<span class="gmail_quote">From: <b class="gmail_sendername"><a href="mailto:info@refscout.com">info@refscout.com</a></b> <<a href="mailto:info@refscout.com">info@refscout.com</a>><br>Date: Wed, 28 Mar 2007 00:09:10<br>
Subject: Articles found by RefScout for your requests<br><br></span>
<br>
<table bgcolor="#ffffff" border="2" cellpadding="5">
<tbody><tr bgcolor="#ffffff">
<td>
<font color="red"><b>New!</b></font>
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">
Have a look at our new tool, the <a href="http://refscout.com/pdfm_intro.html" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)"><span id="st" name="st" class="st">RefScout</span>'s PDF-Manager (PDFM)
</a>! The <span id="st" name="st" class="st">RefScout</span>'s <a href="http://refscout.com/pdfm_intro.html" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">PDFM</a> will revolutionize your life with PDF files!
<br>
Simply let your PDF files be organized by the <span id="st" name="st" class="st">RefScout</span>'s <a href="http://refscout.com/pdfm_intro.html" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">PDFM
</a> in a table and get direct link to your local copy. In addition, the <span id="st" name="st" class="st">RefScout</span>'s <a href="http://refscout.com/pdfm_intro.html" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
PDFM</a> will alert you each time the NLM PubMed updates information concerning your specific reference!
Get your free 2 months trial version now at <a href="http://refscout.com/pdfm_download.html" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)"><span id="st" name="st" class="st">RefScout</span>'s PDF-Manager
</a>.
</font>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
This is <span id="st" name="st" class="st">RefScout</span>-Newsletter 13/2007.<br><br>
<form method="post" action="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl" target="_blank" onsubmit="return window.confirm("You are submitting information to an external page.\nAre you sure?");">
<input name="action" value="listExport" type="hidden">
<input name="base" value="medline-2007-13.xml" type="hidden">
REQUEST: [ leishmania ]<br>
(26 articles match this request)<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-13.xml&id=17206507" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17206507</a>
<input name="id_17206507" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17206507" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)"><b>Leishmania</b>
(Viannia) lainsoni (Silveira et al. 1987): ultrastructural aspects of the parasite and skin lesion in experimentally infected hamster (Mesocricetus auratus).</a><br>
AUTHORS: José R Corrêa, Reginaldo P Brazil, Maurilio J Soares<br>
AFFILIATION: Lab. Biologia Celular de Microrganismos, Departamento de Ultra-estrutura e Biologia Celular, PavilhĂŁo Carlos Chagas-TĂ©rreo, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil,
<a href="mailto:maurilio@ioc.fiocruz.br" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">maurilio@ioc.fiocruz.br</a>.<br>
REFERENCE: Parasitol Res 2007 May 100(6):1227-32<br>
<b>Leishmania</b> (Viannia) lainsoni was first described in 1987 in the state
of Pará, in the Brazilian Amazon region. The initial characterization
of this parasite was performed based only in light microscopy techniques
. Posterior studies with this <b>Leishmania</b> species, which focused on
biochemistry and molecular assays, showed its divergent position in the
<b>Leishmania</b> genus. In this study, we characterize the ultrastructure of
culture promastigote forms throughout the growth curve. Our results
demonstrate a time-dependent accumulation of electron-dense deposit in
the acidocalcisome matrix. We have also analyzed, by transmission
electron microscopy, the chronic experimental skin lesion induced in
hamster. The experimental infection assay showed adhesion of the
intracellular parasites to the parasitophorous vacuole membrane and the
occurrence of free vacuoles in the lesion site containing amastigote
forms (the amastigote forms morphometrical data were summarized). Our
morphological evidences suggest a possible alternative surviving
mechanism for L. (Viannia) lainsoni in chronic lesion site.<br>
<br><br>
<map name="111957baf791c29d_boxmap-p6"><area shape="RECT" coords="1, 140, 83, 150" href="http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm/privacy-policy.html?o=1" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)"><area coords="0,0,10000,10000" href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/redirect-home/refscout-20" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
</map><img usemap="#111957baf791c29d_boxmap-p6" alt="Shop at Amazon.com" border="0" height="150" width="120"><br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-13.xml&id=17206508" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17206508</a>
<input name="id_17206508" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17206508" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Comparative study of the efficacy of formulations containing fluconazole or paromomycin for topical treatment of infections by
<b>Leishmania</b> (<b>Leishmania</b>) major and <b>Leishmania</b> (<b>Leishmania</b>) amazonensis.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Samuel Vidal Mussi, Ana Paula Fernandes, Lucas Antonio Miranda Ferreira<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Pharmaceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. AntĂ´nio Carlos, 6627, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, <a href="mailto:lucas@farmacia.ufmg.br" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
lucas@farmacia.ufmg.br</a>.<br>
REFERENCE: Parasitol Res 2007 May 100(6):1221-6<br>
The development of alternative therapeutic approaches for cutaneous
leishmaniasis (CL) has received considerable attention in recent
research, including the identification of formulations for topical
treatment. In the present study, the activity of two formulations was
evaluated in BALB/c mice experimentally infected with either <b>Leishmania</b>
(<b>Leishmania</b>) major or L. (L.) amazonensis, a hydrophilic gel containing
10% paromomycin (PAHG) and a cream containing 1% fluconazole (FLUC).
After development of ulcerated lesions, infected mice were divided into
three groups of five animals each: (1) PA group: Lesions were covered
with 50 mul of PAHG; (2) FLUC group: Lesions were covered with 50 mul of
FLUC, and (3) placebo group: treated with gel without paromomycin.
During and after treatment, the size of lesions was determined weekly
using a caliper. The efficacy of PAHG was significantly higher than that
observed for FLUC for both <b>Leishmania</b> species. The PAHG formulation was
effective in promoting the healing of ulcers in all animals 28 days
after the beginning of treatment, whereas none of the animals was cured
by FLUC. These results suggest that the PAHG formulation could be
suitable for clinical studies and may represent an alternative
formulation for the topical treatment of CL.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-13.xml&id=17226041" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17226041</a>
<input name="id_17226041" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17226041" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">A S-adenosylmethionine synthetase gene from the pathogenic piscine hemoflagellate, Cryptobia salmositica.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Palmy R Jesudhasan, Patrick T K Woo<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.<br>
REFERENCE: Parasitol Res 2007 May 100(6):1401-6<br>
We report on the identification of a Cryptobia genomic DNA gene, predict
it to encode a S-adenosylmethionine synthetase signature 1 motif and
propose to name it S-adenosylmethionine synthetase (MAT). The open
reading frame of MAT is 1,046 bp with 341 deduced amino acids. The MAT
gene was identified using universal genome walking and Southern blot
analysis revealed it to be a multi-copy gene. The S-adenosylmethionine
synthetase of Cryptobia salmositica amino acid sequence is similar to
those of other pathogenic kinetoplastids (<b>Leishmania</b> donovani 71%,
<b>Leishmania</b> major 70%, <b>Leishmania</b> infantum 71%, Trypanosoma brucei 72%,
Trypanosoma cruzi 70% and T. cruzi strain CL Brener 70%). The C.
salmositica MAT has a conserved hexapeptide GAGDQG, which is widely
found in bacteria, parasitic protozoans and also in humans. These
suggest that MAT may have highly conserved functions such as regulation
of gene expression and biosynthesis of a multitude of essential
metabolites.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-13.xml&id=17310397" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17310397</a>
<input name="id_17310397" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17310397" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Characterization of
<b>Leishmania</b> isolates from Nepalese patients with visceral leishmaniasis.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Kishor Pandey, Testuo Yanagi, Basu Dev Pandey, Arun Kumar Mallik, Jeevan Bahadur Sherchand, Hiroji Kanbara<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Sakamoto 1-12-4, 852-8523, Nagasaki, Japan, <a href="mailto:pandey_kishor@hotmail.com" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
pandey_kishor@hotmail.com</a>.<br>
REFERENCE: Parasitol Res 2007 May 100(6):1361-9<br>
In Nepal, visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is endemic in 13 districts of the
central and eastern regions. A total of 166 bone-marrow aspirates were
obtained from patients with suspected VL. Ninety-seven were identified
as positive by microscopy, and 29 of those were successfully isolated
and cultured. We characterized these isolates by molecular analysis and
by their ability to infect mice. PCR-restriction fragment length
polymorphism analysis of the mini-exon and the cysteine proteinase b
gene showed that all isolates were <b>Leishmania</b> donovani, and the
restriction pattern of the Nepalese isolates corresponded to the
standard Indian strain of L. donovani but differed from that of the
Kenyan strain. The single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis of
ribosomal internal transcribed spacer showed no genetic heterogeneity
within Nepalese isolates. Intraperitoneal inoculation with the
promastigotes of all isolates resulted in amastigote proliferation in
the spleen of 20 nude mice, of which ten isolates were highly infective
, and ten were moderately infective, including one BALB/c mouse. Of the
20 amastigotes isolated from the spleen of nude mice, only the ten
highly infective isolates infected BALB/c mice, of which, two isolates
were considered to have low infectivity, three isolates were considered
to be moderately infective, and five isolates were considered to be
highly infective.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-13.xml&id=17276541" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17276541</a>
<input name="id_17276541" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17276541" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Liposomal amphotericin B in comparison to sodium stibogluconate for cutaneous infection due to
<b>Leishmania</b> braziliensis.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Michal Solomon, Sharon Baum, Aviv Barzilai, Alon Scope, Henry Trau, Eli Schwartz<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Dermatology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.<br>
REFERENCE: J Am Acad Dermatol 2007 Apr 56(4):612-6<br>
BACKGROUND: New World cutaneous leishmaniasis among Israeli travelers is
mostly acquired in the Amazon Basin of Bolivia where <b>Leishmania</b> viannia
(V.) braziliensis is endemic. Treatment with systemic pentavalent
antimonial compounds is effective in achieving clinical cure in only 75
% of cases. In this study, we assessed liposomal amphotericin B (
AmBisome) as an alternative treatment for cutaneous L (V.) braziliensis
infection. METHODS: A prospective evaluation was performed for cutaneous
leishmaniasis due to L (V.) braziliensis, proven by polymerase chain
reaction. A 3-mg/kg AmBisome dose was given for 5 consecutive days, and
a sixth dose on day 10, all in an outpatient setting. This therapy was
compared with a series of historical patients who were treated with
sodium stibogluconate (SSG). RESULTS: Seven consecutive patients, 5
males and 2 females, received AmBisome treatment. All were returned
travelers infected in Bolivia; their mean age was 23.1 years; 5 had
failed to respond to a full course of SSG; two had a primary lesion;
none had mucosal lesions. All achieved complete clinical cure within
less than 1 month. Mean follow-up of 12 months revealed no relapses.
Side effects were mild, and none had to terminate treatment prematurely
. Comparison of AmBisome to SSG treatment shows that the former is safer
, with fewer recurrence rates. Additionally, the expense of the total
care with AmBisome is less than with SSG: 45% less if SSG was given in
an inpatient setting; 15% less when SSG was given in an outpatient
setting. LIMITATIONS: This was a nonrandomized study, with relatively
few patients. CONCLUSION: AmBisome treatment for L (V.) braziliensis
appears to be effective, better tolerated, and to have more cost benefit
in countries where hospital-care costs are significant.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-13.xml&id=17321600" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17321600</a>
<input name="id_17321600" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17321600" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)"><b>Leishmania</b>
-specific isotype levels and their relationship with specific cell-mediated immunity parameters in canine leishmaniasis.</a><br>
AUTHORS: AlhelĂ RodrĂguez-CortĂ©s, Hugo Fernández-BellĂłn, Antonio Ramis, LluĂs Ferrer, Jordi Alberola, Laia Solano-Gallego<br>
AFFILIATION: Departament de Farmacologia, Terapèutica i Toxicologia, Facultat de Veterinà ria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.<br>
REFERENCE: Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2007 Apr 116(3-4):190-8<br>
In the current retrospective study, <b>Leishmania</b> infantum-specific IgG,
IgA and IgM levels were determined by ELISA in 106 untreated dogs with
clinically-patent leishmaniasis (Sx) and in 171 clinically healthy dogs
(Asx) from Spain to investigate the relationship between these Ig
isotypes and clinical status. In addition, we studied if different
<b>Leishmania</b>-specific humoral pattern exists between Asx dogs with and
without cellular mediated immunity (CMI). Fifty-six dogs were assessed
by means of lymphoproliferation assay (LPA), interferon production (IFN
) and leishmanin skin test (LST), 71 dogs by means of both LPA and IFN
and 44 only by LST. Both Sx and Asx dogs produced <b>Leishmania</b>-specific
IgG, IgA and IgM antibodies, however the levels and proportion of
positive dogs for each Ig isotype were significantly higher in Sx than
in Asx ones (P<0.001). Analysis of immunological profiles determined
for each cellular technique (positive and negative cellular response for
each technique combined with positive or negative specific humoral
response) showed that Asx dogs constituted a high heterogeneous group.
No correlations were observed between CMI tests and specific IgG or IgM
levels. However, a significant inverse correlation was demonstrated
between specific IgA levels and LPA response (Spearman's r=-0.220; P=0.
035). In general, the low correlation detected between CMI tests and
isotype levels might indicate that the immune response is not strongly
polarized in the majority of Asx dogs. Additionally, this study suggests
that dogs developing T-cell response are probably able to avoid the
dissemination of the parasite at least to mucosal surfaces and, as a
consequence, to produce low or background specific IgA levels. Further
studies are needed to investigate the relationship between specific IgA
and parasite load, especially at mucosal site.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-13.xml&id=17371268" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17371268</a>
<input name="id_17371268" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17371268" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Ornithine decarboxylase and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase in trypanosomatids.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: L Persson<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC F:13, S-221 84 Lund, Sweden.<br>
REFERENCE: Biochem Soc Trans 2007 Apr 35(Pt 2):314-7<br>
The production of polyamines has been shown to be an effective target
for a drug against the West African form of sleeping sickness caused by
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. T. brucei belongs to the group of
protozoan parasites classed as trypanosomatids. Parasitic species of
this group are the causative agents of various tropical diseases besides
African sleeping sickness, e.g. Chagas' disease (Trypanosoma cruzi),
cutaneous (Lesihmania spp.) and visceral (<b>Leishmania</b> donovani)
leishmaniasis. The metabolism of polyamines in the parasites is a
potential target for the development of new drugs for treatment of these
diseases. The key steps in polyamine synthesis are catalysed by ODC (
ornithine decarboxylase) and AdoMetDC (S-adenosylmethionine
decarboxylase). In the present paper, some of the available information
on ODC and AdoMetDC in trypanosomatids will be described and discussed.<br>
<br><br>
<map name="111957baf791c29d_boxmap-p6"><area shape="RECT" coords="1, 140, 83, 150" href="http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm/privacy-policy.html?o=1" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)"><area coords="0,0,10000,10000" href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/redirect-home/refscout-20" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
</map><img usemap="#111957baf791c29d_boxmap-p6" alt="Shop at Amazon.com" border="0" height="150" width="120"><br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-13.xml&id=17371458" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17371458</a>
<input name="id_17371458" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17371458" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">CCL2-independent role of CCR2 in immune responses against
<b>Leishmania</b> major.</a><br>
AUTHORS: M P Quinones, C A Estrada, F Jimenez, H Martinez, O Willmon, W A Kuziel, S K Ahuja, S S Ahuja<br>
AFFILIATION: South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Division, Veterans Administration Center for Research on AIDS and HIV-1 Infection, San Antonio, TX, USA.<br>
REFERENCE: Parasite Immunol 2007 Apr 29(4):211-7<br>
The chemokine CCL2 (MCP-1) and its receptor CCR2 modulate leucocyte
migration and T helper differentiation. CCL2 or CCR2 knockout (KO) mice
have divergent phenotypes following infection with the intracellular
parasite <b>Leishmania</b> major (L. major). Compared to wild-type (WT) mice,
intradermally infected CCR2 KO mice in the L. major-resistant C57BL/6j
background become susceptible and fail to generate protective Th1
responses. In contrast, subcutaneously infected CCL2 KO mice in the L.
major-susceptible BALB/c background are resistant and exhibit reduced
pathogenic Th2 responses. Here we explore two variables that may account
for this contrasting outcome, namely background strain and route of
infection. We found that the CCR2-null state, both in the BALB/c and the
C57BL/6j background, was associated with increased susceptibility to
intradermal or subcutaneous L. major infection. Notably, the CCL2-null
state did not change the ability of C57BL/6j mice to mount protective
responses following intradermal infection. Dual genetic inactivation of
CCR2 and CCL2 in the L. major-resistant C57BL/6j background resulted in
a shift to a susceptible phenotype analogous to that of CCR2 KO in the
C57BL/6j background. We concluded that CCL2-independent effects of CCR2
are indispensable for the control of L. major infection and the
generation of protective immune responses.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-13.xml&id=17373550" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17373550</a>
<input name="id_17373550" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17373550" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)"><b>Leishmania</b>
amazonensis trypanothione reductase: evaluation of the effect of glutathione analogs on parasite growth, infectivity and enzyme activity.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Denise Barçante Castro-Pinto, Edson L Silva Lima, Andrea S Cunha, Marcelo Genestra, Rosa Maria De Léo, Fabiane Monteiro, Leonor L Leon<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Immunology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.<br>
REFERENCE: J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2007 Feb 22(1):71-5<br>
Trypanothione reductase (TR) is a major enzyme in trypanosomatids. Its
substrate, trypanothione is a molecule containing a tripeptide (L-
glutamic acid-cysteine-glycine) coupled to a polyamine, spermidine. This
redox system (TR/Trypanothione) is vital for parasite survival within
the host cell and has been described as a good target for chemotherapy
anti-<b>Leishmania</b>. The use of tripeptides analogs of glutathione would
result in a decrease in trypanothione synthesis and as a consequence in
TR activity. In this work, besides the enzyme potential inhibition, it
also evaluated the influence of those analogs on parasite growth and on
its infective capacity. The results showed a significant effect on
parasite growth and infectivity and in addition TR activity was highly
inhibited. These results are very promising, suggesting a potential use
of those analogs as therapeutic drugs against experimental diseases
caused by trypanosomatids.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-13.xml&id=17374332" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17374332</a>
<input name="id_17374332" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17374332" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[<b>Leishmania</b>
braziliensis: report of a pediatric imported case with response to liposomal amphotericin B.]</a><br>
AUTHORS: L Campos-Muñoz, A Quesada-CortĂ©s, M A MartĂn-DĂaz, C Rubio-Flores, R De Lucas-Laguna<br>
AFFILIATION: Servicio de DermatologĂa. Hospital Universitario La Paz. Madrid. España. <a href="mailto:luciacampos78@yahoo.es" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">luciacampos78@yahoo.es
</a>.<br>
REFERENCE: Actas Dermosifiliogr 2007 Jan-Feb 98(1):42-4<br>
<b>Leishmania</b> braziliensis is the main etiologic agent of leishmaniasis in
South America. A 9-year-old boy consulted for the presence of round,
ulcerative lesions with raised borders that were painful and have
appeared after a travel to Bolivia and Brazil. The culture for parasites
showed leishmanias and the PCR was positive for L. braziliensis. The
patient underwent treatment with itraconazol but due to the persistence
of lesions he received liposomal amphotericin B with complete resolution
of the lesions. In all lesions by L. braziliensis the treatment must be
systemic due to the risk of mucosal dissemination. Liposomal
amphotericin B is a convenient alternative to pentavalent antimonials
given its efficacy and good tolerance.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-13.xml&id=17374336" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17374336</a>
<input name="id_17374336" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17374336" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[Cutaneous leishmaniasis in a Senegal patient.]
</a><br>
AUTHORS: B González-Llavona, G Biosca-Echenique, A Soto-DĂaz, M J Naranjo-DĂaz, B Espadafor-LĂłpez, V GarcĂa-Mellado<br>
AFFILIATION: SecciĂłn de DermatologĂa. Hospital Virgen de las Nieves. Granada. España. <a href="mailto:bgllavona@yahoo.com" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">bgllavona@yahoo.com</a>
.<br>
REFERENCE: Actas Dermosifiliogr 2007 Jan-Feb 98(1):54-8<br>
Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a group of diseases with vast clinical
polymorphism produced by protozoa of the genus <b>Leishmania</b>, that is
acquired through the bite of sandflies. It is an endemic zoonosis in
Spain, being the dog the main reservoir. In our country all forms of
leishmaniasis are due to <b>Leishmania</b> infantum species, that usually
produces mild lesions in uncovered areas, mainly in children. We report
an imported case of cutaneous leishmaniasis in a Senegal patient that
presented clinical characteristics unusually different from the typical
lesions produced by L. infantum that we are used to evaluate. The
lesions were multiple, large, very inflammatory and exudative; these
differences may be attributed to the type of endemic <b>leishmania</b> in
Senegal: L. major. Given the increase in immigrant population and
travels abroad, it is essential for the dermatologist to become familiar
with skin diseases of tropical areas that, in the near future, will be
more common in daily clinical practice.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-13.xml&id=17377345" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17377345</a>
<input name="id_17377345" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17377345" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">An insight into the
<b>Leishmania</b> RNA virus.</a><br>
AUTHORS: V Gupta, A Deep<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Microbiology, Pt. BD Sharma, PGIMS, Rohtak - 124 001, Haryana, India. <a href="mailto:drantarikshdeep@hotmail.com" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">drantarikshdeep@hotmail.com
</a>.<br>
REFERENCE: Indian J Med Microbiol 2007 Jan 25(1):7-9<br>
<b>Leishmania</b> RNA virus is an ancient virus that has coevolved with its
protozoan host. The purpose of this article is to convey current
understanding of <b>Leishmania</b> RNA virus as it has emerged over the past
decade. The potential of the virus to play a role in modulating parasite
virulence is also discussed.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-13.xml&id=17370676" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17370676</a>
<input name="id_17370676" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17370676" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Visceral leishmaniasis in Nepal during 1980-2006.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Durga Datt Joshi, Minu Sharma, Shrawan Bhandari<br>
AFFILIATION: National Zoonoses and Food Hygiene Research Centre Chagal, Jeevan Smriti Marg, Kathmandu, Nepal. <a href="mailto:ddjoshi@healthnet.org.np" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
ddjoshi@healthnet.org.np</a><br>
REFERENCE: J Commun Dis 2006 Mar 38(2):139-48<br>
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or Kala-azar is a potentially fatal vector-
borne zoonotic disease caused by a protozoan parasite, <b>Leishmania</b>
donovani. Nepal, together with India, Bangladesh, Brazil and Sudan
constitutes the five countries of the world where more than 90% of VL
occurs. In Nepal, the disease affects eastern Terai region which lies
adjacent to the Bihar state of India. Although leishmaniasis is regarded
as a significant health problem in Nepal by the Ministry of Health,
there is no active case detection programme in the country. Information
on the morbidity and mortality is thus very limited. The objectives of
this study were to determine the up-to-date morbidity and mortality
trend for VL in Nepal. Data collected from eight zonal hospitals in the
Terai region suggests that the first confirmed case of VL was recorded
in 1980. By 2003, the disease has spread to 14 districts of central and
eastern regions of Nepal, and nearly six million people residing in
these districts were at the risk of acquiring the disease. A total of
25890 cases with 599 deaths were reported during the year 1980-2006 (up
to July). The case fatality rate (CFR) varied from 0.23% to 13.2%.
District-wise analysis showed that, during 2003, highest incidence (per
100,000) was in Mahottari district (184), followed by Sarlahi (100) and
Sunsari (96). The highest CFR was in Dhanusha (2.9%) followed by Bara (2
.4%) and Saptari (2.0%). Majority (70.9%) of persons affected by VL were
aged 15 years and above, followed by 10-14 years (13.9%), 5-9 years (11
.9%) and 1-4 years (3.3%). The incidence of VL in Nepal seems to be
increasing at a faster rate indicating that the existing control
programs have been ineffective. To achieve success in control programs,
the existing ones should be amended as there is evolution of resistance
in the parasite as well as the vector. Public health education, to make
the people aware about preventive aspects of the disease is important.
The possibility of the existence of animal reservoirs should also be
considered and checked out for better control measures.<br>
<br><br>
********************************************************************************************************************<br>
The following references are revised files and are brought to you in accordance to license agreement with the NLM.<br>
********************************************************************************************************************<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-13.xml&id=16918075" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">16918075</a>
<input name="id_16918075" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16918075" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Antileishmanial activities and mechanisms of action of indole-based azoles.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Fabrice Pagniez, Hiam Abdala-Valencia, Pascal Marchand, Marc Le Borgne, Guillaume Le Baut, Sylvie Robert-Piessard, Patrice Le Pape<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Parasitology and Medical Mycology, BioCiT UPRES EA 1155, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nantes University, 1 rue Gaston Veil, 44035 Nantes cedex 01, France.<br>
REFERENCE: J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2006 Jun 21(3):277-83<br>
Two 3-(alpha-azolylbenzyl)indoles were evaluated against <b>Leishmania</b>
amastigotes. Both compounds proved to be very active against
intracellular and axenic amastigotes. The IC50 values of the imidazole
derivative, PM17, and the triazole analogue, PM19, against L. mexicana
axenic amastigotes, were 4.4 +/- 0.1 and 6.4 +/- 0.1 microM,
respectively. Against intracellular amastigotes, PM17 produced a 66%
decrease of leishmanial burden at 1 microM and PM19 had an IC50 of 1.3
microM. In a Balb/c mice model of L. major leishmaniasis, administration
of PM17 led to a clear-cut parasite burden reduction: 98.9% in the
spleen, 79.0% in the liver and 49.9% in the popliteal node draining the
cutaneous lesion. As anticipated, it was brought to the fore that PM17
decreases ergosterol biosynthesis leading to membrane fungal cell
alterations. Moreover it was proved that this imidazole antifungal agent
induces a parasite burden-correlated decrease in interleukine-4
production both in the splenocyte and the popliteal node of the mouse.<br>
<br><br>
<map name="111957baf791c29d_boxmap-p6"><area shape="RECT" coords="1, 140, 83, 150" href="http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm/privacy-policy.html?o=1" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)"><area coords="0,0,10000,10000" href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/redirect-home/refscout-20" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
</map><img usemap="#111957baf791c29d_boxmap-p6" alt="Shop at Amazon.com" border="0" height="150" width="120"><br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-13.xml&id=16918078" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">16918078</a>
<input name="id_16918078" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16918078" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Microtubule target for new antileishmanial drugs based on ethyl 3-haloacetamidobenzoates.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Abdala Hiam, David Sebastien, Bekesi George, Fellous Arlette, Jorge Kalil, Patrice Le Pape<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Parasitology and Mycologie médicale, BioCiT UPRES EA 1155, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nantes University, 1 rue Gaston Veil, 44035 Nantes, France.<br>
REFERENCE: J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2006 Jun 21(3):305-12<br>
A new family of antimicrotubule drugs named (3-haloacetamidobenzoyl)
ureas and ethyl 3-haloacetamidobenzoates were found to be cytotoxic to
the <b>Leishmania</b> parasite protozoa. While the benzoylureas were shown to
strongly inhibit in vitro mammalian brain microtubule assembly, the
ethyl ester derivatives were characterized as very poor inhibitors of
this process. Ethyl 3-chloroacetamidobenzoate, MF29, was found to be the
most efficient drug on the promastigote stage of three <b>Leishmania</b>
species (IC50: 0.3-1.8 microM). MF29 maintained its activity against the
clinical relevant intracellular stage of L. mexicana with IC50 value of
0.33 microM. It was the only compound that exhibits a high activity on
all the <b>Leishmania</b> species tested. This compound appeared to alter
parasite microtubule organisation as demonstrated by using antibodies
directed against microtubule components and more precisely the class of
microtubule decorated by the MAP2-like protein. It is interesting to
notice that this MAP2-like protein was identified for the first time in
a <b>Leishmania</b> parasite<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-13.xml&id=15895679" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">15895679</a>
<input name="id_15895679" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15895679" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Amidine derivatives and
<b>Leishmania</b> amazonensis: an evaluation of the effect of nitric oxide (NO) production on the parasite-macrophage interaction.</a><br>
AUTHORS: R M Temporal, L Cysne-Finkelstein, A Echevarria, A J Silva-Gonçalves, L L Leon, M S Genestra<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Immunology, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. <a href="mailto:temporal@ioc.fiocruz.br" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">temporal@ioc.fiocruz.br
</a><br>
REFERENCE: J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2005 Feb 20(1):13-8<br>
Previous work has demonstrated that N-N'-diphenyl-R-benzamidine was
highly effective against <b>Leishmania</b> amazonensis promastigotes/axenic
amastigotes and Trypanosoma evansi trypomastigotes and the compound with
a methoxy substituent, was the most effective derivative in the
parasite-macrophage interaction. Comparative analysis of the nitric
oxide (NO) released from the culture infection's supernatant showed the
amidine to be less effective than pentamidine Isethionate as a reference
drug. Additionally, in order to verify if the methoxylated derivative
interferes with NO production by L. amazonensis, the effect of the
amidine on the constitutive nitric oxide synthase (cNOS) purified from
parasites, was examined, but demonstrated less activity in comparison
with the reference drug. This data contributes to studies concerning the
metabolic targets present in <b>Leishmania</b> parasites for leishmanicidal
drugs.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-13.xml&id=15662948" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">15662948</a>
<input name="id_15662948" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15662948" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Synthesis and antileishmanial activity of 3-imidazolylalkylindoles. Part I.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Young Min Na, Nicolas Lebouvier, Marc Le Borgne, Fabrice Pagniez, Nidia Alvarez, Patrice Le Pape, Guillaume Le Baut<br>
AFFILIATION: Yang Ji Chemical Co Ltd, Ansan, 425-110 Kyoungki-do, South Korea.<br>
REFERENCE: J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2004 Dec 19(6):451-7<br>
The present study was designed to investigate conazoles as new
antileishmanial agents. Several 3-imidazolylalkyl-indoles were prepared
under mild reaction conditions and pharmacomodulation at N1 and C5 of
the indole ring and at the level of the alkyl chain (R) was carried out
starting from the corresponding 3-formylindoles 7-10. All target
imidazolyl compounds 38-52 were evaluated in vitro against <b>Leishmania</b>
mexicana promastigotes; ketoconazole, amphotericin B and meglumine
antimoniate were used as references. Eight out of fifteen compounds (40,
43,44,47,48, 50, 51 and 52) exerted similar activity to ketoconazole,
with IC50 values in the range of 2.10-3.30 microg/mL. However the most
potent compound, 1-(2-bromobenzyl)-3-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1H-indole
(38), exhibited IC50 value (0.011+/-0.003 microg/mL) 270-fold lower
than that of ketoconazole. Four compounds (38, 43, 50 and 52) were also
tested against intracellular amastigotes of L. mexicana; compound 38
exhibited the highest activity with an IC50 value of 0.018+/-0.004
microg/mL.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-13.xml&id=15648659" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">15648659</a>
<input name="id_15648659" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15648659" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">An effective diaryl derivative against
<b>Leishmania</b> amazonensis and its influence on the parasite X macrophage interaction.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Luciana V Alves, LĂ©a Cysne-Finkelstein, Rosane M Temporal, Marcelo S Genestra, Leonor L Leon<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Immunology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.<br>
REFERENCE: J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2004 Oct 19(5):437-9<br>
The activity of several diarylheptanoid derivatives (curcuminoids) was
previously evaluated against <b>Leishmania</b> amazonensis promastigotes and
among them the most active compound was 5-hydroxy-7- (4-hydroxy-3-
methoxyphenyl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,4,6-heptatrien-3-one. This study
was carried out to investigate the influence of this diaryl derivative
on the infective promastigotes and Balb/c mice peritoneal macrophage
interaction. The potential in vitro toxicity was also evaluated.
Promastigotes pretreated for 24 hours with the compound had their
infective capacity significantly decreased. When the infection of Balb/c
macrophage by L. amazonensis promastigotes was already installed,
addition of the drug resulted in a diminishing of the infection rate. It
was demonstrated that the compound was not toxic to the host macrophage
in a concentration equivalent to the LD50/24h from the previous in
vitro experiment.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-13.xml&id=15202494" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">15202494</a>
<input name="id_15202494" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15202494" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Trypanothione reductase activity is prominent in metacyclic promastigotes and axenic amastigotes of
<b>Leishmania</b> amazonesis. Evaluation of its potential as a therapeutic target.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Denise B Castro-Pinto, Aurea Echevarria, Marcelo S Genestra, LĂ©a Cysne-Finkelstein, Leonor L Leon<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Immunology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil, 4365-Manguinhos CEP 21042-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.<br>
REFERENCE: J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2004 Feb 19(1):57-63<br>
The activity of trypanothione reductase in <b>Leishmania</b> amazonensis was
evaluated and it was demonstrated that TR is expressed in the soluble
fractions of infective promastigotes and amastigotes, while non-
infective promastigotes expressed the enzyme at basal levels. This data
allows an association of enzyme activity and the infective capacity of
the parasite. We have also previously demonstrated that amidine
compounds (N, N'-diphenyl-4-methoxy-benzamidine and pentamidine) were
active against this parasite. Here, experiments concerning the effect of
these compounds on TR activity, showed that both compounds
significantly inhibited the enzyme. However, against glutathione
reductase, only pentamidine showed a significant inhibitory action,
suggesting an association with the toxic effects of this drug used in
the clinic for the treatment of leishmaniasis.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-13.xml&id=14692512" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">14692512</a>
<input name="id_14692512" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14692512" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Effect of L-arginine analogs and a calcium chelator on nitric oxide (NO) production by
<b>Leishmania</b> sp.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Marcelo Genestra, LĂ©a Cysne-Finkelstein, Damiana Guedes-Silva, Leonor L Leon<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Immunology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. <a href="mailto:genestra@ioc.fiocruz.br" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
genestra@ioc.fiocruz.br</a><br>
REFERENCE: J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2003 Oct 18(5):445-52<br>
<b>Leishmania</b> amazonensis, L. braziliensis and L. chagasi promastigotes
were grown in the presence of L-arginine analogs such as Nomega-nitro-L-
arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), NG-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) and D-
arginine (an inactive L-arginine isomer), besides an intracellular
calcium chelator [ethylene glycol-bis (beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-
tetra acetic acid; EGTA] to verify the importance of L-arginine
metabolism and the cofactors for these parasites. The parasite's growth
curve was followed up and the culture supernatants were used to assay
nitric oxide (NO) production by the Griess reaction. The results showed
a significant effect of L-arginine analogs on NO production by all
<b>Leishmania</b> species studied, especially L-NAME, an irreversible inhibitor
of the constitutive nitric oxide synthase (cNOS). When L. amazonensis
promastigotes were pre-incubated with L-NAME, the infection range of the
murine macrophages was lowered to 61% in 24 h and 19% after 48 h. These
data demonstrated that the parasite NO pathway is important to the
establishment of the infection.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-13.xml&id=12683682" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">12683682</a>
<input name="id_12683682" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12683682" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Inhibition of parasite protein kinase C by new antileishmanial imidazolidin-2-one compounds.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Nidia Alvarez, Sara Robledo, Ivan Dario Velez, Jean Michel Robert, Guillaume Le Baut, Patrice Le Pape<br>
AFFILIATION: Unité de Parasitologie UPRES EA 1155, Faculté de Pharmacie de Nantes, France.<br>
REFERENCE: J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2002 Dec 17(6):443-7<br>
The protein kinase C (PKC) family of isoenzymes mediate a wide range of
signal transduction pathways in many different cells lines. Little is
known regarding the presence and functional roles of PKC in <b>Leishmania</b>
spp. Here we report the inhibition of parasite PKC by new
imidazolidinone compounds. The most active derivative 7 showed an
important activity (IC50 = 9.9 microM) against the clinical relevant
stage of parasites in comparison with Glucantime (IC50 = 464.5 microM),
without inducing toxicity on human fibroblast cells (IC50 = 102 microM
). Pretreatment of intact parasites with 10 microM of compound 7
inhibited 80% of PKC activity. At the same concentration, this compound
inhibited 70% of the parasite-host cell invasion process. An in vivo
model showed that compound 7 reduced the liver parasite burden by 25%
and spleen parasite burden by 44%. These results provide the first
evidence that PKC plays a critical role in the invasion process. Thus
<b>Leishmania</b> PKC activity could be a relevant therapeutic target and the
imidazolidinones novel antileishmanial candidates.<br>
<br><br>
<map name="111957baf791c29d_boxmap-p6"><area shape="RECT" coords="1, 140, 83, 150" href="http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm/privacy-policy.html?o=1" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)"><area coords="0,0,10000,10000" href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/redirect-home/refscout-20" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
</map><img usemap="#111957baf791c29d_boxmap-p6" alt="Shop at Amazon.com" border="0" height="150" width="120"><br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-13.xml&id=12683669" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">12683669</a>
<input name="id_12683669" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12683669" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Synthesis and antileishmanial activity of 3-(alpha-azolylbenzyl)indoles.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Pascal Marchand, Marc Le Borgne, Young Min Na, Fabrice Pagniez, Hiam Abdala, Guillaume Le Baut, Patrice Le Pape<br>
AFFILIATION: Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, UPRES EA 1155, Faculté de Pharmacie, 1 rue Gaston Veil, F-44035 Nantes, France.<br>
REFERENCE: J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2002 Dec 17(6):353-8<br>
The goal of the present study was to evaluate several azolyl-substituted
indoles as new antileishmanial agents. Ten 3-(alpha-azolylbenzyl)
indoles have been synthesized using Friedel-Crafts acylation as a key-
step. All the target compounds were found to display high levels of
activity when tested against <b>Leishmania</b> mexicana promastigotes in vitro
. The most active compounds, showing an IC50 < 1 microM, were 5-bromo
-1-ethyl-3-[(2,4-dichlorophenyl)(1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl]-1H-indole 15
and its triazole analogue 17. Four representative compounds 15, 17, 22
and, 23 were also tested against intracellular amastigotes of L.
mexicana using ketoconazole and meglumine antimoniate as reference
compounds, the results of which are discussed.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-13.xml&id=12683746" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">12683746</a>
<input name="id_12683746" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12683746" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Synthesis and testing of 5-benzyl-2,4-diaminopyrimidines as potential inhibitors of leishmanial and trypanosomal dihydrofolate reductase.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Shafinaz F Chowdhury, Ramon Hurtado Guerrero, Reto Brun, Luis M Ruiz-Perez, Dolores Gonzalez Pacanowska, Ian H Gilbert<br>
AFFILIATION: Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3XF, UK.<br>
REFERENCE: J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2002 Oct 17(5):293-302<br>
Dihydrofolate reductase is a drug target that has not been thoroughly
investigated in <b>leishmania</b> and trypanosomes. Work has previously shown
that 5-benzyl-2,4-diaminopyrimidines are selective inhibitors of the
leishmanial and trypanosome enzymes. Modelling predicted that alkyl/aryl
substitution on the 6-position of the pyrimidine ring should increase
enzyme activity of 5-benzyl-2,4-diaminopyrimidines as inhibitors of
leishmanial and trypanosomal dihydrofolate reductase. Various compounds
were prepared and evaluated against both the recombinant enzymes and the
intact organisms. The presence of a substituent had a small or negative
effect on activity against the enzyme or intact parasites compared to
unsubstituted compounds.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-13.xml&id=10918039" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">10918039</a>
<input name="id_10918039" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10918039" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Inhibitory and lytic effects of phenothiazine derivatives and related tricyclic neuroleptic compounds, on Entamoeba histolytica HK9 and HM1 trophozoites.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: R N Ondarza, E Hernández, A Iturbe, G Hurtado<br>
AFFILIATION: Center of Research on Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mor., Mexico, 62508. <a href="mailto:ondarza@servidor.unam.mx" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
ondarza@servidor.unam.mx</a><br>
REFERENCE: Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2000 Aug 32 ( Pt 1)():61-7<br>
It has been shown previously that tricyclic neuroleptics like
clomipramine and chlorpromazine have lethal effects on <b>Leishmania</b>
donovani and L. major, and other studies indicate that the phenothiazine
inhibitors of trypanothione reductase are potential anti-trypanosomal
and anti-leishmanial drugs. With this in mind and our original
observation on the presence of trypanothione in Entamoeba histolytica
HK9, we examined the possible inhibitory effects of various
phenothiazine and tricyclic derivatives on this human parasite. We found
that drugs like clomipramine (KD002), the most potent in vitro
inhibitor of trypanothione reductase among 30 tricyclic compounds tested
, at 25 microM after 24 h of culture under aerobic conditions, caused a
substantial decrease in the number of E. histolytica HK9 trophozoites,
from approx. 15 x 10(6) to 5.37 x 10(6) cells, and at 100 microM to 0.8
x 10(6) cells. A substantial inhibitory effect on cell proliferation
could also be demonstrated with metronidazol (used clinically against
amoebiasis). Under similar experimental conditions other tricyclic and
phenothiazine derivatives (OFKs), designed originally to inhibit the
trypanothione reductase of trypanosomatides, had an inhibitory effect of
16 to 95%. For comparison, similar results were obtained using
clomipramine and a phenothiazine derivative (OFK006) with Trypanosoma
cruzi and Crithidia luciliae, except that with the latter the inhibitory
effect of clomipramine was less dramatic. Experiments comparing two E.
histolytica strains showed that normal cell proliferation under
anaerobiosis was higher in strain HK9 than in HM1, which is highly
virulent, but that metronidazol and clomipramine were less effective
against HM1. Two other drugs tested, diphenydramine (KD005) and a
phenothiazine derivative (OFK008), also had significant but lower
inhibitory effects on both strains. The inhibitory activity on cell
proliferation and the lytic effects on this human parasite by the
tricyclic compounds clomipramine, chlorpromazine and others, as well as
by the phenothiazine derivatives, indicate that they can be considered
potential anti-amoebic agents.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-13.xml&id=1654929" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">1654929</a>
<input name="id_1654929" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=1654929" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">The amino aldehydes produced by spermine and spermidine oxidation with maize polyamine oxidase have anti-leishmanial effect.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: A Cona, R Federico, M Gramiccia, S Orsini, L Gradoni<br>
AFFILIATION: Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, UniversitĂ La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.<br>
REFERENCE: Biotechnol Appl Biochem 1991 Aug 14(1):54-9<br>
Purified maize polyamine oxidase bound to hydroxylapatite was utilized
as an enzymatic reactor to produce oxidized spermidine and spermine. The
oxidation products showed a consistent inhibitory activity on
<b>Leishmania</b> infantum in mice. 1,3-diaminopropane showed a much lower
activity. Moreover chemically prepared 4-aminobutyraldehyde had a
similar ED50 to that of oxidized spermidine. It is concluded that among
the compounds arising from polyamine oxidation those with the greatest
anti-leishmanial effect are 4-aminobutyraldehyde and 1-(3-aminopropyl)-4
-aminobutyraldehyde.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-13.xml&id=2288708" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">2288708</a>
<input name="id_2288708" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=2288708" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Enhanced intracellular delivery of methotrexate by a receptor-mediated process.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: A Mukhopadhyay, S K Basu<br>
AFFILIATION: Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India.<br>
REFERENCE: Biotechnol Appl Biochem 1990 Oct 12(5):529-36<br>
In the present investigation we have described a method of enhancing the
uptake of methotrexate by macrophages. This enhanced uptake was
mediated by endocytosis through the "scavenger receptor"
system which recognized maleylated bovine serum albumin. Experimental
evidence showed that macrophages internalized methotrexate coupled to
maleylated bovine serum albumin through a saturable process at 37
degrees C leading to an eightfold higher concentration of cell-
associated methotrexate compared to the free drug. Following uptake, the
drug conjugate was degraded in the lysosomes leading to intracellular
release of a pharmacologically active form of methotrexate. When
administered to macrophages infected with <b>Leishmania</b> mexicana
amazonensis, the drug conjugate could eliminate the intracellular
amastigotes more efficiently than the free drug. The leishmanicidal
effect of the drug conjugate was inhibited in the presence of excess
maleylated bovine serum albumin and lysosomal inhibitors such as
chloroquine and monensin. Addition of folinic acid to the medium also
prevented the elimination of the amastigotes by the drug conjugate.
These results suggested that the scavenger receptor-mediated endocytosis
of the drug conjugate led to enhanced transport and intracellular
release of a pharmacologically active form of methotrexate resulting in
more efficient killing of the amastigotes compared to the free drug.
This modality of delivering drugs selectively to macrophages might have
utility in the chemotherapy of macrophage-associated disorders in
general.<br>
<br><br>
REQUEST: [ sand fly NOT culicoides ]<br>
(0 articles match this request)<br><br>
REQUEST: [ sandfly NOT culicoides ]<br>
(2 articles match this request)<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-13.xml&id=17373955" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17373955</a>
<input name="id_17373955" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17373955" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Faunistic study of sandflies in Greece.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: V Ivović, M Patakakis, Y Tselentis, B Chaniotis<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Medical Parasitology, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro.<br>
REFERENCE: Med Vet Entomol 2007 Mar 21(1):121-4<br>
A faunistic study of phlebotomine sandflies was carried out on the
mainland and on four islands in Greece between 1999 and 2004. Sandflies
were collected in 18 areas, and the population structure was observed
and recorded. A total of 10 species were identified; their distribution
is presented here. Of these, the species Phlebotomus neglectus Tonnoir
and P. perfiliewi Parrot (Diptera: Psychodidae), epidemiologically the
most important vectors of leishmaniases and <b>sandfly</b> fever in Greece,
were shown to be present in the main endemic foci of the country.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-13.xml&id=17378219" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17378219</a>
<input name="id_17378219" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17378219" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Socio-environmental factors and
<b>sandfly</b> prevalence in Delft Island, Sri Lanka: implications for leishmaniasis vector control.</a><br>
AUTHORS: S N Surendran, A Kajatheepan, R Ramasamy<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Jaffna, Jaffna, Sri Lanka. <a href="mailto:noble@jfn.ac.lk" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">noble@jfn.ac.lk</a>
<br>
REFERENCE: J Vector Borne Dis 2007 Mar 44(1):65-8<br>
<br><br>
<map name="111957baf791c29d_boxmap-p6"><area shape="RECT" coords="1, 140, 83, 150" href="http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm/privacy-policy.html?o=1" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)"><area coords="0,0,10000,10000" href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/redirect-home/refscout-20" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
</map><img usemap="#111957baf791c29d_boxmap-p6" alt="Shop at Amazon.com" border="0" height="150" width="120"><br><br>
<input name="listExport" value="Export Selected" type="submit">
</form><br><br>
You receive this email because you requested <span id="st" name="st" class="st">RefScout</span>®'s literature update.
If you would like to change or add requests, please go to your user
<a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/user.pl?ACTION=showUser" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">profile</a>.<br>
If you can't read our newsletter, please resend newsletter back to us to
<a href="mailto:info@refscout.com" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">info@<span id="st" name="st" class="st">refscout</span>.com</a>, including information
about your operating system and mail client software you use, and we will do our
best to solve the problem.<br>
If you would like to be removed from <span id="st" name="st" class="st">RefScout</span>®'s literature service, please press the
<a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/user.pl?ACTION=deleteUser" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">remove button</a>.
<br><br>
<a href="http://refscout.com/disclaim.html" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">DISCLAIMER</a><br><br>