send all items for posting to: promed at promedmail.org (NOT to

an individual moderator).  If you do not give your full name

name and affiliation,  it may not be posted.  You may unsub-

scribe  at   <http://ww4.isid.org/promedmail/subscribe.php>.

For  assistance  from   a   human   being,   send  mail  to:

<postmaster at promedmail.org>.

############################################################

############################################################


 		 	   		  
-------------- next part --------------
An HTML attachment was scrubbed...
URL: <http://lineu.icb.usp.br/pipermail/leish-l/attachments/20130421/303b482b/attachment-0001.htm>