[Leish-l] Fwd: Articles found by RefScout 11/2007

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(70 articles match this request. 2 articles matching other requests removed)

PMID: 17306614<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=17306614>
TITLE: Leishmanicidal activity of a supercritical fluid fraction obtained
from Tabernaemontana
catharinensis.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17306614>
AUTHORS: Deivid Costa Soares, Camila G Pereira, Maria Angela A Meireles,
Elvira Maria Saraiva
AFFILIATION: Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia,
Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590, Brazil.
REFERENCE: Parasitol Int 2007 Jun 56(2):135-9
The branches and leaves of Tabernaemontana catharinensis were extracted with
supercritical fluid using a mixture of CO(2) plus ethanol (SFE), and the
indole alkaloid enriched fraction (AF3) was selected for anti-
*Leishmania*activity studies. We found that AF3 exhibits a potent
effect against
intracellular amastigotes of *Leishmania* amazonensis, a causative agent of
New World cutaneous leishmaniasis. AF3 inhibits *Leishmania* survival in a
dose-dependent manner, and reached 88% inhibition of amastigote growth at
100 mug/mL. The anti-parasite effect was independent of nitric oxide (NO),
since AF3 was able to inhibit NO production induced by IFN-gamma plus LPS.
In addition, AF3 inhibited TGF -beta production, which could have
facilitated AF3-mediated parasite killing. The AF3 fraction obtained from
SFE was nontoxic for host macrophages, as assessed by plasma membrane
integrity and mitochondrial activity. We conclude that SFE is an efficient
method for obtaining bioactive indole alkaloids from plant extracts.
Importantly, this method preserved the alkaloid properties associated with
inhibition of *Leishmania* growth in macrophages without toxicity to host
cells.


[image: Shop at Amazon.com]

PMID: 17270289<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=17270289>
TITLE: Characterization of a Trypanosoma cruzi acetyltransferase: cellular
location, activity and
structure.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17270289>
AUTHORS: Stephen Ochaya, Patricia Respuela, Maria Simonsson, Abhiman
Saraswathi, Carole Branche, Jennifer Lee, Jacqueline Búa, Daniel Nilsson,
Lena Aslund, Esteban J Bontempi, Björn Andersson
AFFILIATION: Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska
Institutet, Berzelius väg 35, Stockholm 17177, Sweden.
REFERENCE: Mol Biochem Parasitol 2007 Apr 152(2):123-31
Trypanosomatids are widespread parasites that cause three major tropical
diseases. In trypanosomatids, as in most other organisms, acetylation is a
common protein modification that is important in multiple, diverse
processes. This paper describes a new member of the Trypanosoma cruzi
acetyltransferase family. The gene is single copy and orthologs are also
present in the other two sequenced trypanosomatids, Trypanosoma brucei and *
Leishmania* major. This protein (TcAT-1) has the essential motifs present in
members of the GCN5-related acetyltransferase (GNAT) family, as well as an
additional motif also found in some enzymes from plant and animal species.
The protein is evolutionarily more closely related to this group of enzymes
than to histone acetyltransferases. The native protein has a cytosolic
cellular location and is present in all three life-cycle stages of the
parasite. The recombinant protein was shown to have autoacetylation
enzymatic activity.


PMID: 17292489<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=17292489>
TITLE: Proteomics and electron microscopic characterization of the unusual
mitochondrial ribosome-related 45S complex in *Leishmania*
tarentolae.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17292489>
AUTHORS: Dmitri A Maslov, Linda L Spremulli, Manjuli R Sharma, Kalpana
Bhargava, Domenick Grasso, Arnold M Falick, Rajendra K Agrawal, Carol E
Parker, Larry Simpson
AFFILIATION: Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA
92521, USA.
REFERENCE: Mol Biochem Parasitol 2007 Apr 152(2):203-12
A novel type of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex has been described from the
kinetoplast-mitochondria of *Leishmania* tarentolae. The complex, termed the
45S SSU*, contains the 9S small subunit rRNA but does not contain the 12S
large subunit rRNA. This complex is the most stable and abundant
mitochondrial RNP complex present in *Leishmania*. As shown by tandem mass
spectrometry, the complex contains at least 39 polypeptides with a combined
molecular mass of almost 2.1MDa. These components include several homologs
of small subunit ribosomal proteins (S5, S6, S8 , S9, S11, S15, S16, S17,
S18, MRPS29); however, most of the polypeptides present are unique. Only a
few of them show recognizable motifs, such as protein-protein (coiled-coil,
Rhodanese) or protein-RNA (pentatricopeptide repeat) interaction domains. A
cryo-electron microscopy examination of the 45S SSU* fraction reveals that
27% of particles represent SSU homodimers arranged in a head-to-tail
orientation, while the majority of particles are clearly different and show
an asymmetric bilobed morphology. Multiple classes of two- dimensional
averages were derived for the asymmetrical particles, probably reflecting
random orientations of the particles and difficulties in correlating these
views with the known projections of ribosomal complexes. One class of the
two-dimensional averages shows a SSU moiety attached to a protein mass or
masses in a monosome-like appearance. The combined mass spectrometry and
electron microscopy data thus indicate that the majority 45S SSU* particles
represents a heterodimeric complex in which the SSU of the
*Leishmania*mitochondrial ribosome is associated with an additional
protein mass. The
biological role of these particles is not known.


PMID: 16996561<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=16996561>
TITLE: The Ugi reaction in the generation of new nucleosides as potential
antiviral and antileishmanial
agents.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16996561>
AUTHORS: Xuesen Fan, Xinying Zhang, Christian Bories, Philippe M Loiseau,
Paul F Torrence
AFFILIATION: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Arizona
University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-5698, USA.
REFERENCE: Bioorg Chem 2007 Apr 35(2):121-36
5-Formyl-2'-deoxyuridine-3',5'-diacetate was converted to a small library of
5-substituted pyrimidine nucleoside N-acylamino acid amides by means of a
Ugi multicomponent reaction. The reaction allowed introduction of various
substituents at the acyl moiety, at the amino acid alpha-amide group, and at
the amino acid carboxyl function. Evaluation of these novel 5-substituted
nucleosides against vaccinia virus and cowpox virus provided one compound
with discernable activity against cowpox virus but five- to eightfold less
active than the Cidofovir standard. More promising activity was seen for the
inhibition of *Leishmania* donovani promastigotes. Several synthetic
products showed antileishmanial activity in the 10(-5)M range. When compared
to earlier studies demonstrating anti-orthopoxviral and antileishmanial
activity of 5-substituted pyrimidine nucleosides, these results imply that
the 5-(N -acylamino acid amide)-derivatized pyrimidine nucleosides may
possess more steric bulk, greater hydrophobicity, and more flexibility than
is compatible with these particular biological activities.


PMID: 17220466<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=17220466>
TITLE: De novo sphingolipid synthesis is essential for viability, but not
for transport of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins, in african
trypanosomes.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17220466>
AUTHORS: Shaheen S Sutterwala, Caleb H Creswell, Sumana Sanyal, Anant K
Menon, James D Bangs
AFFILIATION: Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University
of Wisconsin-Madison Medical School, 1300 University Ave., Madison, WI
53706. jdbangs at wisc.edu.
REFERENCE: Eukaryot Cell 2007 Mar 6(3):454-64
De novo sphingolipid synthesis is required for the exit of
glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored membrane proteins from the
endoplasmic reticulum in yeast. Using a pharmacological approach, we test
the generality of this phenomenon by analyzing the transport of GPI
-anchored cargo in widely divergent eukaryotic systems represented by
African trypanosomes and HeLa cells. Myriocin, which blocks the first step
of sphingolipid synthesis (serine + palmitate --> 3-
ketodihydrosphingosine), inhibited the growth of cultured bloodstream
parasites, and growth was rescued with exogenous 3- ketodihydrosphingosine.
Myriocin also blocked metabolic incorporation of [(3)H]serine into
base-resistant sphingolipids. Biochemical analyses indicate that the
radiolabeled lipids are not sphingomyelin or inositol phosphorylceramide,
suggesting that bloodstream trypanosomes synthesize novel sphingolipids.
Inhibition of de novo sphingolipid synthesis with myriocin had no adverse
effect on either general secretory trafficking or GPI-dependent trafficking
in trypanosomes, and similar results were obtained with HeLa cells. A mild
effect on endocytosis was seen for bloodstream trypanosomes after prolonged
incubation with myriocin. These results indicate that de novo synthesis of
sphingolipids is not a general requirement for secretory trafficking in
eukaryotic cells. However, in contrast to the closely related kinetoplastid
*Leishmania* major, de novo sphingolipid synthesis is essential for the
viability of bloodstream-stage African trypanosomes.


PMID: 17189491<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=17189491>
TITLE: Genome-Wide Analysis of C/D and H/ACA-Like Small Nucleolar RNAs in *
Leishmania* major Indicates Conservation among Trypanosomatids in the
Repertoire and in Their rRNA
Targets.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17189491>
AUTHORS: Xue-Hai Liang, Avraham Hury, Ehud Hoze, Shai Uliel, Inna Myslyuk,
Avihay Apatoff, Ron Unger, Shulamit Michaeli
AFFILIATION: The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan
University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel. michaes at mail.biu.ac.il.
REFERENCE: Eukaryot Cell 2007 Mar 6(3):361-77
Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are a large group of noncoding RNAs that
exist in eukaryotes and archaea and guide modifications such as 2'-O- ribose
methylations and pseudouridylation on rRNAs and snRNAs. Recently , we
described a genome-wide screening approach with Trypanosoma brucei that
revealed over 90 guide RNAs. In this study, we extended this approach to
analyze the repertoire of the closely related human pathogen
*Leishmania*major. We describe 23 clusters that encode 62 C/Ds that
can potentially
guide 79 methylations and 37 H/ACA-like RNAs that can potentially guide 30
pseudouridylation reactions. Like T. brucei, *Leishmania* also contains many
modifications and guide RNAs relative to its genome size. This study
describes 10 H/ACAs and 14 C/Ds that were not found in T. brucei. Mapping of
2'-O-methylations in rRNA regions rich in modifications suggests the
existence of trypanosomatid-specific modifications conserved in T. brucei
and *Leishmania*. Structural features of C/D snoRNAs, such as copy number,
conservation of boxes, K turns, and intragenic and extragenic base pairing,
were examined to elucidate the great variation in snoRNA abundance. This
study highlights the power of comparative genomics for determining conserved
features of noncoding RNAs.


PMID: 17343786<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=17343786>
TITLE: [Construction and expression of recombinant eucaryotic expression
plasmid of amastin gene of *Leishmania*
Donovani.]<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17343786>
AUTHORS: Jin-Fu Li, Jian-Ping Chen, Zhi-Wei Yang, Yu Tian, Ying Ma, Xiao-Su
Hu
AFFILIATION: Department of Parasitology, School of Preclinical and Forensic
Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
REFERENCE: Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi 2007 Mar 23(3):217-9
AIM: To construct recombinant eukaryotic expression plasmid of amastin gene
of *Leishmania* Donovani and detect expression of the gene in NIH3T3 cells.
METHODS: Amastin gene was amplified from nuclear DNA of
*Leishmania*Donovani isolates and cloned into an eukaryotic expression
vector
pcDNA3.1(+). The recombinant plasmid was named pcDNA3.1-amastin. NIH3T3 cell
was transfected by pcDNA3.1-amastin. Transient and stable expression of
amastin gene were detected by immunofluoresence and RT-PCR . RESULTS: It was
found that there was high green fluorescence on the cell membrane and inside
the cell. It showed that NIH3T3 cell was transfected by
pcDNA3.1-amastinsuccessfully. CONCLUSION: A recombinant eukaryotic
expression plasmid of
amastin gene of *Leishmania* Donovani was successfully constructed, and can
be expressed stably in the NIH3T3 cells.


PMID: 17266176<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=17266176>
TITLE: CD83 is a regulator of murine B cell function in
vivo.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17266176>
AUTHORS: Minka Breloer, Birte Kretschmer, Katja Lüthje, Svenja Ehrlich, Uwe
Ritter, Thomas Bickert, Christiane Steeg, Simon Fillatreau, Kai Hoehlig,
Vassiliki Lampropoulou, Bernhard Fleischer
AFFILIATION: Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg,
Germany.
REFERENCE: Eur J Immunol 2007 Mar 37(3):634-48
The transmembrane glycoprotein CD83 has been described as a specific
maturation marker for dendritic cells and several lines of evidence suggest
that CD83 regulates thymic T cell maturation as well as peripheral T cell
activation. Here we show for the first time that CD83 is involved also in
the regulation of B cell function. CD83 is up- regulated on activated B
cells in vivo, specifically in the draining lymph nodes of
*Leishmania*major-infected mice. The ubiquitous transgenic (Tg)
expression of CD83
interferes with *Leishmania*-specific T cell- dependent and with T
cell-independent antibody production. This defect is restricted to the B
cell population since the antigen-specific T cell response of CD83Tg mice to
L. major infection is unchanged. The defective immunoglobulin (Ig) response
is due to Tg expression of CD83 on the B cells because wild-type B cells
display normal antigen-specific responses in CD83Tg hosts and CD83Tg B cells
do not respond to immunization in a mixed wild-type/CD83Tg bone marrow
chimera. Finally, the treatment of non-Tg C57BL/6 mice with anti-CD83 mAb
induces a dramatic increase in the antigen-specific IgG response to
immunization, thus demonstrating a regulatory role for naturally induced
CD83 on wild- type B cells.


PMID: 17348849<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=17348849>
TITLE: Antileishmanial and antimalarial chalcones: synthesis, efficacy and
cytotoxicity of pyridinyl and naphthalenyl
analogs.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17348849>
AUTHORS: C E Gutteridge, J V Vo, C B Tillett, J A Vigilante, J R Dettmer, S
L Patterson, K A Werbovetz, J Capers, D A Nichols, A K Bhattacharjee, L
Gerena
AFFILIATION: 572M Holloway Road, Mailstop 9B, United States Naval Academy,
Annapolis, MD 21402, USA. gutterid at usna.edu.
REFERENCE: Med Chem 2007 Mar 3(2):115-9
The antileishmanial and antimalarial activity of methoxy-substituted
chalcones (1,3-diphenyl-2-propen-1-ones) is well established. The few
analogs prepared to date where the 3-phenyl group is replaced by either a
pyridine or naphthalene suggest these modifications are potency enhancing.
To explore this hypothesis, sixteen 3-naphthalenyl-1-phenyl-2 -prop-1-enones
and ten 1-phenyl-3-pyridinyl-2-prop-1-enones were synthesized and their in
vitro efficacies against *Leishmania* donovani and Plasmodium falciparum
determined. One inhibitor with submicromolar efficacy against L. donovani
was identified (IC(50) = 0.95 microM), along with three other potent
compounds (IC(50) < 5 microM), all of which were 3-pyridin-2-yl derivatives.
No inhibitors with submicromolar efficacy against P. falciparum were
identified, though several potent compounds were found (IC(50) < 5 microM).
The cytotoxicity of the five most active L. donovani inhibitors was
assessed. At best the IC(50 ) against a primary kidney cell line was around
two-fold higher than against L. donovani. Being more active than
pentamidine, the 1-phenyl-3- pyridin-2-yl-2-propen-1-ones have potential for
further development against leishmaniasis; however it will be essential in
such a program to address not only efficacy but also their potential for
toxicity.


PMID: 17295358<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=17295358>
TITLE: Proteomic approach for identification and characterization of novel
immunostimulatory proteins from soluble antigens of *Leishmania* donovani
promastigotes.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17295358>
AUTHORS: Shraddha Kumari Gupta, Brijesh Singh Sisodia, Sudhir Sinha,
Krishnan Hajela, Sita Naik, Ajit Kumar Shasany, Anuradha Dube
AFFILIATION: Division of Parasitology, Central Drug Research Institute,
Lucknow, India.
REFERENCE: Proteomics 2007 Mar 7(5):816-23
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by *Leishmania* donovani is a major
parasitic disease prevalent in endemic regions of Bihar in India. In the
absence of good chemotherapeutic options, there is a need to develop an
effective vaccine against VL which should be dependent on the generation of
a T helper type 1 (Th1) immune response. We have shown that soluble proteins
from promastigote of a new clinical isolate of L. donovani (2001) ranging
from 68 to 97.4 kDa (F2 fraction), induce Th1 responses in the peripheral
blood mononuclear cells of cured *Leishmania* patients and hamsters and also
showed significant prophylactic potential . To understand the nature of F2
proteins, it was further characterized using 2-DE, MALDI-TOF and
MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. In all, 63 spots were cut from a CBB stained gel for
analysis and data was retrieved for 52 spots . A total of 33 proteins were
identified including six hypothetical/ unknown proteins. Major
immunostimulatory proteins were identified as elongation factor-2, p45, heat
shock protein (HSP)70, HSP83, aldolase, enolase, triosephosphate isomerase,
protein disulfideisomerase and calreticulin. This study substantiates the
usefulness of proteomics in characterizing a complex protein fraction (F2)
map of soluble L. donovani promastigote antigen identified as Th1
stimulatory for its potential as vaccine targets against VL.


PMID: 17257847<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=17257847>
TITLE: Intracellular *Leishmania*: your iron or
mine?<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17257847>
AUTHORS: Jean-François Marquis, Philippe Gros
AFFILIATION: Centre for the Study of Host Resistance, Department of
Biochemistry, McGill University, MontrÃ(c)al, QuÃ(c)bec, H3G 1Y6, Canada.
REFERENCE: Trends Microbiol 2007 Mar 15(3):93-5
Iron is a co-factor for several essential enzymes and biochemical pathways,
including those required for replication of pathogens such as
*Leishmania*in macrophages. Iron acquisition is emerging as a key
battleground in which
the iron import systems of microbes are pitted against the iron withdrawal
and sequestration systems of macrophages, with both competing for iron at
the interface of host-pathogen interaction. The recent characterization of a
ferrous iron transport system (LIT1) in *Leishmania* amazonensis that is
induced intracellularly and is required for survival in macrophages and for
virulence in vivo provides an elegant example of the adaptation of protozoa
to the iron- poor phagosomal environment.


PMID: 17141456<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=17141456>
TITLE: Consistence of miniexon polymerase chain reaction-restriction
fragment length polymorphism and single-copy gene sequence analyses in
discriminating *Leishmania*
genotypes.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17141456>
AUTHORS: Mehmet S Serin, Kayoko Waki, Kwang-Poo Chang, Gonul Aslan, Sahin
Direkel, Feza Otag, Begum Kayar, Fatih Koksal, Gurol Emekdas
AFFILIATION: Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy,
Mersin University, 33343 Yenisehir, Mersin, Turkey.
REFERENCE: Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2007 Mar 57(3):295-9
Recently, a new polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length
polymorphism (RFLP)-based assay had been developed using the miniexon
sequences for genotyping *Leishmania* isolates. We had used this method for
rapid diagnosis and genotyping of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis with
the combination of microcapillary cultivation. In this study, we have
evaluated this approach by examining genomic DNAs from 47 independent
isolates, which were grouped into 19 genotypes of *Leishmania* subgenus
complexes by sequence polymorphism of single-copy genes. Results obtained
provide miniexon RFLP configurations specific to *Leishmania* enriettii, *
Leishmania* tarentolae, and *Leishmania* gerbilli for the first time.
Altogether, 92% of the results from miniexon PCR- RFLP are in agreement with
those based on the sequence database of single-copy genes from the same
isolates. The miniexon PCR-RFLP method is simple, sensitive, and specific
method useful for routine diagnosis of different *Leishmania*.


PMID: 17317260<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=17317260>
TITLE: Protective immunity and delayed type hypersensitivity reaction are
uncoupled in experimental *Leishmania* major infection of CCR6-negative
mice.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17317260>
AUTHORS: Anja Lechner, Uwe Ritter, Rosa Varona, Gabriel Marquez, Christian
Bogdan, Heinrich Körner
AFFILIATION: Nachwuchsgruppe 1 des Interdisziplinären Zentrums für
Klinische Forschung am Nikolaus Fiebiger Zentrum der Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Lehrstuhl für Immunologie,
Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
REFERENCE: Microbes Infect 2007 Mar 9(3):291-9
The chemokine receptor CCR6 is expressed on naïve B cells, dendritic cell
and T-cell subpopulations and is involved in cell navigation during
organogenesis and recruitment in response to inflammatory stimuli. Gene
-deficient C57BL/6 CCR6(-/-) mice infected with the protozoan parasite *
Leishmania* (L.) major were able to mount a protective immune response and
survived the infection. Whereas macrophage production of nitric oxide (NO),
the key leishmanicidal effector molecule during the immune response to L.
major, did not require CCR6, the migration of CD4(+) T cells to the site of
infection was reduced in CCR6(-/-) mice. Furthermore, the induction of a
T-cell-dependent delayed-type- hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction was defective
in CCR6(-/-) mice, whereas resistance to re-infection was maintained in the
absence of CCR6. We conclude that CCR6 contributes to the recruitment of T
cells to the site of infection, but is largely dispensable for the control
of L. major parasites during primary or secondary infection.


PMID: 17307010<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=17307010>
TITLE: Multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT) reveals genetically isolated
populations between and within the main endemic regions of visceral
leishmaniasis.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17307010>
AUTHORS: Katrin Kuhls, Lyvia Keilonat, Sebastian Ochsenreither, Matthias
Schaar, Carola Schweynoch, Wolfgang Presber, Gabriele Schönian
AFFILIATION: Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene (Parasitology), CharitÃ(c)
Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Dorotheenstr. 96, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
REFERENCE: Microbes Infect 2007 Mar 9(3):334-43
Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE) is the gold standard for taxonomy
and strain typing of *Leishmania*, but has some limitations. An alternative
reliable and fast genotyping method for addressing population genetic and
key epidemiological questions, is multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT).
MLMT using 15 markers was applied to 91 strains of L. donovani, L.
archibaldi, L. infantum and L. chagasi from major endemic regions of
visceral leishmaniasis. Population structures were inferred by combination
of Bayesian model-based and distance-based approaches. Six main genetically
distinct populations were identified: ( 1) L. infantum/L. chagasi MON-1 and
(2) L. infantum/L. chagasi non-MON-1 , both Mediterranean region/South
America; (3) L. donovani (MON-18), L. archibaldi (MON-82), L. infantum
(MON-30, 81) and (4) L. donovani (MON- 31, 274), L. archibaldi (MON-82, 257,
258), L. infantum (MON-267), both Sudan/Ethiopia; (5) L. donovani MON-2,
India; (6) L. donovani (MON-36, 37, 38), Kenya and India. Substructures
according to place and time of strain isolation were detected. The VL
populations seem to be predominantly clonal with a high level of inbreeding.
Allelic diversity was highest in the Mediterranean region, intermediate in
Africa and lowest in India. MLMT provides a powerful tool for global
taxonomic, population genetic and epidemiological studies of the
L.donovanicomplex.


PMID: 17307009<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=17307009>
TITLE: A lipophosphoglycan-independent development of *Leishmania* in
permissive sand
flies.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17307009>
AUTHORS: Jitka Myskova, Milena Svobodova, Stephen M Beverley, Petr Volf
AFFILIATION: Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles
University, Vinicna 7, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
REFERENCE: Microbes Infect 2007 Mar 9(3):317-24
Leishmaniases are serious parasitic diseases the etiological organisms of
which are transmitted by insect vectors, phlebotominae sand flies. Two sand
fly species, Phlebotomus papatasi and P. sergenti, display remarkable
specificity for *Leishmania* parasites they transmit in nature , but many
others are broadly permissive to the development of different
*Leishmania*species. Previous studies have suggested that in
'specific' vectors the
successful parasite development is mediated by parasite surface
glycoconjugates and sand fly lectins, however we show here that interactions
involving 'permissive' sand flies utilize another molecules . We did find
that the abundant surface glycoconjugate lipophosphoglycan , essential for
attachment of *Leishmania* major in the specific vector P . papatasi, was
not required for parasite adherence or survival in the permissive vectors P.
arabicus and Lutzomyia longipalpis. Attachment in several permissive sand
fly species instead correlated with the presence of midgut glycoproteins
bearing terminal N-acetyl-galactosamine and with the occurrence of a
lectin-like activity on *Leishmania* surface. This new binding modality has
important implications for parasite transmission and evolution. It may
contribute to the successful spreading of *Leishmania* due to their
adaptation into new vectors, namely transmission of L. infantum by Lutzomyia
longipalpis; this event led to the establishment of L. infantum/chagasi in
Latin America.


PMID: 17270138<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=17270138>
TITLE: Bionomics of phlebotomine sandflies at a peacekeeping duty site in
the north of Sinai,
Egypt.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17270138>
AUTHORS: Hanafi A Hanafi, David J Fryauff, Govind B Modi, Moustafa O
Ibrahim, Andrew J Main
AFFILIATION: Research Sciences Directorate, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit
Number Three,code 305 PSC 452, Box 5000, FPO, AE 09835-0007, USA.
REFERENCE: Acta Trop 2007 Feb 101(2):106-14
A longitudinal entomological survey for sandflies was conducted from 1989 to
1991 at a focus of enzootic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Northeast Sinai,
Egypt, within the border region monitored by multinational peacekeepers.
Standardized sampling with CDC light traps, oiled paper & quot;sticky
traps", and human landing collection was employed to determine monthly
trends in species composition, density, sex ratio, and reproductive status
of vector sandflies. Each collection method independently defined sandfly
seasonality as the period May-November in 1990, and March-October in 1991.
Plebotomus papatasi was the only anthropophagic species found and comprised
more than 94% of the sandfly population. Two population peaks (May, July)
were observed for this species in both survey years. Density of P. papatasi
in underground bunkers was higher than outside but inflated by a greater
proportion of male flies. During 1990, the proportion of gravid P. papatasi
increased progressively during the 5 months period from May to September and
averaged 29.5% and 29.7% for interior and exterior collections,
respectively. Density of P. papatasi was greater during 1991, but
proportions of gravid flies were significantly lower in each survey month
and averaged 14.9% and 12.3% for interior and exterior collections ,
respectively. Seasonal rates of *Leishmania*-infected P. papatasi averaged
0.8% and 0.9% in 1989 and 1990, but fell to zero in 1991, suggesting an
unstable focus of *Leishmania* major transmission. Proportions of gravid
flies may be a valid indicator of the physiological age and epidemiologic
importance of the vector sandfly population at this focus. The strong
correlation of sticky trap indices to human-landing/biting rates shows that
this is an accurate, inexpensive, and no-risk alternative to human bait
collections.


PMID: 17146466<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=17146466>
TITLE: Balancing immunity and pathology in visceral
leishmaniasis.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17146466>
AUTHORS: Amanda C Stanley, Christian R Engwerda
AFFILIATION: 1Immunology & Infection Laboratory, Queensland Institute of
Medical Research, Herston, Queensland, Australia.
REFERENCE: Immunol Cell Biol 2007 Feb 85(2):138-47
Experimental visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by infection with *
Leishmania* donovani results in the development of organ-specific immunity
in the two main target tissues of infection, the spleen and the liver. The
liver is the site of an acute resolving infection associated with the
development of inflammatory granulomas around infected Kupffer cells, and
resistance to reinfection. Paradoxically, the spleen is an initial site for
the generation of cell-mediated immune responses, but ultimately becomes a
site of parasite persistence with associated immunopathological changes.
These include splenomegaly and a breakdown in tissue architecture that is
postulated to contribute to the immunocompromized status of the host. The
progressive development of splenic pathology is largely associated with high
levels of TNF and interleukin (IL)-10. Follicular dendritic cell (DC)
networks are lost, whereas TNF mediates the destruction of marginal zone
macrophages and gp38(+) stromal cells, and IL-10 promotes impaired DC
migration into T- cell areas with consequent ineffective T-cell priming.
Splenic stromal cell function is also altered, promoting the selective
development of IL -10-producing DC with immunoregulatory properties.
Ultimately, a fine immunological balance determines responses that
effectively promote parasite clearance in the liver and those that promote
pathology in the spleen, and future investigation aims to separate these
responses to offer further means of parasite control in chronically infected
VL patients.Immunology and Cell Biology (2007) 85, 138-147. doi:10.1038/sj.
icb.7100011; published online 5 December 2006.


PMID: 17350500<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=17350500>
TITLE: Cutaneous
leishmaniasis.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17350500>
AUTHORS: Mark S Bailey, Diana N J Lockwood
AFFILIATION: Army Medical Directorate, Camberley GU15 4NP, UK; Clinical
Research Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA,
UK.
REFERENCE: Clin Dermatol 2007 Mar-Apr 25(2):203-11
Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a widespread tropical infection caused by
numerous different species of *Leishmania* protozoa that are transmitted by
sandflies. Its clinical presentations are extremely diverse and dependent on
a variety of parasite and host factors that are poorly understood. Diagnosis
should aim to identify the exact species involved , but this requires
laboratory investigations that are not widely available. No single ideal
treatment has been identified, and those available are limited by variable
success rates and toxicity. Clinical guidelines are needed to make better
use of the investigations and treatments that do exist. Prevention is
currently limited to bite prevention measures.


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PMID: 17237459<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=17237459>
TITLE: Serosurvey for CPV-2, distemper virus, ehrlichiosis and leishmaniosis
in free-ranging dogs in
Italy.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17237459>
AUTHORS: R Corrain, A Di Francesco, M Bolognini, P Ciucci, R Baldelli, V
Guberti
AFFILIATION: Istituto Nazionale Fauna Selvatica-Ozzano E., Bologna, Italy.
REFERENCE: Vet Rec 2007 Jan 160(3):91-2


PMID: 17344788<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=17344788>
TITLE: Alteration of serum copper in Kala-azar patients during SAG
therapy.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17344788>
AUTHORS: M Banerjee, M Rahman, A K Shamuzzaman, S Akhter, K Deb
AFFILIATION: Dr Minati Banerjee, Assistant Professor (cc), Department of
Biochemistry, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh.
REFERENCE: Mymensingh Med J 2007 Jan 16(1):89-93
We conducted an analytic case-control study in Kala-azar patients during
Sodium Antimony Gluconate (SAG) therapy to assess the changes in serum
copper. A total of 89 subjects were included in the study. Diagnosed
patients of Kala-azar with parasitological evidence of *Leishmania* Donovani
(LD) bodies in bone marrow, were selected as cases (n=54). They were
selected from Medicine and Paediatric wards of Mymensingh Medical College
Hospital, Mymensingh and nearby Fulbaria upazila of Mymensingh district.
Physically healthy volunteers of similar age, sex and body mass index (BMI)
as cases, were included in control group (n=35). The study period was from
July 2003 to June 2004. SAG was given intramuscularly (20 mg/kg/day) to
Kala-azar patients for 30 days. Blood samples were collected from controls,
Kala-azar cases before therapy and same cases during 15-20 days of SAG
therapy. Serum copper was higher in cases before therapy than those of
controls (p<0.001). However, serum copper reduced significantly (p<0.001)
during SAG therapy. So biochemical monitoring may be considered in the
management of the disease.


PMID: 17316450<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=17316450>
TITLE: Resistance of *Leishmania* (*Leishmania*) amazonensis and *Leishmania
* (Viannia) braziliensis to nitric oxide correlates with disease severity in
Tegumentary Leishmaniasis.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17316450>
AUTHORS: Angela Giudice, Ilza Camada, Paulo Tg Leopoldo, Júlia Mb Pereira,
Lee W Riley, Mary E Wilson, John L Ho, Amelia Ribeiro de Jesus, Edgar M
Carvalho, Roque P Almeida
AFFILIATION: Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Prof, Edgard
Santos, Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia (iii), Universidade
Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. agiudice at ufba.br.
REFERENCE: BMC Infect Dis 2007 7():7
ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Nitric oxide (NO*) plays a pivotal role as a
leishmanicidal agent in mouse macrophages. NO* resistant Escherichia coli
and Mycobacterium tuberculosis have been associated with a severe outcome of
these diseases. METHODS: In this study we evaluated the in vitro toxicity of
nitric oxide for the promastigote stages of *Leishmania* (Viannia)
braziliensis and *Leishmania* (*Leishmania*) amazonensis parasites, and the
infectivity of the amastigote stage for human macrophages. Parasites were
isolated from patients with cutaneous, mucosal or disseminated
leishmaniasis, and NO* resistance was correlated with clinical presentation.
RESULTS: Seventeen isolates of L. (L.) amazonensis or L. (V.) braziliensis
promastigotes were killed by up to 8 mM of more of NaNO2 (pH 5.0) and
therefore were defined as nitric oxide -susceptible. In contrast, eleven
isolates that survived exposure to 16 mM NaNO2 were defined as nitric
oxide-resistant. Patients infected with nitric oxide-resistant
*Leishmania*had significantly larger lesions than patients infected
with nitric
oxide-susceptible isolates. Furthermore, nitric oxide-resistant L. (L.)
amazonensis and L. (V.) braziliensis multiplied significantly better in
human macrophages than nitric oxide- susceptible isolates. CONCLUSION: These
data suggest that nitric oxide- resistance of *Leishmania* isolates confers
a survival benefit for the parasites inside the macrophage, and possibly
exacerbates the clinical course of human leishmaniasis.


PMID: 17319943<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=17319943>
TITLE: Origins of amino acid transporter loci in trypanosomatid
parasites.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17319943>
AUTHORS: Andrew P Jackson
AFFILIATION: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus,
Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK. aj4 at sanger.ac.uk.
REFERENCE: BMC Evol Biol 2007 7():26
ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Large amino acid transporter gene families were
identified from the genome sequences of three parasitic protists,
Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi and *Leishmania* major. These genes
encode molecular sensors of the external host environment for trypanosomatid
cells and are crucial to modulation of gene expression as the parasite
passes through different life stages. This study provides a comprehensive
phylogenetic account of the origins of these genes, redefining each locus
according to a positional criterion, through the integration of phyletic
identity with comparative gene order information . RESULTS: Each locus was
individually specified by its surrounding gene order and associated with
homologs showing the same position (' homoeologs') in other species, where
available. Bayesian and maximum likelihood phylogenies were in general
agreement on systematic relationships and confirmed several 'orthology sets'
of genes retained since divergence from the common ancestor. Reconciliation
analysis quantified the scale of duplication and gene loss, as well as
identifying further apparent orthology sets, which lacked conservation of
genomic position. These instances suggested substantial genomic
restructuring or transposition. Other analyses identified clear instances of
evolutionary rate changes post-duplication, the effects of concerted
evolution within tandem gene arrays and gene conversion events between
syntenic loci. CONCLUSION: Despite their importance to cell function and
parasite development, the repertoires of AAT loci in trypanosomatid
parasites are relatively fluid in both complement and gene dosage. Some loci
are ubiquitous and, after an ancient origin through transposition,
originated through descent from the ancestral trypanosomatid. However,
reconciliation analysis demonstrated that unilateral expansions of gene
number through tandem gene duplication, transposition of gene duplicates to
otherwise well conserved genomic positions, and differential patterns of
gene loss have produced largely customised and idiosyncratic AAT repertoires
in all three species. Not least in T. brucei, which seems to have retained
fewer ancestral loci and has acquired novel loci through a complex mix of
tandem and transpositive duplication.


PMID: 17168678<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=17168678>
TITLE: A new library of C-16 modified artemisinin analogs and evaluation of
their anti-parasitic
activities.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17168678>
AUTHORS: Rani B Menon, Muraleedharan M Kannoth, Babu L Tekwani, Jiri Gut,
Phillip J Rosenthal, Mitchell A Avery
AFFILIATION: Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy,
University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677-1848, USA.
REFERENCE: Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2006 Dec 9(10):729-41
A library of C-16 modified artemisinin analogs was prepared and their
antimalarial as well as antileishmanial activities were evaluated. Synthesis
of these compounds involved the conversion of artemisinin to its phenol
derivatives 7 and 12, and subsequent parallel derivatization by introducing
new chemical groups through ester, carbamate, sulfate, phosphate and isourea
linkages. Comparison of in vitro antimalarial activities showed that C9-beta
artemisinin analogs (8a-f) are more potent than the corresponding C9-alpha
diastereomers (9a-f); however, their antileishmanial activities were in the
same range. Many of the 10- deoxoartemisinin analogs studied here showed
promising antiparasitic activities. For example, compounds 13a-e are
approximately three times more active against drug resistant W2 strain of P.
falciparum, compared to artemisinin (IC(50), approximately 0.2 - 0.6 nM; cf.
artemisinin = 1. 6 nM). Further, a number of compounds in this series were
notably leishmanicidal, with activities comparable to or better than
pentamidine (e.g., 13g and 13j). Detailed in vivo studies involving these
active compounds are underway to identify lead candidates for further
development.


PMID: 17333810<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=17333810>
TITLE: Hexadecyl-phosphorylcholine ointment for treatment of cutaneous
leishmaniasis: an animal
trial.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17333810>
AUTHORS: J Iqbal, I Bukhari, M Jamshid, S Bashir, M Masoom Yasinzai, M Anwar
AFFILIATION: Department of Pharmacy, University of Balochistan, Quetta,
Pakistan. drjaveidiqbal at hotmail.com
REFERENCE: East Mediterr Health J 2006 Sep 12(5):685-9
A placebo-controlled trial compared 6% hexadecyl-phosphorylcholine (HePC )
and 12% benzethonium chloride ointment with placebo ointment for treatment
of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Cutaneous lesions were experimentally induced by
inoculation with *leishmania* promastigotes in 60 golden hamsters. Forty
(40) animals were treated with drug and 20 with placebo ointment applied
twice daily for 15 days. After treatment, all lesions were significantly
reduced in size in the treatment group compared with the placebo ointment.
No parasites were detected in smears from 35/40 of the drug-treated lesions
and no relapses occurred over 120 days of observation.


PMID: 17348738<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=17348738>
TITLE: Situational analysis of leishmaniases research in
kenya.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17348738>
AUTHORS: Willy Kiprotich Tonui
AFFILIATION: Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840-00200,
Nairobi, Kenya.
REFERENCE: Afr J Health Sci 2006 13(1-2):7-21
*Leishmania* spp are protozoan parasites of the Trypanosomatidae family that
cause disease in humans and animals. In general, infections with these
parasites can be divided into three main forms namely, cutaneous,
mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniases. The disease is prevalent in many
tropical and subtropical regions of the world, where it is transmitted via
the bite of an infected sand fly. Leishmaniasis has been known to be endemic
in parts of Kenya from as far back as early in the 20th century. These
endemic areas include Turkana, Baringo, Kitui, Machakos, Meru, West Pokot
and Elgeyo Marakwet districts which have been reported to be endemic for
kala-azar. Recent outbreaks of VL have been reported in the previously
non-endemic districts of Wajir and Mandera in North Eastern Kenya between
May 2000 and August 2001. The vector for VL in Kenya is Phlebotomus martini
though other vectors including P. orientalis have been reported. Baringo
district is the only foci reported where both VL and CL are known to occur
in Kenya. The aetiological agents for CL which include L. majo r which has
been reported in Baringo; L. tropica in Laikipia, Samburu, Isiolo, Nakuru
and Nyandarua districts while L. aethiopica has been reported in the Mt
Elgon area. In Kenya, P. duboscqi, P. guggisbergi have been shown to be the
vectors of L. major and L. tropica, respectively, while P. pediffer , P.
longipes and P. elgonensis have been implicated as vectors of L. aethiopica.
Since 1980, the Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) has spearheaded
research on leishmaniases research in Kenya focusing on various aspects
including characterization of *Leishmania* species, biology, and ecology of
sand fly vectors, development of biological strategies for sand fly control,
identification of animal reservoirs, diagnosis, new treatment strategies,
new chemotherapeutic agents, and vaccine-related studies. KEMRI, a founding
partner of the Drugs for Neglected Disease Initiative (DNDi), whose overall
aim is to address lack of new or improved drugs for neglected diseases
(which include leishmaniases, malaria, trypanosomiasis and chagas disease)
has made major contributions in leishmaniases research and control in Kenya
and the eastern Africa region.


********************************************************************************************************************
The following references are revised files and are brought to you in
accordance to license agreement with the NLM.
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PMID: 16797076<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=16797076>
TITLE: Laryngeal leishmaniasis in
Malta.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16797076>
AUTHORS: C Fsadni, P Fsadni, T Piscopo, C Mallia Azzopardi
AFFILIATION: Infectious Diseases Unit (STZ), St. Luke's Hospital,
Gwardamangia, Malta. claudia_7 at excite.com
REFERENCE: J Infect 2007 Feb 54(2):e61-3
The localization of *Leishmania* spp. in the larynx is rare especially when
not associated with immunosuppression or with visceral or cutaneous
leishmaniasis. We present a case of isolated laryngeal leishmaniasis, the
first of its kind documented in Malta and infrequently reported from the
Mediterranean basin.


PMID: 11967375<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=11967375>
TITLE: Stability and interactions of the amino-terminal domain of ClpB from
Escherichia coli.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11967375>
AUTHORS: Vekalet Tek, Michal Zolkiewski
AFFILIATION: Department of Biochemistry, 104 Willard Hall, Kansas State
University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
REFERENCE: Protein Sci 2002 May 11(5):1192-8
ClpB is a member of a multichaperone system in Escherichia coli (with DnaK,
DnaJ, and GrpE) that reactivates aggregated proteins. The sequence of ClpB
contains two ATP-binding regions that are enclosed between the N- and
C-terminal extensions. Whereas it has been found that the N- terminal region
of ClpB is essential for the chaperone activity, the structure of this
region is not known, and its biochemical properties have not been studied.
We expressed and purified the N-terminal fragment of ClpB (residues 1-147).
Circular dichroism of the isolated N-terminal region showed a high content
of alpha-helical structure. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that
the N-terminal region of ClpB is thermodynamically stable and contains a
single folding domain. The N- terminal domain is monomeric, as determined by
gel-filtration chromatography, and the elution profile of the N-terminal
domain does not change in the presence of the N-terminally truncated ClpB (
ClpBDeltaN). This indicates that the N-terminal domain does not form strong
contacts with ClpBDeltaN. Consistently, addition of the separated N-terminal
domain does not reverse an inhibition of ATPase activity of ClpBDeltaN in
the presence of casein. As shown by ELISA measurements, full-length ClpB and
ClpBDeltaN bind protein substrates (casein, inactivated luciferase) with
similar affinity. We also found that the isolated N-terminal domain of ClpB
interacts with heat-inactivated luciferase. Taken together, our results
indicate that the N-terminal fragment of ClpB forms a distinct domain that
is not strongly associated with the ClpB core and is not required for ClpB
interactions with other proteins, but may be involved in recognition of
protein substrates.


PMID: 11256306<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=11256306>
TITLE: [Leishmaniasis diagnosis: role of a simple medium for the culture of
*Leishmania*]<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11256306>
AUTHORS: F Bachi, Z Harrat, S Bendali-Braham, B Hamrioui, I Guisani, M
Belkaid
AFFILIATION: Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie-Institut Pasteur d'AlgÃ(c)rie.
REFERENCE: Arch Inst Pasteur Alger 1998 62():165-9
Leishmaniasis, Zoonoses or Anthroponoses, according to the focus, know an
extension through the world and Algeria counts unfortunately more among
countries who where touched. Parallelement to this extension the
eco-epidemiology of leishmaniasis knex some important modifications and
that. We can't surround theme if we don't dispose of a simple culture medium
permeting the shoot of all species to *leishmania*.


PMID: 11256308<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=11256308>
TITLE: [Validation of DNA tools in the identification of *Leishmania* sp.
parasites in Algeria]<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11256308>
AUTHORS: N Seridi, I Guizani, Z Harrat, S Bendali, R Ben Ismail, C Zidane, M
Belkaid
AFFILIATION: Service de Parasitologie-Institut Pasteur d'AlgÃ(c)rie.
REFERENCE: Arch Inst Pasteur Alger 1998 62():180-90
The present study aimed at homogenizing the use of DNA tools for *Leishmania
* parasite characterization in two endemic countries, Algeria and Tunisia.
Two genomic DNA probes, pDK10 and pDK20, previously developped in Tunisia,
were here applied to a collection of 41 isolates obtained from Algerian
patients having cutaneous or visceral leishmaniases. These DNA tools allowed
to discriminate among and to identify causal agents of cutaneous
leishmaniasis, L. infantum and L. major. Apart from the pDK20--hybridization
pattern obtained usually for the species L. infantum, new hybridization
patterns were identified for isolates obtained from both visceral and
cutaneous leishmaniases patients. Use of DNA probes in complement to
isoenzyme typing offers interesting propects for a better description of
transmission cycles.


PMID: 8975214<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=8975214>
TITLE: [The host-opportunistic protozoa system. The outcome of a *Leishmania
* infantum infection in white rat pups naturally resistant to
*Leishmania*infection]<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8975214>
AUTHORS: A Ia Lysenko, F P Kovalenko, M V Lavdovskaia
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1996 Jan-Feb 30(1):84-8
It was found out, that non-lineal young white rats have a natural resistance
to the *leishmania* infection, but it could be overcome with the mean of
immunosuppression caused by the corticosteroid of prolonged action
Tricort-40. The *leishmania* infection caused by immunosuppression is
successfully eliminated by the animal organism soon after the stopping of
immunosuppressant action, that could be considered as the restitution of the
natural resistance.


PMID: 7824287<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=7824287>
TITLE: [The host-opportunistic protozoa system. The dissemination of
Pneumocystis infection in white rats under the influence of drug-induced and
biological immunosuppression]<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=7824287>
AUTHORS: A Ia Lysenko, M V Lavdovskaia, F P Kovalenko, Iu V Chernov, M V
Strelkova
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1994 May-Jun 28(3):230-5
The main purpose of the present study is the investigation of relationships
of Pneumocystis carinii with the organism of white rat Wistar, which is
natural carrier of this parasite. The series of experiments has shown that
the immunosuppressor Tricort-40 ( corticosteroid of prolonged activity) in a
short time reactivates the Pneumocystis infection. The parasites have been
observed in a great number in the lungs and rarely in the liver. The
reactivation and dissemination of the Pneumocystis infection have been
achieved constantly and with great expression by the combined
immunosuppression of rats, by the medicamentous immunosuppression (injection
of T-40) and biological one (infection with amastigotes
*Leishmania*infantum). The developing mixed-infection (with
pneumocysts and
*leishmania*) could be the basis for the parasitocenological relationships.


PMID: 7816511<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=7816511>
TITLE: [The host-opportunistic protozoa system. The dissemination of *
Leishmania* infantum infection in naturally susceptible laboratory animals
subjected to drug-induced
immunosuppression]<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=7816511>
AUTHORS: F P Kovalenko, A Ia Lysenko, M V Lavdovskaia
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1994 Jul-Aug 28(4):293-7
The possibility to awake the disseminated infection of *Leishmania* infantum
in golden hamsters Mesocricetus auratus, hispid cotton rats Sigmodon
hispidus, soft furred rats Mastomys natalensis by means of different
immunodepressants has been examined. On the background of the
immunosuppression caused by corticosteroids of short time activity (
metipred, hydrocortison) leishmaniae were revealed both in the target organs
(spleen, liver, marrow) and in lungs, in cases of using the corticosteroid
of prolonged activity (tricort-40) leishmaniae were observed also in lungs,
kidneys, testis.


PMID: 7700686<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=7700686>
TITLE: [The host-opportunistic protozoon system. The manifestation of *
Leishmania* infantum infection in naturally resistant adult white rats
subjected to drug
immunosuppression]<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=7700686>
AUTHORS: M V Lavdovskaia, F P Kovalenko, A Ia Lysenko, Iu V Chernov
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1994 Sep-Oct 28(5):416-9
The attempt to overcome the natural resistance of white rats Wistar to *
Leishmania* infantum infection was made by the mean of the immunodepressant
Tricort-40, the corticosteroid of prolonged activity. In the series of
experiments with the mercy scheme of immunosuppression the inoculation of
the amastigotes L. infantum taken out of the donors, the golden hamsters
Mesocricetus auratus, caused the progressive infection with intensive
affection on target organs (the spleen, liver, bone marrow). The stem of L.
infantum been passed through the immunosuppressed rats has preserved its
pathogenicity to the golden hamsters.


PMID: 8321558<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=8321558>
TITLE: [The virulence and cytochemical properties of *Leishmania* major
during long-term
cultivation]<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8321558>
AUTHORS: R M Nasyrova, V D Kallinikova, S Kh Vafakulov, F Sh Nasyrov
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1993 May-Jun 27(3):233-41
It has been shown that morphogenesis of *Leishmania* major in each culture
passage is characterised by the depletion of RNA and increase in its
dispersion degree, by the change of the NADP-H-diaphorese, peroxidase and
Janus green-B-oxidative activity in the promastigotes. Cytochemical
peculiarities of invasive metacyclic promastigotes are an extreme depletion
of RNA, its disperse form, a low activity of oxidative enzymes . This
properties may manifest the pre-adaptation of *Leishmania* promastigotes to
the development in vertebrate host. In the process of long-term cultivation
of L. major the virulence, the metacyclogenesis, and the level of
NADF-H-diaphorase and peroxidase activity decrease from passage to passage,
but the ability to oxidate the Janus green-B increases.


PMID: 8414649<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=8414649>
TITLE: [The virulence, metacyclogenesis and respiratory enzymes of *
Leishmania* isolated in culture from laboratory
animals]<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8414649>
AUTHORS: F Sh Nasyrov, R M Nasyrova, V D Kallinikova, V M Saf'ianova
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1993 Jul-Aug 27(4):301-8
It has been shown that an increase of virulence of *Leishmania* major, L.
tropica, L. braziliensis as a result of passing through animals and its
decrease during the cultivation are accompanied by certain changes of
biochemical characteristics of these promastigotes. In the former case the
activity of NADP-H-diaphorase and peroxidase of promastigotes and their
ability to be transformed into final (invasional) metacyclic forms increase
and in the latter case these characteristics decrease. The level and
duration of virulence in culture depend not only on absolute value of the
above-mentioned characteristics but also on the graduality of their change.
Metacyclogenesis and activity of oxidative enzymes are suggested to be the
correlates of virulence of various *Leishmania* species.


PMID: 1923568<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=1923568>
TITLE: [An experimental study of the interrelations of
*Leishmania*(Sauroleishmania) gymnodactyli and the sandfly
Sergentomyia arpaklensis
(Diptera: Phlebotominae)]<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=1923568>
AUTHORS: S M Shatova, V M Saf'ianova, A Ovezmukhammedov
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1991 Mar-Apr 25(2):110-5
Morphology, development and behaviour of *Leishmania* gymnodactyli in the
sand fly Sergentomyia arpaklensis at different stages of blood digestion
have been studied. It has been shown that leishmaniae reproduce readily and
develop normally inside the food ball of sandflies. The dense peritrophic
membrane is not destroyed at the end of digestion and is an insuperable
obstacle for leishmaniae. Promastigotes of leishmaniae, being involved in
the peritrophic membrane, are excreted together with undigested food that
excludes their transmission through the bite of S. arpaklensis.


[image: Shop at Amazon.com]

PMID: 2682476<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=2682476>
TITLE: [Taxonomic problems of the *Leishmania* of
reptiles]<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=2682476>
AUTHORS: A Ovezmukhammedov, V M Saf'ianova
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1989 Jul-Aug 23(4):334-43
The history of description and state of knowledge of 17 species and 40 not
identified to species forms of *Leishmania*, described from reptiles of the
world, are traced. It is suggested to retain 10 species and 3 forms of *
Leishmania* in the list of the subgenus Sauroleishmania as follows: L. (S)
tarentolae, L.(S.) hemidactyli, L.(S.) ceramodactyli, L .(S.) nicollei,
L.(S.) gymnodactyli, L.(S.) adleri, L.(S.) hoogstraali, L.(S.) senegalensis,
L.(S.) gulikae, L.(S.) sp., L.(S.) sp. I, L.(S.) sp . II. 7 species and one
form, L(S.) henrici, L.(S.) davidi, L.(S.) zmeevi, L.(S.) sofieffi, L.(S.)
chameleonis, L.(S.) phrynocephali, L.(S .) helioscopi, L.(S.) sp. Markov e.a.,
1964 must be excluded from the above subgenus since their description does
not correspond to the development of the life cycle of *Leishmania* from
reptiles. Flagellata Protozoa from the peripheral blood and intestine of
reptiles, which were regarded by some authors as a "leptomonad stage of *
Leishmania*&quot ;, appear to belong to the genera Proteromonas,
Monocercomonas and other Protozoa.


PMID: 3268059<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=3268059>
TITLE: [A new zymodeme of *Leishmania* tropica, agent of Aleppo boil
(Syria)]<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=3268059>
AUTHORS: S Belazzoug, F Pratlong, J A Rioux
REFERENCE: Arch Inst Pasteur Alger 1988 56():95-9


PMID: 3387121<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=3387121>
TITLE: [Specificity of the interrelations of *Leishmania* and host cells in
vitro]<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=3387121>
AUTHORS: M A Savina, V M Saf'ianova, A Ovezmukhammedov
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1988 Mar-Apr 22(2):154-9
Experiments on cross infection of peritoneal macrophages of mice with *
Leishmania* of reptiles L. gymnodactyli and free cells of abdominal cavity
of caucasian Agama (some part of which is composed by fibroblasts ) with *
Leishmania* of mammals L. major and L. donovani have shown the possibility
of reproduction of the above species both in reptiles and mammals. The
persistence of L. gymnodactyli and L. major in macrophages of mice was
traced up to 10 days, the abundance of L. gymnodactyli during the whole
period of observations being lower than that of L. major. The abundance of
the above *Leishmania* in these cells happened to be higher than in the
cells of reptiles. In the cells of reptiles the infection with these three
species of *Leishmania* was eliminated by 5-6 days. More activity
internalization of *Leishmania* of reptiles into cells of reptiles as
compared to *Leishmania* of mammals was revealed that, apparently, reflects
a definite degree of their adaptation to existence in reptiles in vivo.


PMID: 3431905<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=3431905>
TITLE: [Experimental visceral leishmaniasis in golden
hamsters]<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=3431905>
AUTHORS: E E Shukina, L A Gorbunova
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1987 Sep-Oct 21(5):637-42
As a result of a long passage of L. donovani isolate on golden hamsters (21
passages were observed), in transplanting the agent from animals with a
distinct clinical picture there was formed a highly virulent strain "G" of
L. donovani for this species of animals. The weight arrest and then body
mass losses were the most early signs of the disease. Parasites were
regularly accumulated in spleen and liver and to a less extent in bone
marrow. The main manifestations of visceral leishmaniasis in hamsters are
cachexia, lienal syndrome, polyglandular deficiency on the background of
hypoplasia of lymphoid tissue and defects of the system of monocytic
phagocytes. Such symptom-complex can be a result of neuroendocrine
deficiency during visceral leishmaniasis. Pathohistological picture of
experimental visceral leishmaniasis is similar to that of man, so L.
donovani infection in hamsters can serve as a model for studies of different
medical and biological aspects of leishmaniasis.


PMID: 3737235<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=3737235>
TITLE: [Experimental assessment of the ability of different species of
sandfly to transmit the causative agent of visceral
leishmaniasis]<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=3737235>
AUTHORS: M V Strelkova, T I Dergacheva
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1986 May-Jun 20(3):174-81
The authors succeeded in transmission of the visceral leishmaniasis agent
(kazakh strain of *Leishmania* infantum) through the sand flies Phlebotomus
longiductus, P. smirnovi and P. papatasi under experimental conditions.
Infected P. longiductus and P. smirnovi are capable of preserving the agent
and infecting the susceptible mammals after the cessation of the 1st and 2nd
gonotrophic cycles. P. papatasi transmitted the agent of visceral
leishmaniasis only after the cessation of the 2nd gonotrophic cycle. Under
the same conditions the transmission of visceral leishmaniasis agent through
P. caucasicus failed. Informative value of characteristics of virtual
vectors for differentiation of sand flies as carriers is analysed. A
question of the necessity of obtaining additional data, which prove the role
of P. caucasicus and P. papatasi as vectors of visceral leishmaniasis agent,
is raised.


PMID: 3714297<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=3714297>
TITLE: [Experimental models of cutaneous leishmaniasis in laboratory
animals]<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=3714297>
AUTHORS: S A Pleskanovskaia
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1986 Mar-Apr 20(2):120-5
A survey of literature on modelling cutaneous leishmaniasis of man ( common
and metastatic) on some lines of mice, guinea pigs, golden hamsters infected
with different species of *Leishmania* is given. Merits and demerits of each
described model are pointed out.


PMID: 3275397<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=3275397>
TITLE: [Contribution of the duodenal biopsy in the diagnosis of
kala-azar]<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=3275397>
AUTHORS: M L Benhassine, T Mokrani, B Benyahia, K Bendissari, M Keddari, B
Khati
REFERENCE: Arch Inst Pasteur Alger 1986 55():125-30


PMID: 3160002<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=3160002>
TITLE: [Geographical variability of the causative agent of zoonotic
cutaneous leishmaniasis]<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=3160002>
AUTHORS: G V Ni
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1985 May-Jun 19(3):226-31
A study of the phenetics of the zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis agent in
Uzbekistan and subzone of southern and northern deserts has made it possible
to separate a northern population (or a group of populations) of the agent.
It differs from the southern population (or southern ones ) in having
smaller sizes of the amastigote stage, greater abundance of parasites in
cutaneous affections of gerbils, milder progress of leishmaniasis in white
mice and great gerbils. This population can be called priaral, i.e.
belonging to the subzone of northern deserts of the Turan lowland.


PMID: 6728513<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=6728513>
TITLE: [Comparative electron microscopy study of *Leishmania* major and L.
tropica in experimental infestation of the sandfly Phlebotomus
papatasi]<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=6728513>
AUTHORS: S M Shatova, M A Shul'ga, V M Saf'ianova, A A Avakian
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1984 Mar-Apr 18(2):154-9
For the first time comparative study was conducted of the ultrastructure of
promastigotes of *Leishmania* major and L. tropica in the organism of
Phlebotomus papatasi which for the first species of *Leishmania* is and for
the second species is not a natural invertebrate host. During the
bloodsucking on Mesocricetus auratus experimentally infected with *
Leishmania* sandflies perceive amastigotes of both L. major and L. tropica.
In the midgut of the sandfly both species of *Leishmania* pass into the
stage of promastigote (therefore, this phenomenon is not defined by
species-specific factors). However, further fate of promastigotes of L.
major and L. tropica in Ph. papatasi is different. L . major has its normal
cycle of development in the intestine of the sandfly and preserves its all
ultrastructural peculiarities. Promastigotes of L. tropica, on the contrary,
display in the midgut of Ph. papatasi signs of degeneration which are
expressed in break of their normal ultrastructure (changes in the shape of
cells, break in cell division, thickening or thinning of intracytoplasmatic
formations, especially of mitochondria, intensified vacuolisation of
cytoplasm, changes in the structure of nucleus and kinetoplast; and others).
All these data indicate in an indirect way that the intestine of Ph.
papatasi is a favourable medium for L. major and unfavourable one for L .
tropica.


PMID: 6218466<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=6218466>
TITLE: [Intensified virulence of the causative agent in the process of the
formation of a focus of cutaneous
leishmaniasis]<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=6218466>
AUTHORS: G V Ni
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1982 Nov-Dec 16(6):452-6
A possible effect of a new epidemic nidus "age" on the virulence of *
Leishmania* was studied. For a period of 9 years 16 strains were isolated
from man affected with leishmaniosis. Infectivity of all strains was high
(100% infection of animals). The incubative period of the disease in animals
was the shorter the more years passed from the moment of the nidus
formation. Strains isolated within the first 4-5 years caused leishmaniosis
in 2-3 months and those isolated during subsequent years--in 1 to 3 weeks.


PMID: 7155626<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=7155626>
TITLE: [Comparative study of the antigenic properties and virulence of *
Leishmania* clones (Trypanosomatidae,
*Leishmania*)]<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=7155626>
AUTHORS: L P Emel'ianova, V M Saf'ianova
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1982 Nov-Dec 16(6):445-51
A relation between antigenic properties and virulence of *Leishmania* clones
were studied. The clones were obtained from a naturally infected sandfly
(Phlebotomus of the group caucasicus) caught in the burrow of great gerbil
in Turkmenia. Antigenic properties of the clones were studied by means of
Adler's test (Safjanova's modification); the virulence of the clones was
studied on golden hamsters by means of standard technique. There was
revealed heterogenicity of the Phlebotomus strain of *Leishmania*, in it
there were found clones identical serologically to *Leishmania* donovani and
L. major and a clone close in antigenic respect to Leptomonas pessoai. At
the experimental infection of hamsters with a heterogeneous Phlebotomus
strain their mixed infection with the two above mentioned
*Leishmania*species was first observed. Serologically identical
*Leishmania* clones can differ essentially in their virulence. A high
stability of antigenic properties of *Leishmania* clones has been revealed.
At the same time the virulence of clones is characterized by variability as
towards its increase (the passing of a clone on hamsters) so towards its
fall (cultivation of a clone in vitro, on nutrient medium).


PMID: 7220080<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=7220080>
TITLE: [Changes in the skin and internal organs of hamsters infected with
various species of
*Leishmania*]<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=7220080>
AUTHORS: A M Kharitonova, V M Saf'ianova, A A Avakian
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1981 Mar-Apr 15(2):105-12
Morphological changes in organs and tissues of golden hamsters infected with
different substrains of three species of *Leishmania* were studied by means
of histological, histochemical and electron microscopy methods. Suspension
of *Leishmania* promastigotes were administered intracutaneously to 495
animals. Detailed morphological analysis has shown that clinical differences
in experimental leishmaniasis caused by three species of *Leishmania* are
fully confirmed by morphological data. The studied species of
*Leishmania*cause lesion of the skin specific for each species of the
parasite. Thus,
each of these parasites has its own characteristic type of relationships
with a vertebrate host.


PMID: 7383698<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=7383698>
TITLE: [Serological study of *Leishmania* clones from experimentally and
naturally infected
sandflies]<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=7383698>
AUTHORS: V M Saf'ianova, A N Alekseeva, M M Stetsenko
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1980 May-Jun 14(3):229-36
A serological study of *Leishmania* clones from experimentally and naturally
infected sand flies was undertaken. The cloning was done by means of
Fonbrun's micromanipulator. Serological studies were conducted according to
Adler's method in Safjanova's modification. Among the clones of Phlebotomus
papatasi experimentally infected with *Leishmania* tropica major and L.
gymnodactyli four were found to be serologically identical with L. tropica
major, and two had close antigene relationships with both initial strains of
*Leishmania*. No clones identical with L. gymnodactyli were found. By means
of serological comparison to museum strains of *Leishmania* heterogeneity of
the strains isolated from naturally infected sand flies and great variety of
antigenic properties of clones obtained from them have been shown. Thus ,
among clones of Ph. caucasicus four are identical with L. donovani, one is
closely related to Leptomonas pessoai and one displays no antigenic
relationships to any standard strain of *Leishmania*. Two clones from
naturally infected Ph. papatasi are identical with L. tropica major, one
displays close antigenic relationships with L. tropica major and L. donovani
and one could not be identified. The question is raised on the necessity to
study possible mechanisms of genetic information exchange to explain the
appearance of clones with mixed properties.


PMID: 158163<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=158163>
TITLE: [Flagellata isolated from sandflies in various zones of Turkmenia and
their related cultures of the causative agents of leishmaniasis and the *
Leishmania* of reptiles]<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=158163>
AUTHORS: E N PonirovskiÄ­
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1979 Jul-Aug 13(4):423-8
188 strains of Flagella from 6 species of sand flies and 42 strains from
reptiles were isolated in various landscape-geographic zones of Turkmenia.
70 and 35 strains of Flagellata isolate from sand flies were studied by
means of bio-assay on white mice and by the Adler's serological method
(modification of Safjanova), respectively. 64 strains of Flagellata of
different origin were studied by means of " temperature" method. It has been
established that the transmission of the agent of zoonotic cutaneous
leishmaniosis takes place nearly throughout the whole territory of
Turkmenia. To identify an unknown strain of *Leishmania* by means of the
Adler's method an antiserum for any studied "standard" strain of different
species of *Leishmania* is enough to be used.


PMID: 162479<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=162479>
TITLE: Isoenzyme characterization of *Leishmania* spp from
Algeria.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=162479>
AUTHORS: S Belazzoug, D A Evans
REFERENCE: Arch Inst Pasteur Alger 1978-1979 53():223-8
Five Algerian stocks of *Leishmania* were compared with two stocks from USSR
and one from Sudan by means of isoenzyme electrophoresis of two enzymes:
glucose-phosphate isomerase (GPI) and phosphoglucomutase (PGM ). Three
stocks isolated from patients suffering from cutaneous leishmaniasis
appeared to be L. tropica major. This correlated well the epidemiological
features of the endemic area from where the stocks originated. Two stocks
isolated from patients suffering from visceral leishmaniasis appeared to be
different from the Sudanese stock of L. donovani.


PMID: 865880<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=865880>
TITLE: [Cloning *leishmania* at the promastigote stage using the Vonbrun
micromanipulator]<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=865880>
AUTHORS: A N Alekseev, V M Saf'ianova
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1977 Mar-Apr 11(2):158-61
A method was worked out for cloning *Leishmania* strains at the promastigote
stage from cultures reared on two-phase nutrient medium by means of Vonbrün
micromanipulator. By this method cultures of *Leishmania* can be obtained
from one cell of these protozoans. During the cloning of
*Leishmania*strains isolated from experimentally and naturally
infected Phlebotomus
papatasi and Ph. caucasicus the per cent of obtaining the clones from
isolated promastigotes cultivated on a nutrient medium depends on the
absolute and relative age of culture and on the growth intensity of the
strain on a nutrient medium.


PMID: 145568<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=145568>
TITLE: [Distribution characteristics of *Leishmania* tropica major strains
of differing virulence in natural and territorial complexes of the Murgab
eco-area (southeastern
Turkmenistan)]<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=145568>
AUTHORS: S M Malkhazova, V M Saf'ianova, V M Neoronov
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1977 Nov-Dec 11(6):499-504
In September--October of 1973 and 1974 263 specimens of Rhombomys opimus
were shot in the territory of the Murghab stationar. The seeding of the
material (a piece of tissue) from all animals into NNN medium was done . 9
strains of L. tropica major were isolated from this material the virulence
of which was studied on 2.5--3 months--old golden hamsters, Cricetus
auratus. Differences in the virulence of the isolated strains according to
their natural-territorial complexes are shown. These differences depend
apparently on the specific composition of the vectors . It is shown that the
specific composition of sand flies as well as other epizootical characters
are determined by the landscape of the territory where nidi of zoonosis
cutaneous leishmaniasis are situated.


PMID: 134342<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=134342>
TITLE: [Virulent properties of *Leishmania* tropica major strains isolated
from sandflies in the subzone of the northern
deserts]<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=134342>
AUTHORS: G V Ni, F G FaÄ­zulin, L N Kon'shina, I V Abdulaev
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1976 Jul-Aug 10(4):369-73
On the territory of the Karakalpak ASSR the infection of sand flies Ph.
papatasi, Ph. caucasicus, Ph. andrejevi and Ph. monogolensis with the agent
L. tropica major ammounts, on the average, to 39.3%. The virulence of 88
investigated strains of *Leishmania* for white mice estimated by their
infection and the duration of incubation was found to be different ; one
half of the strains had high, one third--average, and the other strains--low
virulence.


PMID: 940687<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=940687>
TITLE: [Fate of the promastigotes of *Leishmania* tropica major and L.
gymnodactyli in the body of Phlebotomus papatasi under conditions of a mixed
infection]<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=940687>
AUTHORS: V M Saf'ianova, A N Alekseev, A B Karapet'ian
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1976 Jan-Feb 10(1):78-83
Experimental infection of males and females of Phlebotomus papatasi Sc. with
*Leishmania* tropica major from man and L. gimnodactyli from Agama
sanguinolenta was carried out in order to obtain mixed infection. Sand flies
from the laboratory culture were successively infected with promastigotes of
each species of *Leishmania* by means of compulsory dose feeding according
to Alekseev's method. For identification of *Leishmania* cultures isolated
from experimentally infected sand flies Alder's serological test modified by
Safjanova was used. The mixed infection was obtained both in males and
females of sand flies. The success of modelling of mixed infection depends
on the succession of the administration of studied strains of *Leishmania*.
It depends as well on the interval between infected feedings. The dependence
of the experimental results on the number of promastigotes administered into
the intestine of sand flies was not recorded.


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PMID: 1026908<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=1026908>
TITLE: [Biological properties of promastigotes of *Leishmania* having
undergone lyophilization]<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=1026908>
AUTHORS: K A Iusupov, V Iu Shchetkin, V M Saf'ianova, L P Emel'ianova
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1976 Sep-Oct 10(5):416-21
Materials are presented of a comparative study of morphological and cultural
properties and virulence of liophylized cultures of *Leishmania* tropica
major after their rehydration or after a long passage on the NNN medium.
Results of investigations of two initial strains and three substrains
obtained after the recovery of liophylized cultures have shown that
liophylization does not reduce essentially the initial strain virulence. The
strains undergone liophylization and passed repeatedly on the NNN medium
have a tendency to a quicker virulence reduction rate as compared to initial
ones. The culture of promastigotes recultivated after liophylization does
not differ from the initial one in the ranges of 1-7 passages in its
morphology, mobility and ability to grow on the NNN medium.


PMID: 124844<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=124844>
TITLE: [Comparative evaluation of several methods of identifying *leishmania
*]<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=124844>
AUTHORS: E N PonirovskiÄ­
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1975 Mar-Apr 9(2):139-41
A parallel study of 25 strains of Flagellata isolated from 6 species of sand
flies was carried out by means of biotest, Adler's serological method
modified by Safjanova and "temperature" method. It was established that the
use of several methods for the identification of *Leishmania* allows more
reliable results to be obtained. The differentiation of strains with the
"temperature" method can be done over a relatively shorter period of time.


PMID: 1236724<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=1236724>
TITLE: [Viability of sandflies (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) after
infection with promastigotes of different types of
*Leishmania*]<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=1236724>
AUTHORS: A N Alekseev, V M Saf'ianova, A B Karapet'ian
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1975 May-Jun 9(3):271-7
Sand flies were infected with different species of promastigotes from
reptiles and warm-blooded animals. Optimal doses of promastigotes were used
which ensured the adaptation of Protozoa in the host's intestine. The
infection with a mixed culture resulted in the death of most Sand flies: the
mortality rate was the highest at the simultaneous introduction of two
species and was some what lower at the subsequent infection. The survival of
Sand flies infected with one species of *leishmania* decreased to the
greatest extent if "incidental" for them strains of promastigotes were
introduced: for Ph. papatasi -- cultures isolated from reptiles, for
Sergentomyia arpaklensis -- those isolated from L. tropica major. Natural
infection rate of the genera Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia with
*leishmania*of different species agrees with laboratory data on the
survival of sand
flies. Ph. caucasicus and Ph. papatasi are infected, in general, with L.
tropica major, S. arpaklensis -- with L. gymnodactyli.


PMID: 1196671<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=1196671>
TITLE: [Viability of sandflies (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) under
the influence of infection with promastigotes of various species of *
Leishmania*]<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=1196671>
AUTHORS: A N Alekseev, V M Saf'ianova, A B Karapet'ian
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1975 May-Jun 9(3):271-7
Sand flies were infected with different species of promastigotes from
reptiles and warm-blooded animals. Optimal doses of promastigotes were used
which ensured the adaptation of Protozoa in the host's intestine. The
infection with a mixed culture resulted in the death of most Sand flies: the
mortality rate was the highest at the simultaneous introduction of two
species and was some what lower at the subsequent infection. The survival of
Sand flies infected with one species of *leishmania* decreased to the
greatest extent if "incidental" for them strains of promastigotes were
introduced: for Ph. papatasi -- cultures isolated from reptiles, for
Sergentomyia arpaklensis -- those isolated from L. tropica major. Natural
infection rate of the genera Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia with
*leishmania*of different species agrees with laboratory data on the
survival of sand
flies. Ph. caucasicus and Ph. papatasi are infected, in general, with L.
tropica major, S. arpaklensis -- with L. gymnodactyli.


PMID: 4281908<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=4281908>
TITLE: [Virulence and pathogenicity factors of *Leishmania* strains from the
Lower Surkhan Darya focus of cutaneous
leishmaniasis]<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=4281908>
AUTHORS: F Sh Nasyrov, K A Iusupov
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1974 Jan-Feb 8(1):77-81


PMID: 4841724<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=4841724>
TITLE: [Typification of leishmaniasis foci on the basis of the transmission
factor]<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=4841724>
AUTHORS: V M Saf'ianova
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1974 Jul-Aug 8(4):336-47


PMID: 4274398<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=4274398>
TITLE: [Possibilities of evaluating the virulence of *Leishmania* tropica
major strains in in vitro
experiments]<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=4274398>
AUTHORS: V A Serebriakov, F Sh Nasyrov, K A Iusupov, I T Rokotian, V D
Kallinikova
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1973 Sep-Oct 7(5):385-8


PMID: 4777809<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=4777809>
TITLE: [Identification of leptomonad
strains]<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=4777809>
AUTHORS: G V Ni
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1973 Jan-Feb 7(1):75-8


PMID: 5085912<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=5085912>
TITLE: [Infection of great gerbils (Rhombomys opimus Licht.) with the
causative agent of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (*Leishmania* tropica
major) in the Karakalpak
ASSR]<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=5085912>
AUTHORS: F G FaÄ­zulin, L N Kon'shina
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1972 Mar-Apr 6(2):180-4


PMID: 4587873<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=4587873>
TITLE: [Biological properties of *Leishmania* adleri Heisch, a parasite of
lizards, pathogenic to
mammals]<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=4587873>
AUTHORS: V M Saf'ianova, E I Aliev, B A Koshelev
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1972 May-Jun 6(6):206-15


PMID:
<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=5163310>
...

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