[Leish-l] Fwd: Articles found by RefScout 13/2007

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  REQUEST: [ leishmania ]
(26 articles match this request)

PMID: 17206507<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-13.xml&id=17206507>
TITLE: *Leishmania* (Viannia) lainsoni (Silveira et al. 1987):
ultrastructural aspects of the parasite and skin lesion in experimentally
infected hamster (Mesocricetus
auratus).<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17206507>
AUTHORS: JosÃ(c) R Corrêa, Reginaldo P Brazil, Maurilio J Soares
AFFILIATION: Lab. Biologia Celular de Microrganismos, Departamento de
Ultra-estrutura e Biologia Celular, Pavilhão Carlos Chagas-TÃ(c)rreo,
Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, 21040-900, Rio
de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, maurilio at ioc.fiocruz.br.
REFERENCE: Parasitol Res 2007 May 100(6):1227-32
*Leishmania* (Viannia) lainsoni was first described in 1987 in the state of
Pará, in the Brazilian Amazon region. The initial characterization of this
parasite was performed based only in light microscopy techniques . Posterior
studies with this *Leishmania* species, which focused on biochemistry and
molecular assays, showed its divergent position in the *Leishmania* genus.
In this study, we characterize the ultrastructure of culture promastigote
forms throughout the growth curve. Our results demonstrate a time-dependent
accumulation of electron-dense deposit in the acidocalcisome matrix. We have
also analyzed, by transmission electron microscopy, the chronic experimental
skin lesion induced in hamster. The experimental infection assay showed
adhesion of the intracellular parasites to the parasitophorous vacuole
membrane and the occurrence of free vacuoles in the lesion site containing
amastigote forms (the amastigote forms morphometrical data were summarized).
Our morphological evidences suggest a possible alternative surviving
mechanism for L. (Viannia) lainsoni in chronic lesion site.


[image: Shop at Amazon.com]

PMID: 17206508<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-13.xml&id=17206508>
TITLE: Comparative study of the efficacy of formulations containing
fluconazole or paromomycin for topical treatment of infections by *
Leishmania* (*Leishmania*) major and *Leishmania* (*Leishmania*)
amazonensis.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17206508>
AUTHORS: Samuel Vidal Mussi, Ana Paula Fernandes, Lucas Antonio Miranda
Ferreira
AFFILIATION: Department of Pharmaceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal
University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, CEP 31270-901,
Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, lucas at farmacia.ufmg.br.
REFERENCE: Parasitol Res 2007 May 100(6):1221-6
The development of alternative therapeutic approaches for cutaneous
leishmaniasis (CL) has received considerable attention in recent research,
including the identification of formulations for topical treatment. In the
present study, the activity of two formulations was evaluated in BALB/c mice
experimentally infected with either *Leishmania* (*Leishmania*) major or L.
(L.) amazonensis, a hydrophilic gel containing 10% paromomycin (PAHG) and a
cream containing 1% fluconazole (FLUC). After development of ulcerated
lesions, infected mice were divided into three groups of five animals each:
(1) PA group: Lesions were covered with 50 mul of PAHG; (2) FLUC group:
Lesions were covered with 50 mul of FLUC, and (3) placebo group: treated
with gel without paromomycin. During and after treatment, the size of
lesions was determined weekly using a caliper. The efficacy of PAHG was
significantly higher than that observed for FLUC for both
*Leishmania*species. The PAHG formulation was effective in promoting
the healing of
ulcers in all animals 28 days after the beginning of treatment, whereas none
of the animals was cured by FLUC. These results suggest that the PAHG
formulation could be suitable for clinical studies and may represent an
alternative formulation for the topical treatment of CL.


PMID: 17226041<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-13.xml&id=17226041>
TITLE: A S-adenosylmethionine synthetase gene from the pathogenic piscine
hemoflagellate, Cryptobia
salmositica.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17226041>
AUTHORS: Palmy R Jesudhasan, Patrick T K Woo
AFFILIATION: Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph,
Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
REFERENCE: Parasitol Res 2007 May 100(6):1401-6
We report on the identification of a Cryptobia genomic DNA gene, predict it
to encode a S-adenosylmethionine synthetase signature 1 motif and propose to
name it S-adenosylmethionine synthetase (MAT). The open reading frame of MAT
is 1,046 bp with 341 deduced amino acids. The MAT gene was identified using
universal genome walking and Southern blot analysis revealed it to be a
multi-copy gene. The S-adenosylmethionine synthetase of Cryptobia
salmositica amino acid sequence is similar to those of other pathogenic
kinetoplastids (*Leishmania* donovani 71%, *Leishmania* major 70%, *
Leishmania* infantum 71%, Trypanosoma brucei 72%, Trypanosoma cruzi 70% and
T. cruzi strain CL Brener 70%). The C. salmositica MAT has a conserved
hexapeptide GAGDQG, which is widely found in bacteria, parasitic protozoans
and also in humans. These suggest that MAT may have highly conserved
functions such as regulation of gene expression and biosynthesis of a
multitude of essential metabolites.


PMID: 17310397<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-13.xml&id=17310397>
TITLE: Characterization of *Leishmania* isolates from Nepalese patients with
visceral leishmaniasis.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17310397>
AUTHORS: Kishor Pandey, Testuo Yanagi, Basu Dev Pandey, Arun Kumar Mallik,
Jeevan Bahadur Sherchand, Hiroji Kanbara
AFFILIATION: Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine,
Nagasaki University, Sakamoto 1-12-4, 852-8523, Nagasaki, Japan,
pandey_kishor at hotmail.com.
REFERENCE: Parasitol Res 2007 May 100(6):1361-9
In Nepal, visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is endemic in 13 districts of the
central and eastern regions. A total of 166 bone-marrow aspirates were
obtained from patients with suspected VL. Ninety-seven were identified as
positive by microscopy, and 29 of those were successfully isolated and
cultured. We characterized these isolates by molecular analysis and by their
ability to infect mice. PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism
analysis of the mini-exon and the cysteine proteinase b gene showed that all
isolates were *Leishmania* donovani, and the restriction pattern of the
Nepalese isolates corresponded to the standard Indian strain of L. donovani
but differed from that of the Kenyan strain. The single-strand conformation
polymorphism analysis of ribosomal internal transcribed spacer showed no
genetic heterogeneity within Nepalese isolates. Intraperitoneal inoculation
with the promastigotes of all isolates resulted in amastigote proliferation
in the spleen of 20 nude mice, of which ten isolates were highly infective ,
and ten were moderately infective, including one BALB/c mouse. Of the 20
amastigotes isolated from the spleen of nude mice, only the ten highly
infective isolates infected BALB/c mice, of which, two isolates were
considered to have low infectivity, three isolates were considered to be
moderately infective, and five isolates were considered to be highly
infective.


PMID: 17276541<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-13.xml&id=17276541>
TITLE: Liposomal amphotericin B in comparison to sodium stibogluconate for
cutaneous infection due to *Leishmania*
braziliensis.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17276541>
AUTHORS: Michal Solomon, Sharon Baum, Aviv Barzilai, Alon Scope, Henry Trau,
Eli Schwartz
AFFILIATION: Department of Dermatology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel
Hashomer, Israel.
REFERENCE: J Am Acad Dermatol 2007 Apr 56(4):612-6
BACKGROUND: New World cutaneous leishmaniasis among Israeli travelers is
mostly acquired in the Amazon Basin of Bolivia where *Leishmania* viannia
(V.) braziliensis is endemic. Treatment with systemic pentavalent antimonial
compounds is effective in achieving clinical cure in only 75 % of cases. In
this study, we assessed liposomal amphotericin B ( AmBisome) as an
alternative treatment for cutaneous L (V.) braziliensis infection. METHODS:
A prospective evaluation was performed for cutaneous leishmaniasis due to L
(V.) braziliensis, proven by polymerase chain reaction. A 3-mg/kg AmBisome
dose was given for 5 consecutive days, and a sixth dose on day 10, all in an
outpatient setting. This therapy was compared with a series of historical
patients who were treated with sodium stibogluconate (SSG). RESULTS: Seven
consecutive patients, 5 males and 2 females, received AmBisome treatment.
All were returned travelers infected in Bolivia; their mean age was
23.1years; 5 had failed to respond to a full course of SSG; two had a
primary
lesion; none had mucosal lesions. All achieved complete clinical cure within
less than 1 month. Mean follow-up of 12 months revealed no relapses. Side
effects were mild, and none had to terminate treatment prematurely .
Comparison of AmBisome to SSG treatment shows that the former is safer ,
with fewer recurrence rates. Additionally, the expense of the total care
with AmBisome is less than with SSG: 45% less if SSG was given in an
inpatient setting; 15% less when SSG was given in an outpatient setting.
LIMITATIONS: This was a nonrandomized study, with relatively few patients.
CONCLUSION: AmBisome treatment for L (V.) braziliensis appears to be
effective, better tolerated, and to have more cost benefit in countries
where hospital-care costs are significant.


PMID: 17321600<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-13.xml&id=17321600>
TITLE: *Leishmania*-specific isotype levels and their relationship with
specific cell-mediated immunity parameters in canine
leishmaniasis.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17321600>
AUTHORS: Alhelí Rodríguez-CortÃ(c)s, Hugo Fernández-Bellón, Antonio Ramis,
Lluís Ferrer, Jordi Alberola, Laia Solano-Gallego
AFFILIATION: Departament de Farmacologia, Terapèutica i Toxicologia,
Facultat de Veterinà ria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra,
08193 Barcelona, Spain.
REFERENCE: Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2007 Apr 116(3-4):190-8
In the current retrospective study, *Leishmania* infantum-specific IgG, IgA
and IgM levels were determined by ELISA in 106 untreated dogs with
clinically-patent leishmaniasis (Sx) and in 171 clinically healthy dogs
(Asx) from Spain to investigate the relationship between these Ig isotypes
and clinical status. In addition, we studied if different *Leishmania*-specific
humoral pattern exists between Asx dogs with and without cellular mediated
immunity (CMI). Fifty-six dogs were assessed by means of lymphoproliferation
assay (LPA), interferon production (IFN ) and leishmanin skin test (LST), 71
dogs by means of both LPA and IFN and 44 only by LST. Both Sx and Asx dogs
produced *Leishmania*-specific IgG, IgA and IgM antibodies, however the
levels and proportion of positive dogs for each Ig isotype were
significantly higher in Sx than in Asx ones (P<0.001). Analysis of
immunological profiles determined for each cellular technique (positive and
negative cellular response for each technique combined with positive or
negative specific humoral response) showed that Asx dogs constituted a high
heterogeneous group. No correlations were observed between CMI tests and
specific IgG or IgM levels. However, a significant inverse correlation was
demonstrated between specific IgA levels and LPA response (Spearman's r=-
0.220; P=0. 035). In general, the low correlation detected between CMI tests
and isotype levels might indicate that the immune response is not strongly
polarized in the majority of Asx dogs. Additionally, this study suggests
that dogs developing T-cell response are probably able to avoid the
dissemination of the parasite at least to mucosal surfaces and, as a
consequence, to produce low or background specific IgA levels. Further
studies are needed to investigate the relationship between specific IgA and
parasite load, especially at mucosal site.


PMID: 17371268<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-13.xml&id=17371268>
TITLE: Ornithine decarboxylase and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase in
trypanosomatids.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17371268>
AUTHORS: L Persson
AFFILIATION: Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University,
BMC F:13, S-221 84 Lund, Sweden.
REFERENCE: Biochem Soc Trans 2007 Apr 35(Pt 2):314-7
The production of polyamines has been shown to be an effective target for a
drug against the West African form of sleeping sickness caused by
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. T. brucei belongs to the group of protozoan
parasites classed as trypanosomatids. Parasitic species of this group are
the causative agents of various tropical diseases besides African sleeping
sickness, e.g. Chagas' disease (Trypanosoma cruzi), cutaneous (Lesihmania
spp.) and visceral (*Leishmania* donovani) leishmaniasis. The metabolism of
polyamines in the parasites is a potential target for the development of new
drugs for treatment of these diseases. The key steps in polyamine synthesis
are catalysed by ODC ( ornithine decarboxylase) and AdoMetDC
(S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase). In the present paper, some of the
available information on ODC and AdoMetDC in trypanosomatids will be
described and discussed.


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PMID: 17371458<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-13.xml&id=17371458>
TITLE: CCL2-independent role of CCR2 in immune responses against *Leishmania
* major.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17371458>
AUTHORS: M P Quinones, C A Estrada, F Jimenez, H Martinez, O Willmon, W A
Kuziel, S K Ahuja, S S Ahuja
AFFILIATION: South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy
Division, Veterans Administration Center for Research on AIDS and HIV-1
Infection, San Antonio, TX, USA.
REFERENCE: Parasite Immunol 2007 Apr 29(4):211-7
The chemokine CCL2 (MCP-1) and its receptor CCR2 modulate leucocyte
migration and T helper differentiation. CCL2 or CCR2 knockout (KO) mice have
divergent phenotypes following infection with the intracellular parasite *
Leishmania* major (L. major). Compared to wild-type (WT) mice, intradermally
infected CCR2 KO mice in the L. major-resistant C57BL/6j background become
susceptible and fail to generate protective Th1 responses. In contrast,
subcutaneously infected CCL2 KO mice in the L. major-susceptible BALB/c
background are resistant and exhibit reduced pathogenic Th2 responses. Here
we explore two variables that may account for this contrasting outcome,
namely background strain and route of infection. We found that the CCR2-null
state, both in the BALB/c and the C57BL/6j background, was associated with
increased susceptibility to intradermal or subcutaneous L. major infection.
Notably, the CCL2-null state did not change the ability of C57BL/6j mice to
mount protective responses following intradermal infection. Dual genetic
inactivation of CCR2 and CCL2 in the L. major-resistant C57BL/6j background
resulted in a shift to a susceptible phenotype analogous to that of CCR2 KO
in the C57BL/6j background. We concluded that CCL2-independent effects of
CCR2 are indispensable for the control of L. major infection and the
generation of protective immune responses.


PMID: 17373550<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-13.xml&id=17373550>
TITLE: *Leishmania* amazonensis trypanothione reductase: evaluation of the
effect of glutathione analogs on parasite growth, infectivity and enzyme
activity.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17373550>
AUTHORS: Denise Barçante Castro-Pinto, Edson L Silva Lima, Andrea S Cunha,
Marcelo Genestra, Rosa Maria De LÃ(c)o, Fabiane Monteiro, Leonor L Leon
AFFILIATION: Department of Immunology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz
Foundation, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
REFERENCE: J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2007 Feb 22(1):71-5
Trypanothione reductase (TR) is a major enzyme in trypanosomatids. Its
substrate, trypanothione is a molecule containing a tripeptide (L- glutamic
acid-cysteine-glycine) coupled to a polyamine, spermidine. This redox system
(TR/Trypanothione) is vital for parasite survival within the host cell and
has been described as a good target for chemotherapy anti-*Leishmania*. The
use of tripeptides analogs of glutathione would result in a decrease in
trypanothione synthesis and as a consequence in TR activity. In this work,
besides the enzyme potential inhibition, it also evaluated the influence of
those analogs on parasite growth and on its infective capacity. The results
showed a significant effect on parasite growth and infectivity and in
addition TR activity was highly inhibited. These results are very promising,
suggesting a potential use of those analogs as therapeutic drugs against
experimental diseases caused by trypanosomatids.


PMID: 17374332<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-13.xml&id=17374332>
TITLE: [*Leishmania* braziliensis: report of a pediatric imported case with
response to liposomal amphotericin
B.]<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17374332>
AUTHORS: L Campos-Muñoz, A Quesada-CortÃ(c)s, M A Martín-Díaz, C
Rubio-Flores, R De Lucas-Laguna
AFFILIATION: Servicio de Dermatología. Hospital Universitario La Paz.
Madrid. España. luciacampos78 at yahoo.es.
REFERENCE: Actas Dermosifiliogr 2007 Jan-Feb 98(1):42-4
*Leishmania* braziliensis is the main etiologic agent of leishmaniasis in
South America. A 9-year-old boy consulted for the presence of round,
ulcerative lesions with raised borders that were painful and have appeared
after a travel to Bolivia and Brazil. The culture for parasites showed
leishmanias and the PCR was positive for L. braziliensis. The patient
underwent treatment with itraconazol but due to the persistence of lesions
he received liposomal amphotericin B with complete resolution of the
lesions. In all lesions by L. braziliensis the treatment must be systemic
due to the risk of mucosal dissemination. Liposomal amphotericin B is a
convenient alternative to pentavalent antimonials given its efficacy and
good tolerance.


PMID: 17374336<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-13.xml&id=17374336>
TITLE: [Cutaneous leishmaniasis in a Senegal
patient.]<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17374336>
AUTHORS: B González-Llavona, G Biosca-Echenique, A Soto-Díaz, M J
Naranjo-Díaz, B Espadafor-López, V García-Mellado
AFFILIATION: Sección de Dermatología. Hospital Virgen de las Nieves.
Granada. España. bgllavona at yahoo.com.
REFERENCE: Actas Dermosifiliogr 2007 Jan-Feb 98(1):54-8
Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a group of diseases with vast clinical
polymorphism produced by protozoa of the genus *Leishmania*, that is
acquired through the bite of sandflies. It is an endemic zoonosis in Spain,
being the dog the main reservoir. In our country all forms of leishmaniasis
are due to *Leishmania* infantum species, that usually produces mild lesions
in uncovered areas, mainly in children. We report an imported case of
cutaneous leishmaniasis in a Senegal patient that presented clinical
characteristics unusually different from the typical lesions produced by L.
infantum that we are used to evaluate. The lesions were multiple, large,
very inflammatory and exudative; these differences may be attributed to the
type of endemic *leishmania* in Senegal: L. major. Given the increase in
immigrant population and travels abroad, it is essential for the
dermatologist to become familiar with skin diseases of tropical areas that,
in the near future, will be more common in daily clinical practice.


PMID: 17377345<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-13.xml&id=17377345>
TITLE: An insight into the *Leishmania* RNA
virus.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17377345>
AUTHORS: V Gupta, A Deep
AFFILIATION: Department of Microbiology, Pt. BD Sharma, PGIMS, Rohtak - 124
001, Haryana, India. drantarikshdeep at hotmail.com.
REFERENCE: Indian J Med Microbiol 2007 Jan 25(1):7-9
*Leishmania* RNA virus is an ancient virus that has coevolved with its
protozoan host. The purpose of this article is to convey current
understanding of *Leishmania* RNA virus as it has emerged over the past
decade. The potential of the virus to play a role in modulating parasite
virulence is also discussed.


PMID: 17370676<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-13.xml&id=17370676>
TITLE: Visceral leishmaniasis in Nepal during
1980-2006.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17370676>
AUTHORS: Durga Datt Joshi, Minu Sharma, Shrawan Bhandari
AFFILIATION: National Zoonoses and Food Hygiene Research Centre Chagal,
Jeevan Smriti Marg, Kathmandu, Nepal. ddjoshi at healthnet.org.np
REFERENCE: J Commun Dis 2006 Mar 38(2):139-48
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or Kala-azar is a potentially fatal vector-
borne zoonotic disease caused by a protozoan parasite,
*Leishmania*donovani. Nepal, together with India, Bangladesh, Brazil
and Sudan
constitutes the five countries of the world where more than 90% of VL
occurs. In Nepal, the disease affects eastern Terai region which lies
adjacent to the Bihar state of India. Although leishmaniasis is regarded as
a significant health problem in Nepal by the Ministry of Health, there is no
active case detection programme in the country. Information on the morbidity
and mortality is thus very limited. The objectives of this study were to
determine the up-to-date morbidity and mortality trend for VL in Nepal. Data
collected from eight zonal hospitals in the Terai region suggests that the
first confirmed case of VL was recorded in 1980. By 2003, the disease has
spread to 14 districts of central and eastern regions of Nepal, and nearly
six million people residing in these districts were at the risk of acquiring
the disease. A total of 25890 cases with 599 deaths were reported during the
year 1980-2006 (up to July). The case fatality rate (CFR) varied from 0.23%to
13.2%. District-wise analysis showed that, during 2003, highest incidence
(per 100,000) was in Mahottari district (184), followed by Sarlahi (100) and
Sunsari (96). The highest CFR was in Dhanusha (2.9%) followed by Bara (2
.4%) and Saptari (2.0%). Majority (70.9%) of persons affected by VL were
aged 15 years and above, followed by 10-14 years (13.9%), 5-9 years (11 .9%)
and 1-4 years (3.3%). The incidence of VL in Nepal seems to be increasing at
a faster rate indicating that the existing control programs have been
ineffective. To achieve success in control programs, the existing ones
should be amended as there is evolution of resistance in the parasite as
well as the vector. Public health education, to make the people aware about
preventive aspects of the disease is important. The possibility of the
existence of animal reservoirs should also be considered and checked out for
better control measures.


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The following references are revised files and are brought to you in
accordance to license agreement with the NLM.
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PMID: 16918075<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-13.xml&id=16918075>
TITLE: Antileishmanial activities and mechanisms of action of indole-based
azoles.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16918075>
AUTHORS: Fabrice Pagniez, Hiam Abdala-Valencia, Pascal Marchand, Marc Le
Borgne, Guillaume Le Baut, Sylvie Robert-Piessard, Patrice Le Pape
AFFILIATION: Department of Parasitology and Medical Mycology, BioCiT UPRES
EA 1155, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nantes University, 1 rue Gaston Veil, 44035
Nantes cedex 01, France.
REFERENCE: J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2006 Jun 21(3):277-83
Two 3-(alpha-azolylbenzyl)indoles were evaluated against
*Leishmania*amastigotes. Both compounds proved to be very active
against intracellular
and axenic amastigotes. The IC50 values of the imidazole derivative, PM17,
and the triazole analogue, PM19, against L. mexicana axenic amastigotes,
were 4.4 +/- 0.1 and 6.4 +/- 0.1 microM, respectively. Against intracellular
amastigotes, PM17 produced a 66% decrease of leishmanial burden at 1 microM
and PM19 had an IC50 of 1.3 microM. In a Balb/c mice model of L. major
leishmaniasis, administration of PM17 led to a clear-cut parasite burden
reduction: 98.9% in the spleen, 79.0% in the liver and 49.9% in the
popliteal node draining the cutaneous lesion. As anticipated, it was brought
to the fore that PM17 decreases ergosterol biosynthesis leading to membrane
fungal cell alterations. Moreover it was proved that this imidazole
antifungal agent induces a parasite burden-correlated decrease in
interleukine-4 production both in the splenocyte and the popliteal node of
the mouse.


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PMID: 16918078<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-13.xml&id=16918078>
TITLE: Microtubule target for new antileishmanial drugs based on ethyl
3-haloacetamidobenzoates.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16918078>
AUTHORS: Abdala Hiam, David Sebastien, Bekesi George, Fellous Arlette, Jorge
Kalil, Patrice Le Pape
AFFILIATION: Department of Parasitology and Mycologie mÃ(c)dicale, BioCiT
UPRES EA 1155, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nantes University, 1 rue Gaston Veil,
44035 Nantes, France.
REFERENCE: J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2006 Jun 21(3):305-12
A new family of antimicrotubule drugs named (3-haloacetamidobenzoyl) ureas
and ethyl 3-haloacetamidobenzoates were found to be cytotoxic to the *
Leishmania* parasite protozoa. While the benzoylureas were shown to strongly
inhibit in vitro mammalian brain microtubule assembly, the ethyl ester
derivatives were characterized as very poor inhibitors of this process.
Ethyl 3-chloroacetamidobenzoate, MF29, was found to be the most efficient
drug on the promastigote stage of three *Leishmania* species (IC50:
0.3-1.8microM). MF29 maintained its activity against the clinical
relevant
intracellular stage of L. mexicana with IC50 value of 0.33 microM. It was
the only compound that exhibits a high activity on all the
*Leishmania*species tested. This compound appeared to alter parasite
microtubule
organisation as demonstrated by using antibodies directed against
microtubule components and more precisely the class of microtubule decorated
by the MAP2-like protein. It is interesting to notice that this MAP2-like
protein was identified for the first time in a *Leishmania* parasite


PMID: 15895679<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-13.xml&id=15895679>
TITLE: Amidine derivatives and *Leishmania* amazonensis: an evaluation of
the effect of nitric oxide (NO) production on the parasite-macrophage
interaction.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15895679>
AUTHORS: R M Temporal, L Cysne-Finkelstein, A Echevarria, A J
Silva-Gonçalves, L L Leon, M S Genestra
AFFILIATION: Department of Immunology, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Rio
de Janeiro, Brazil. temporal at ioc.fiocruz.br
REFERENCE: J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2005 Feb 20(1):13-8
Previous work has demonstrated that N-N'-diphenyl-R-benzamidine was highly
effective against *Leishmania* amazonensis promastigotes/axenic amastigotes
and Trypanosoma evansi trypomastigotes and the compound with a methoxy
substituent, was the most effective derivative in the parasite-macrophage
interaction. Comparative analysis of the nitric oxide (NO) released from the
culture infection's supernatant showed the amidine to be less effective than
pentamidine Isethionate as a reference drug. Additionally, in order to
verify if the methoxylated derivative interferes with NO production by L.
amazonensis, the effect of the amidine on the constitutive nitric oxide
synthase (cNOS) purified from parasites, was examined, but demonstrated less
activity in comparison with the reference drug. This data contributes to
studies concerning the metabolic targets present in *Leishmania* parasites
for leishmanicidal drugs.


PMID: 15662948<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-13.xml&id=15662948>
TITLE: Synthesis and antileishmanial activity of 3-imidazolylalkylindoles.
Part I.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15662948>
AUTHORS: Young Min Na, Nicolas Lebouvier, Marc Le Borgne, Fabrice Pagniez,
Nidia Alvarez, Patrice Le Pape, Guillaume Le Baut
AFFILIATION: Yang Ji Chemical Co Ltd, Ansan, 425-110 Kyoungki-do, South
Korea.
REFERENCE: J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2004 Dec 19(6):451-7
The present study was designed to investigate conazoles as new
antileishmanial agents. Several 3-imidazolylalkyl-indoles were prepared
under mild reaction conditions and pharmacomodulation at N1 and C5 of the
indole ring and at the level of the alkyl chain (R) was carried out starting
from the corresponding 3-formylindoles 7-10. All target imidazolyl compounds
38-52 were evaluated in vitro against *Leishmania* mexicana promastigotes;
ketoconazole, amphotericin B and meglumine antimoniate were used as
references. Eight out of fifteen compounds (40, 43,44,47,48, 50, 51 and 52)
exerted similar activity to ketoconazole, with IC50 values in the range of
2.10-3.30 microg/mL. However the most potent compound,
1-(2-bromobenzyl)-3-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1H-indole (38), exhibited IC50
value (0.011+/-0.003 microg/mL) 270-fold lower than that of ketoconazole.
Four compounds (38, 43, 50 and 52) were also tested against intracellular
amastigotes of L. mexicana; compound 38 exhibited the highest activity with
an IC50 value of 0.018+/-0.004 microg/mL.


PMID: 15648659<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-13.xml&id=15648659>
TITLE: An effective diaryl derivative against *Leishmania* amazonensis and
its influence on the parasite X macrophage
interaction.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15648659>
AUTHORS: Luciana V Alves, LÃ(c)a Cysne-Finkelstein, Rosane M Temporal, Marcelo
S Genestra, Leonor L Leon
AFFILIATION: Department of Immunology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio
de Janeiro, Brazil.
REFERENCE: J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2004 Oct 19(5):437-9
The activity of several diarylheptanoid derivatives (curcuminoids) was
previously evaluated against *Leishmania* amazonensis promastigotes and
among them the most active compound was 5-hydroxy-7- (4-hydroxy-3-
methoxyphenyl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,4,6-heptatrien-3-one. This study was
carried out to investigate the influence of this diaryl derivative on the
infective promastigotes and Balb/c mice peritoneal macrophage interaction.
The potential in vitro toxicity was also evaluated. Promastigotes pretreated
for 24 hours with the compound had their infective capacity significantly
decreased. When the infection of Balb/c macrophage by L. amazonensis
promastigotes was already installed, addition of the drug resulted in a
diminishing of the infection rate. It was demonstrated that the compound was
not toxic to the host macrophage in a concentration equivalent to the
LD50/24h from the previous in vitro experiment.


PMID: 15202494<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-13.xml&id=15202494>
TITLE: Trypanothione reductase activity is prominent in metacyclic
promastigotes and axenic amastigotes of *Leishmania* amazonesis. Evaluation
of its potential as a therapeutic
target.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15202494>
AUTHORS: Denise B Castro-Pinto, Aurea Echevarria, Marcelo S Genestra, LÃ(c)a
Cysne-Finkelstein, Leonor L Leon
AFFILIATION: Department of Immunology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Av.
Brasil, 4365-Manguinhos CEP 21042-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
REFERENCE: J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2004 Feb 19(1):57-63
The activity of trypanothione reductase in *Leishmania* amazonensis was
evaluated and it was demonstrated that TR is expressed in the soluble
fractions of infective promastigotes and amastigotes, while non- infective
promastigotes expressed the enzyme at basal levels. This data allows an
association of enzyme activity and the infective capacity of the parasite.
We have also previously demonstrated that amidine compounds (N,
N'-diphenyl-4-methoxy-benzamidine and pentamidine) were active against this
parasite. Here, experiments concerning the effect of these compounds on TR
activity, showed that both compounds significantly inhibited the enzyme.
However, against glutathione reductase, only pentamidine showed a
significant inhibitory action, suggesting an association with the toxic
effects of this drug used in the clinic for the treatment of leishmaniasis.


PMID: 14692512<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-13.xml&id=14692512>
TITLE: Effect of L-arginine analogs and a calcium chelator on nitric oxide
(NO) production by *Leishmania*
sp.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14692512>
AUTHORS: Marcelo Genestra, LÃ(c)a Cysne-Finkelstein, Damiana Guedes-Silva,
Leonor L Leon
AFFILIATION: Department of Immunology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz
Foundation, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. genestra at ioc.fiocruz.br
REFERENCE: J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2003 Oct 18(5):445-52
*Leishmania* amazonensis, L. braziliensis and L. chagasi promastigotes were
grown in the presence of L-arginine analogs such as Nomega-nitro-L- arginine
methyl ester (L-NAME), NG-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) and D- arginine (an
inactive L-arginine isomer), besides an intracellular calcium chelator
[ethylene glycol-bis (beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'- tetra acetic acid;
EGTA] to verify the importance of L-arginine metabolism and the cofactors
for these parasites. The parasite's growth curve was followed up and the
culture supernatants were used to assay nitric oxide (NO) production by the
Griess reaction. The results showed a significant effect of L-arginine
analogs on NO production by all *Leishmania* species studied, especially
L-NAME, an irreversible inhibitor of the constitutive nitric oxide synthase
(cNOS). When L. amazonensis promastigotes were pre-incubated with L-NAME,
the infection range of the murine macrophages was lowered to 61% in 24 h and
19% after 48 h. These data demonstrated that the parasite NO pathway is
important to the establishment of the infection.


PMID: 12683682<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-13.xml&id=12683682>
TITLE: Inhibition of parasite protein kinase C by new antileishmanial
imidazolidin-2-one
compounds.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12683682>
AUTHORS: Nidia Alvarez, Sara Robledo, Ivan Dario Velez, Jean Michel Robert,
Guillaume Le Baut, Patrice Le Pape
AFFILIATION: UnitÃ(c) de Parasitologie UPRES EA 1155, FacultÃ(c) de
Pharmacie de
Nantes, France.
REFERENCE: J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2002 Dec 17(6):443-7
The protein kinase C (PKC) family of isoenzymes mediate a wide range of
signal transduction pathways in many different cells lines. Little is known
regarding the presence and functional roles of PKC in *Leishmania* spp. Here
we report the inhibition of parasite PKC by new imidazolidinone compounds.
The most active derivative 7 showed an important activity (IC50 =
9.9microM) against the clinical relevant stage of parasites in
comparison with
Glucantime (IC50 = 464.5 microM), without inducing toxicity on human
fibroblast cells (IC50 = 102 microM ). Pretreatment of intact parasites with
10 microM of compound 7 inhibited 80% of PKC activity. At the same
concentration, this compound inhibited 70% of the parasite-host cell
invasion process. An in vivo model showed that compound 7 reduced the liver
parasite burden by 25% and spleen parasite burden by 44%. These results
provide the first evidence that PKC plays a critical role in the invasion
process. Thus *Leishmania* PKC activity could be a relevant therapeutic
target and the imidazolidinones novel antileishmanial candidates.


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PMID: 12683669<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-13.xml&id=12683669>
TITLE: Synthesis and antileishmanial activity of
3-(alpha-azolylbenzyl)indoles.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12683669>
AUTHORS: Pascal Marchand, Marc Le Borgne, Young Min Na, Fabrice Pagniez,
Hiam Abdala, Guillaume Le Baut, Patrice Le Pape
AFFILIATION: Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, UPRES EA 1155, FacultÃ(c) de
Pharmacie, 1 rue Gaston Veil, F-44035 Nantes, France.
REFERENCE: J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2002 Dec 17(6):353-8
The goal of the present study was to evaluate several azolyl-substituted
indoles as new antileishmanial agents. Ten 3-(alpha-azolylbenzyl) indoles
have been synthesized using Friedel-Crafts acylation as a key- step. All the
target compounds were found to display high levels of activity when tested
against *Leishmania* mexicana promastigotes in vitro . The most active
compounds, showing an IC50 < 1 microM, were 5-bromo
-1-ethyl-3-[(2,4-dichlorophenyl)(1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl]-1H-indole 15 and
its triazole analogue 17. Four representative compounds 15, 17, 22 and, 23
were also tested against intracellular amastigotes of L. mexicana using
ketoconazole and meglumine antimoniate as reference compounds, the results
of which are discussed.


PMID: 12683746<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-13.xml&id=12683746>
TITLE: Synthesis and testing of 5-benzyl-2,4-diaminopyrimidines as potential
inhibitors of leishmanial and trypanosomal dihydrofolate
reductase.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12683746>
AUTHORS: Shafinaz F Chowdhury, Ramon Hurtado Guerrero, Reto Brun, Luis M
Ruiz-Perez, Dolores Gonzalez Pacanowska, Ian H Gilbert
AFFILIATION: Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Redwood Building,
King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3XF, UK.
REFERENCE: J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2002 Oct 17(5):293-302
Dihydrofolate reductase is a drug target that has not been thoroughly
investigated in *leishmania* and trypanosomes. Work has previously shown
that 5-benzyl-2,4-diaminopyrimidines are selective inhibitors of the
leishmanial and trypanosome enzymes. Modelling predicted that alkyl/aryl
substitution on the 6-position of the pyrimidine ring should increase enzyme
activity of 5-benzyl-2,4-diaminopyrimidines as inhibitors of leishmanial and
trypanosomal dihydrofolate reductase. Various compounds were prepared and
evaluated against both the recombinant enzymes and the intact organisms. The
presence of a substituent had a small or negative effect on activity against
the enzyme or intact parasites compared to unsubstituted compounds.


PMID: 10918039<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-13.xml&id=10918039>
TITLE: Inhibitory and lytic effects of phenothiazine derivatives and related
tricyclic neuroleptic compounds, on Entamoeba histolytica HK9 and HM1
trophozoites.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10918039>
AUTHORS: R N Ondarza, E Hernández, A Iturbe, G Hurtado
AFFILIATION: Center of Research on Infectious Diseases, National Institute
of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mor., Mexico, 62508. ondarza at servidor.unam.mx
REFERENCE: Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2000 Aug 32 ( Pt 1)():61-7
It has been shown previously that tricyclic neuroleptics like clomipramine
and chlorpromazine have lethal effects on *Leishmania* donovani and L.
major, and other studies indicate that the phenothiazine inhibitors of
trypanothione reductase are potential anti-trypanosomal and anti-leishmanial
drugs. With this in mind and our original observation on the presence of
trypanothione in Entamoeba histolytica HK9, we examined the possible
inhibitory effects of various phenothiazine and tricyclic derivatives on
this human parasite. We found that drugs like clomipramine (KD002), the most
potent in vitro inhibitor of trypanothione reductase among 30 tricyclic
compounds tested , at 25 microM after 24 h of culture under aerobic
conditions, caused a substantial decrease in the number of E. histolytica
HK9 trophozoites, from approx. 15 x 10(6) to 5.37 x 10(6) cells, and at 100
microM to 0.8 x 10(6) cells. A substantial inhibitory effect on cell
proliferation could also be demonstrated with metronidazol (used clinically
against amoebiasis). Under similar experimental conditions other tricyclic
and phenothiazine derivatives (OFKs), designed originally to inhibit the
trypanothione reductase of trypanosomatides, had an inhibitory effect of 16
to 95%. For comparison, similar results were obtained using clomipramine and
a phenothiazine derivative (OFK006) with Trypanosoma cruzi and Crithidia
luciliae, except that with the latter the inhibitory effect of clomipramine
was less dramatic. Experiments comparing two E. histolytica strains showed
that normal cell proliferation under anaerobiosis was higher in strain HK9
than in HM1, which is highly virulent, but that metronidazol and
clomipramine were less effective against HM1. Two other drugs tested,
diphenydramine (KD005) and a phenothiazine derivative (OFK008), also had
significant but lower inhibitory effects on both strains. The inhibitory
activity on cell proliferation and the lytic effects on this human parasite
by the tricyclic compounds clomipramine, chlorpromazine and others, as well
as by the phenothiazine derivatives, indicate that they can be considered
potential anti-amoebic agents.


PMID: 1654929<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-13.xml&id=1654929>
TITLE: The amino aldehydes produced by spermine and spermidine oxidation
with maize polyamine oxidase have anti-leishmanial
effect.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=1654929>
AUTHORS: A Cona, R Federico, M Gramiccia, S Orsini, L Gradoni
AFFILIATION: Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Università La Sapienza,
Rome, Italy.
REFERENCE: Biotechnol Appl Biochem 1991 Aug 14(1):54-9
Purified maize polyamine oxidase bound to hydroxylapatite was utilized as an
enzymatic reactor to produce oxidized spermidine and spermine. The oxidation
products showed a consistent inhibitory activity on *Leishmania* infantum in
mice. 1,3-diaminopropane showed a much lower activity. Moreover chemically
prepared 4-aminobutyraldehyde had a similar ED50 to that of oxidized
spermidine. It is concluded that among the compounds arising from polyamine
oxidation those with the greatest anti-leishmanial effect are
4-aminobutyraldehyde and 1-(3-aminopropyl)-4 -aminobutyraldehyde.


PMID: 2288708<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-13.xml&id=2288708>
TITLE: Enhanced intracellular delivery of methotrexate by a
receptor-mediated
process.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=2288708>
AUTHORS: A Mukhopadhyay, S K Basu
AFFILIATION: Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India.
REFERENCE: Biotechnol Appl Biochem 1990 Oct 12(5):529-36
In the present investigation we have described a method of enhancing the
uptake of methotrexate by macrophages. This enhanced uptake was mediated by
endocytosis through the "scavenger receptor" system which recognized
maleylated bovine serum albumin. Experimental evidence showed that
macrophages internalized methotrexate coupled to maleylated bovine serum
albumin through a saturable process at 37 degrees C leading to an eightfold
higher concentration of cell- associated methotrexate compared to the free
drug. Following uptake, the drug conjugate was degraded in the lysosomes
leading to intracellular release of a pharmacologically active form of
methotrexate. When administered to macrophages infected with
*Leishmania*mexicana amazonensis, the drug conjugate could eliminate
the intracellular
amastigotes more efficiently than the free drug. The leishmanicidal effect
of the drug conjugate was inhibited in the presence of excess maleylated
bovine serum albumin and lysosomal inhibitors such as chloroquine and
monensin. Addition of folinic acid to the medium also prevented the
elimination of the amastigotes by the drug conjugate. These results
suggested that the scavenger receptor-mediated endocytosis of the drug
conjugate led to enhanced transport and intracellular release of a
pharmacologically active form of methotrexate resulting in more efficient
killing of the amastigotes compared to the free drug. This modality of
delivering drugs selectively to macrophages might have utility in the
chemotherapy of macrophage-associated disorders in general.


REQUEST: [ sand fly NOT culicoides ]
(0 articles match this request)

REQUEST: [ sandfly NOT culicoides ]
(2 articles match this request)

PMID: 17373955<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-13.xml&id=17373955>
TITLE: Faunistic study of sandflies in
Greece.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17373955>
AUTHORS: V Ivović, M Patakakis, Y Tselentis, B Chaniotis
AFFILIATION: Department of Medical Parasitology, Institute for Medical
Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro.
REFERENCE: Med Vet Entomol 2007 Mar 21(1):121-4
A faunistic study of phlebotomine sandflies was carried out on the mainland
and on four islands in Greece between 1999 and 2004. Sandflies were
collected in 18 areas, and the population structure was observed and
recorded. A total of 10 species were identified; their distribution is
presented here. Of these, the species Phlebotomus neglectus Tonnoir and P.
perfiliewi Parrot (Diptera: Psychodidae), epidemiologically the most
important vectors of leishmaniases and *sandfly* fever in Greece, were shown
to be present in the main endemic foci of the country.


PMID: 17378219<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-13.xml&id=17378219>
TITLE: Socio-environmental factors and *sandfly* prevalence in Delft Island,
Sri Lanka: implications for leishmaniasis vector
control.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17378219>
AUTHORS: S N Surendran, A Kajatheepan, R Ramasamy
AFFILIATION: Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of
Jaffna, Jaffna, Sri Lanka. noble at jfn.ac.lk
REFERENCE: J Vector Borne Dis 2007 Mar 44(1):65-8


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