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Subject: Articles found by RefScout for your requests<br><br></span>
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This is <span id="st" name="st" class="st">RefScout</span>-Newsletter 11/2007.<br><br>
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REQUEST: [ leishmania ]<br>
(70 articles match this request. 2 articles matching other requests removed)<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=17306614" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17306614</a>
<input name="id_17306614" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17306614" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Leishmanicidal activity of a supercritical fluid fraction obtained from Tabernaemontana catharinensis.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Deivid Costa Soares, Camila G Pereira, Maria Angela A Meireles, Elvira Maria Saraiva<br>
AFFILIATION: Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590, Brazil.<br>
REFERENCE: Parasitol Int 2007 Jun 56(2):135-9<br>
The branches and leaves of Tabernaemontana catharinensis were extracted
with supercritical fluid using a mixture of CO(2) plus ethanol (SFE),
and the indole alkaloid enriched fraction (AF3) was selected for anti-
<b>Leishmania</b> activity studies. We found that AF3 exhibits a potent effect
against intracellular amastigotes of <b>Leishmania</b> amazonensis, a causative
agent of New World cutaneous leishmaniasis. AF3 inhibits <b>Leishmania</b>
survival in a dose-dependent manner, and reached 88% inhibition of
amastigote growth at 100 mug/mL. The anti-parasite effect was
independent of nitric oxide (NO), since AF3 was able to inhibit NO
production induced by IFN-gamma plus LPS. In addition, AF3 inhibited TGF
-beta production, which could have facilitated AF3-mediated parasite
killing. The AF3 fraction obtained from SFE was nontoxic for host
macrophages, as assessed by plasma membrane integrity and mitochondrial
activity. We conclude that SFE is an efficient method for obtaining
bioactive indole alkaloids from plant extracts. Importantly, this method
preserved the alkaloid properties associated with inhibition of
<b>Leishmania</b> growth in macrophages without toxicity to host cells.<br>
<br><br>
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PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=17270289" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17270289</a>
<input name="id_17270289" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17270289" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Characterization of a Trypanosoma cruzi acetyltransferase: cellular location, activity and structure.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Stephen Ochaya, Patricia Respuela, Maria Simonsson, Abhiman Saraswathi, Carole Branche, Jennifer Lee, Jacqueline Búa, Daniel Nilsson, Lena Aslund, Esteban J Bontempi, Björn Andersson<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Berzelius väg 35, Stockholm 17177, Sweden.<br>
REFERENCE: Mol Biochem Parasitol 2007 Apr 152(2):123-31<br>
Trypanosomatids are widespread parasites that cause three major tropical
diseases. In trypanosomatids, as in most other organisms, acetylation
is a common protein modification that is important in multiple, diverse
processes. This paper describes a new member of the Trypanosoma cruzi
acetyltransferase family. The gene is single copy and orthologs are also
present in the other two sequenced trypanosomatids, Trypanosoma brucei
and <b>Leishmania</b> major. This protein (TcAT-1) has the essential motifs
present in members of the GCN5-related acetyltransferase (GNAT) family,
as well as an additional motif also found in some enzymes from plant and
animal species. The protein is evolutionarily more closely related to
this group of enzymes than to histone acetyltransferases. The native
protein has a cytosolic cellular location and is present in all three
life-cycle stages of the parasite. The recombinant protein was shown to
have autoacetylation enzymatic activity.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=17292489" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17292489</a>
<input name="id_17292489" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17292489" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Proteomics and electron microscopic characterization of the unusual mitochondrial ribosome-related 45S complex in
<b>Leishmania</b> tarentolae.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Dmitri A Maslov, Linda L Spremulli, Manjuli R Sharma, Kalpana Bhargava, Domenick Grasso, Arnold M Falick, Rajendra K Agrawal, Carol E Parker, Larry Simpson<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.<br>
REFERENCE: Mol Biochem Parasitol 2007 Apr 152(2):203-12<br>
A novel type of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex has been described from
the kinetoplast-mitochondria of <b>Leishmania</b> tarentolae. The complex,
termed the 45S SSU*, contains the 9S small subunit rRNA but does not
contain the 12S large subunit rRNA. This complex is the most stable and
abundant mitochondrial RNP complex present in <b>Leishmania</b>. As shown by
tandem mass spectrometry, the complex contains at least 39 polypeptides
with a combined molecular mass of almost 2.1MDa. These components
include several homologs of small subunit ribosomal proteins (S5, S6, S8
, S9, S11, S15, S16, S17, S18, MRPS29); however, most of the
polypeptides present are unique. Only a few of them show recognizable
motifs, such as protein-protein (coiled-coil, Rhodanese) or protein-RNA
(pentatricopeptide repeat) interaction domains. A cryo-electron
microscopy examination of the 45S SSU* fraction reveals that 27% of
particles represent SSU homodimers arranged in a head-to-tail
orientation, while the majority of particles are clearly different and
show an asymmetric bilobed morphology. Multiple classes of two-
dimensional averages were derived for the asymmetrical particles,
probably reflecting random orientations of the particles and
difficulties in correlating these views with the known projections of
ribosomal complexes. One class of the two-dimensional averages shows a
SSU moiety attached to a protein mass or masses in a monosome-like
appearance. The combined mass spectrometry and electron microscopy data
thus indicate that the majority 45S SSU* particles represents a
heterodimeric complex in which the SSU of the <b>Leishmania</b> mitochondrial
ribosome is associated with an additional protein mass. The biological
role of these particles is not known.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=16996561" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">16996561</a>
<input name="id_16996561" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16996561" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">The Ugi reaction in the generation of new nucleosides as potential antiviral and antileishmanial agents.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Xuesen Fan, Xinying Zhang, Christian Bories, Philippe M Loiseau, Paul F Torrence<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-5698, USA.<br>
REFERENCE: Bioorg Chem 2007 Apr 35(2):121-36<br>
5-Formyl-2'-deoxyuridine-3',5'-diacetate was converted to a small
library of 5-substituted pyrimidine nucleoside N-acylamino acid amides
by means of a Ugi multicomponent reaction. The reaction allowed
introduction of various substituents at the acyl moiety, at the amino
acid alpha-amide group, and at the amino acid carboxyl function.
Evaluation of these novel 5-substituted nucleosides against vaccinia
virus and cowpox virus provided one compound with discernable activity
against cowpox virus but five- to eightfold less active than the
Cidofovir standard. More promising activity was seen for the inhibition
of <b>Leishmania</b> donovani promastigotes. Several synthetic products showed
antileishmanial activity in the 10(-5)M range. When compared to earlier
studies demonstrating anti-orthopoxviral and antileishmanial activity of
5-substituted pyrimidine nucleosides, these results imply that the 5-(N
-acylamino acid amide)-derivatized pyrimidine nucleosides may possess
more steric bulk, greater hydrophobicity, and more flexibility than is
compatible with these particular biological activities.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=17220466" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17220466</a>
<input name="id_17220466" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17220466" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">De novo sphingolipid synthesis is essential for viability, but not for transport of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins, in african trypanosomes.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Shaheen S Sutterwala, Caleb H Creswell, Sumana Sanyal, Anant K Menon, James D Bangs<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison Medical School, 1300 University Ave., Madison, WI 53706. <a href="mailto:jdbangs@wisc.edu" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
jdbangs@wisc.edu</a>.<br>
REFERENCE: Eukaryot Cell 2007 Mar 6(3):454-64<br>
De novo sphingolipid synthesis is required for the exit of
glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored membrane proteins from the
endoplasmic reticulum in yeast. Using a pharmacological approach, we
test the generality of this phenomenon by analyzing the transport of GPI
-anchored cargo in widely divergent eukaryotic systems represented by
African trypanosomes and HeLa cells. Myriocin, which blocks the first
step of sphingolipid synthesis (serine + palmitate --> 3-
ketodihydrosphingosine), inhibited the growth of cultured bloodstream
parasites, and growth was rescued with exogenous 3-
ketodihydrosphingosine. Myriocin also blocked metabolic incorporation of
[(3)H]serine into base-resistant sphingolipids. Biochemical analyses
indicate that the radiolabeled lipids are not sphingomyelin or inositol
phosphorylceramide, suggesting that bloodstream trypanosomes synthesize
novel sphingolipids. Inhibition of de novo sphingolipid synthesis with
myriocin had no adverse effect on either general secretory trafficking
or GPI-dependent trafficking in trypanosomes, and similar results were
obtained with HeLa cells. A mild effect on endocytosis was seen for
bloodstream trypanosomes after prolonged incubation with myriocin. These
results indicate that de novo synthesis of sphingolipids is not a
general requirement for secretory trafficking in eukaryotic cells.
However, in contrast to the closely related kinetoplastid <b>Leishmania</b>
major, de novo sphingolipid synthesis is essential for the viability of
bloodstream-stage African trypanosomes.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=17189491" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17189491</a>
<input name="id_17189491" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17189491" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Genome-Wide Analysis of C/D and H/ACA-Like Small Nucleolar RNAs in
<b>Leishmania</b> major Indicates Conservation among Trypanosomatids in the Repertoire and in Their rRNA Targets.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Xue-Hai Liang, Avraham Hury, Ehud Hoze, Shai Uliel, Inna Myslyuk, Avihay Apatoff, Ron Unger, Shulamit Michaeli<br>
AFFILIATION: The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel. <a href="mailto:michaes@mail.biu.ac.il" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
michaes@mail.biu.ac.il</a>.<br>
REFERENCE: Eukaryot Cell 2007 Mar 6(3):361-77<br>
Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are a large group of noncoding RNAs that
exist in eukaryotes and archaea and guide modifications such as 2'-O-
ribose methylations and pseudouridylation on rRNAs and snRNAs. Recently
, we described a genome-wide screening approach with Trypanosoma brucei
that revealed over 90 guide RNAs. In this study, we extended this
approach to analyze the repertoire of the closely related human pathogen
<b>Leishmania</b> major. We describe 23 clusters that encode 62 C/Ds that can
potentially guide 79 methylations and 37 H/ACA-like RNAs that can
potentially guide 30 pseudouridylation reactions. Like T. brucei,
<b>Leishmania</b> also contains many modifications and guide RNAs relative to
its genome size. This study describes 10 H/ACAs and 14 C/Ds that were
not found in T. brucei. Mapping of 2'-O-methylations in rRNA regions
rich in modifications suggests the existence of trypanosomatid-specific
modifications conserved in T. brucei and <b>Leishmania</b>. Structural features
of C/D snoRNAs, such as copy number, conservation of boxes, K turns,
and intragenic and extragenic base pairing, were examined to elucidate
the great variation in snoRNA abundance. This study highlights the power
of comparative genomics for determining conserved features of noncoding
RNAs.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=17343786" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17343786</a>
<input name="id_17343786" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17343786" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[Construction and expression of recombinant eucaryotic expression plasmid of amastin gene of
<b>Leishmania</b> Donovani.]</a><br>
AUTHORS: Jin-Fu Li, Jian-Ping Chen, Zhi-Wei Yang, Yu Tian, Ying Ma, Xiao-Su Hu<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Parasitology, School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.<br>
REFERENCE: Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi 2007 Mar 23(3):217-9<br>
AIM: To construct recombinant eukaryotic expression plasmid of amastin
gene of <b>Leishmania</b> Donovani and detect expression of the gene in NIH3T3
cells. METHODS: Amastin gene was amplified from nuclear DNA of
<b>Leishmania</b> Donovani isolates and cloned into an eukaryotic expression
vector pcDNA3.1(+). The recombinant plasmid was named pcDNA3.1-amastin.
NIH3T3 cell was transfected by pcDNA3.1-amastin. Transient and stable
expression of amastin gene were detected by immunofluoresence and RT-PCR
. RESULTS: It was found that there was high green fluorescence on the
cell membrane and inside the cell. It showed that NIH3T3 cell was
transfected by pcDNA3.1-amastin successfully. CONCLUSION: A recombinant
eukaryotic expression plasmid of amastin gene of <b>Leishmania</b> Donovani was
successfully constructed, and can be expressed stably in the NIH3T3
cells.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=17266176" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17266176</a>
<input name="id_17266176" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17266176" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">CD83 is a regulator of murine B cell function in vivo.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Minka Breloer, Birte Kretschmer, Katja Lüthje, Svenja Ehrlich, Uwe Ritter, Thomas Bickert, Christiane Steeg, Simon Fillatreau, Kai Hoehlig, Vassiliki Lampropoulou, Bernhard Fleischer<br>
AFFILIATION: Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.<br>
REFERENCE: Eur J Immunol 2007 Mar 37(3):634-48<br>
The transmembrane glycoprotein CD83 has been described as a specific
maturation marker for dendritic cells and several lines of evidence
suggest that CD83 regulates thymic T cell maturation as well as
peripheral T cell activation. Here we show for the first time that CD83
is involved also in the regulation of B cell function. CD83 is up-
regulated on activated B cells in vivo, specifically in the draining
lymph nodes of <b>Leishmania</b> major-infected mice. The ubiquitous transgenic
(Tg) expression of CD83 interferes with <b>Leishmania</b>-specific T cell-
dependent and with T cell-independent antibody production. This defect
is restricted to the B cell population since the antigen-specific T cell
response of CD83Tg mice to L. major infection is unchanged. The
defective immunoglobulin (Ig) response is due to Tg expression of CD83
on the B cells because wild-type B cells display normal antigen-specific
responses in CD83Tg hosts and CD83Tg B cells do not respond to
immunization in a mixed wild-type/CD83Tg bone marrow chimera. Finally,
the treatment of non-Tg C57BL/6 mice with anti-CD83 mAb induces a
dramatic increase in the antigen-specific IgG response to immunization,
thus demonstrating a regulatory role for naturally induced CD83 on wild-
type B cells.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=17348849" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17348849</a>
<input name="id_17348849" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17348849" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Antileishmanial and antimalarial chalcones: synthesis, efficacy and cytotoxicity of pyridinyl and naphthalenyl analogs.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: C E Gutteridge, J V Vo, C B Tillett, J A Vigilante, J R Dettmer, S L Patterson, K A Werbovetz, J Capers, D A Nichols, A K Bhattacharjee, L Gerena<br>
AFFILIATION: 572M Holloway Road, Mailstop 9B, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD 21402, USA. <a href="mailto:gutterid@usna.edu" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">gutterid@usna.edu
</a>.<br>
REFERENCE: Med Chem 2007 Mar 3(2):115-9<br>
The antileishmanial and antimalarial activity of methoxy-substituted
chalcones (1,3-diphenyl-2-propen-1-ones) is well established. The few
analogs prepared to date where the 3-phenyl group is replaced by either
a pyridine or naphthalene suggest these modifications are potency
enhancing. To explore this hypothesis, sixteen 3-naphthalenyl-1-phenyl-2
-prop-1-enones and ten 1-phenyl-3-pyridinyl-2-prop-1-enones were
synthesized and their in vitro efficacies against <b>Leishmania</b> donovani
and Plasmodium falciparum determined. One inhibitor with submicromolar
efficacy against L. donovani was identified (IC(50) = 0.95 microM),
along with three other potent compounds (IC(50) < 5 microM), all of
which were 3-pyridin-2-yl derivatives. No inhibitors with submicromolar
efficacy against P. falciparum were identified, though several potent
compounds were found (IC(50) < 5 microM). The cytotoxicity of the
five most active L. donovani inhibitors was assessed. At best the IC(50
) against a primary kidney cell line was around two-fold higher than
against L. donovani. Being more active than pentamidine, the 1-phenyl-3-
pyridin-2-yl-2-propen-1-ones have potential for further development
against leishmaniasis; however it will be essential in such a program to
address not only efficacy but also their potential for toxicity.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=17295358" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17295358</a>
<input name="id_17295358" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17295358" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Proteomic approach for identification and characterization of novel immunostimulatory proteins from soluble antigens of
<b>Leishmania</b> donovani promastigotes.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Shraddha Kumari Gupta, Brijesh Singh Sisodia, Sudhir Sinha, Krishnan Hajela, Sita Naik, Ajit Kumar Shasany, Anuradha Dube<br>
AFFILIATION: Division of Parasitology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.<br>
REFERENCE: Proteomics 2007 Mar 7(5):816-23<br>
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by <b>Leishmania</b> donovani is a major
parasitic disease prevalent in endemic regions of Bihar in India. In the
absence of good chemotherapeutic options, there is a need to develop an
effective vaccine against VL which should be dependent on the
generation of a T helper type 1 (Th1) immune response. We have shown
that soluble proteins from promastigote of a new clinical isolate of L.
donovani (2001) ranging from 68 to 97.4 kDa (F2 fraction), induce Th1
responses in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of cured <b>Leishmania</b>
patients and hamsters and also showed significant prophylactic potential
. To understand the nature of F2 proteins, it was further characterized
using 2-DE, MALDI-TOF and MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. In all, 63 spots were cut
from a CBB stained gel for analysis and data was retrieved for 52 spots
. A total of 33 proteins were identified including six hypothetical/
unknown proteins. Major immunostimulatory proteins were identified as
elongation factor-2, p45, heat shock protein (HSP)70, HSP83, aldolase,
enolase, triosephosphate isomerase, protein disulfideisomerase and
calreticulin. This study substantiates the usefulness of proteomics in
characterizing a complex protein fraction (F2) map of soluble L.
donovani promastigote antigen identified as Th1 stimulatory for its
potential as vaccine targets against VL.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=17257847" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17257847</a>
<input name="id_17257847" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17257847" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Intracellular <b>
Leishmania</b>: your iron or mine?</a><br>
AUTHORS: Jean-François Marquis, Philippe Gros<br>
AFFILIATION: Centre for the Study of Host Resistance, Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, H3G 1Y6, Canada.<br>
REFERENCE: Trends Microbiol 2007 Mar 15(3):93-5<br>
Iron is a co-factor for several essential enzymes and biochemical
pathways, including those required for replication of pathogens such as
<b>Leishmania</b> in macrophages. Iron acquisition is emerging as a key
battleground in which the iron import systems of microbes are pitted
against the iron withdrawal and sequestration systems of macrophages,
with both competing for iron at the interface of host-pathogen
interaction. The recent characterization of a ferrous iron transport
system (LIT1) in <b>Leishmania</b> amazonensis that is induced intracellularly
and is required for survival in macrophages and for virulence in vivo
provides an elegant example of the adaptation of protozoa to the iron-
poor phagosomal environment.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=17141456" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17141456</a>
<input name="id_17141456" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17141456" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Consistence of miniexon polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism and single-copy gene sequence analyses in discriminating
<b>Leishmania</b> genotypes.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Mehmet S Serin, Kayoko Waki, Kwang-Poo Chang, Gonul Aslan, Sahin Direkel, Feza Otag, Begum Kayar, Fatih Koksal, Gurol Emekdas<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mersin University, 33343 Yenisehir, Mersin, Turkey.<br>
REFERENCE: Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2007 Mar 57(3):295-9<br>
Recently, a new polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment
length polymorphism (RFLP)-based assay had been developed using the
miniexon sequences for genotyping <b>Leishmania</b> isolates. We had used this
method for rapid diagnosis and genotyping of visceral and cutaneous
leishmaniasis with the combination of microcapillary cultivation. In
this study, we have evaluated this approach by examining genomic DNAs
from 47 independent isolates, which were grouped into 19 genotypes of
<b>Leishmania</b> subgenus complexes by sequence polymorphism of single-copy
genes. Results obtained provide miniexon RFLP configurations specific to
<b>Leishmania</b> enriettii, <b>Leishmania</b> tarentolae, and <b>Leishmania</b> gerbilli
for the first time. Altogether, 92% of the results from miniexon PCR-
RFLP are in agreement with those based on the sequence database of
single-copy genes from the same isolates. The miniexon PCR-RFLP method
is simple, sensitive, and specific method useful for routine diagnosis
of different <b>Leishmania</b>.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=17317260" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17317260</a>
<input name="id_17317260" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17317260" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Protective immunity and delayed type hypersensitivity reaction are uncoupled in experimental
<b>Leishmania</b> major infection of CCR6-negative mice.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Anja Lechner, Uwe Ritter, Rosa Varona, Gabriel Marquez, Christian Bogdan, Heinrich Körner<br>
AFFILIATION: Nachwuchsgruppe 1 des Interdisziplinären Zentrums für Klinische Forschung am Nikolaus Fiebiger Zentrum der Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Lehrstuhl für Immunologie, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
<br>
REFERENCE: Microbes Infect 2007 Mar 9(3):291-9<br>
The chemokine receptor CCR6 is expressed on naïve B cells, dendritic
cell and T-cell subpopulations and is involved in cell navigation during
organogenesis and recruitment in response to inflammatory stimuli. Gene
-deficient C57BL/6 CCR6(-/-) mice infected with the protozoan parasite
<b>Leishmania</b> (L.) major were able to mount a protective immune response
and survived the infection. Whereas macrophage production of nitric
oxide (NO), the key leishmanicidal effector molecule during the immune
response to L. major, did not require CCR6, the migration of CD4(+) T
cells to the site of infection was reduced in CCR6(-/-) mice.
Furthermore, the induction of a T-cell-dependent delayed-type-
hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction was defective in CCR6(-/-) mice, whereas
resistance to re-infection was maintained in the absence of CCR6. We
conclude that CCR6 contributes to the recruitment of T cells to the site
of infection, but is largely dispensable for the control of L. major
parasites during primary or secondary infection.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=17307010" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17307010</a>
<input name="id_17307010" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17307010" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT) reveals genetically isolated populations between and within the main endemic regions of visceral leishmaniasis.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Katrin Kuhls, Lyvia Keilonat, Sebastian Ochsenreither, Matthias Schaar, Carola Schweynoch, Wolfgang Presber, Gabriele Schönian<br>
AFFILIATION: Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene (Parasitology), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Dorotheenstr. 96, 10117 Berlin, Germany.<br>
REFERENCE: Microbes Infect 2007 Mar 9(3):334-43<br>
Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE) is the gold standard for
taxonomy and strain typing of <b>Leishmania</b>, but has some limitations. An
alternative reliable and fast genotyping method for addressing
population genetic and key epidemiological questions, is multilocus
microsatellite typing (MLMT). MLMT using 15 markers was applied to 91
strains of L. donovani, L. archibaldi, L. infantum and L. chagasi from
major endemic regions of visceral leishmaniasis. Population structures
were inferred by combination of Bayesian model-based and distance-based
approaches. Six main genetically distinct populations were identified: (
1) L. infantum/L. chagasi MON-1 and (2) L. infantum/L. chagasi non-MON-1
, both Mediterranean region/South America; (3) L. donovani (MON-18), L.
archibaldi (MON-82), L. infantum (MON-30, 81) and (4) L. donovani (MON-
31, 274), L. archibaldi (MON-82, 257, 258), L. infantum (MON-267), both
Sudan/Ethiopia; (5) L. donovani MON-2, India; (6) L. donovani (MON-36,
37, 38), Kenya and India. Substructures according to place and time of
strain isolation were detected. The VL populations seem to be
predominantly clonal with a high level of inbreeding. Allelic diversity
was highest in the Mediterranean region, intermediate in Africa and
lowest in India. MLMT provides a powerful tool for global taxonomic,
population genetic and epidemiological studies of the L.donovani complex.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=17307009" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17307009</a>
<input name="id_17307009" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17307009" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">A lipophosphoglycan-independent development of
<b>Leishmania</b> in permissive sand flies.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Jitka Myskova, Milena Svobodova, Stephen M Beverley, Petr Volf<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague 2, Czech Republic.<br>
REFERENCE: Microbes Infect 2007 Mar 9(3):317-24<br>
Leishmaniases are serious parasitic diseases the etiological organisms
of which are transmitted by insect vectors, phlebotominae sand flies.
Two sand fly species, Phlebotomus papatasi and P. sergenti, display
remarkable specificity for <b>Leishmania</b> parasites they transmit in nature
, but many others are broadly permissive to the development of different
<b>Leishmania</b> species. Previous studies have suggested that in 'specific'
vectors the successful parasite development is mediated by parasite
surface glycoconjugates and sand fly lectins, however we show here that
interactions involving 'permissive' sand flies utilize another molecules
. We did find that the abundant surface glycoconjugate lipophosphoglycan
, essential for attachment of <b>Leishmania</b> major in the specific vector P
. papatasi, was not required for parasite adherence or survival in the
permissive vectors P. arabicus and Lutzomyia longipalpis. Attachment in
several permissive sand fly species instead correlated with the presence
of midgut glycoproteins bearing terminal N-acetyl-galactosamine and
with the occurrence of a lectin-like activity on <b>Leishmania</b> surface.
This new binding modality has important implications for parasite
transmission and evolution. It may contribute to the successful
spreading of <b>Leishmania</b> due to their adaptation into new vectors, namely
transmission of L. infantum by Lutzomyia longipalpis; this event led to
the establishment of L. infantum/chagasi in Latin America.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=17270138" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17270138</a>
<input name="id_17270138" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17270138" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Bionomics of phlebotomine sandflies at a peacekeeping duty site in the north of Sinai, Egypt.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Hanafi A Hanafi, David J Fryauff, Govind B Modi, Moustafa O Ibrahim, Andrew J Main<br>
AFFILIATION: Research Sciences Directorate, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit Number Three,code 305 PSC 452, Box 5000, FPO, AE 09835-0007, USA.<br>
REFERENCE: Acta Trop 2007 Feb 101(2):106-14<br>
A longitudinal entomological survey for sandflies was conducted from
1989 to 1991 at a focus of enzootic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Northeast
Sinai, Egypt, within the border region monitored by multinational
peacekeepers. Standardized sampling with CDC light traps, oiled paper &
quot;sticky traps", and human landing collection was employed to
determine monthly trends in species composition, density, sex ratio, and
reproductive status of vector sandflies. Each collection method
independently defined sandfly seasonality as the period May-November in
1990, and March-October in 1991. Plebotomus papatasi was the only
anthropophagic species found and comprised more than 94% of the sandfly
population. Two population peaks (May, July) were observed for this
species in both survey years. Density of P. papatasi in underground
bunkers was higher than outside but inflated by a greater proportion of
male flies. During 1990, the proportion of gravid P. papatasi increased
progressively during the 5 months period from May to September and
averaged 29.5% and 29.7% for interior and exterior collections,
respectively. Density of P. papatasi was greater during 1991, but
proportions of gravid flies were significantly lower in each survey
month and averaged 14.9% and 12.3% for interior and exterior collections
, respectively. Seasonal rates of <b>Leishmania</b>-infected P. papatasi
averaged 0.8% and 0.9% in 1989 and 1990, but fell to zero in 1991,
suggesting an unstable focus of <b>Leishmania</b> major transmission.
Proportions of gravid flies may be a valid indicator of the
physiological age and epidemiologic importance of the vector sandfly
population at this focus. The strong correlation of sticky trap indices
to human-landing/biting rates shows that this is an accurate,
inexpensive, and no-risk alternative to human bait collections.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=17146466" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17146466</a>
<input name="id_17146466" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17146466" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Balancing immunity and pathology in visceral leishmaniasis.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Amanda C Stanley, Christian R Engwerda<br>
AFFILIATION: 1Immunology & Infection Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Queensland, Australia.<br>
REFERENCE: Immunol Cell Biol 2007 Feb 85(2):138-47<br>
Experimental visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by infection with
<b>Leishmania</b> donovani results in the development of organ-specific
immunity in the two main target tissues of infection, the spleen and the
liver. The liver is the site of an acute resolving infection associated
with the development of inflammatory granulomas around infected Kupffer
cells, and resistance to reinfection. Paradoxically, the spleen is an
initial site for the generation of cell-mediated immune responses, but
ultimately becomes a site of parasite persistence with associated
immunopathological changes. These include splenomegaly and a breakdown
in tissue architecture that is postulated to contribute to the
immunocompromized status of the host. The progressive development of
splenic pathology is largely associated with high levels of TNF and
interleukin (IL)-10. Follicular dendritic cell (DC) networks are lost,
whereas TNF mediates the destruction of marginal zone macrophages and
gp38(+) stromal cells, and IL-10 promotes impaired DC migration into T-
cell areas with consequent ineffective T-cell priming. Splenic stromal
cell function is also altered, promoting the selective development of IL
-10-producing DC with immunoregulatory properties. Ultimately, a fine
immunological balance determines responses that effectively promote
parasite clearance in the liver and those that promote pathology in the
spleen, and future investigation aims to separate these responses to
offer further means of parasite control in chronically infected VL
patients.Immunology and Cell Biology (2007) 85, 138-147. doi:10.1038/sj.
icb.7100011; published online 5 December 2006.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=17350500" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17350500</a>
<input name="id_17350500" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17350500" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Cutaneous leishmaniasis.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Mark S Bailey, Diana N J Lockwood<br>
AFFILIATION: Army Medical Directorate, Camberley GU15 4NP, UK; Clinical Research Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.<br>
REFERENCE: Clin Dermatol 2007 Mar-Apr 25(2):203-11<br>
Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a widespread tropical infection caused by
numerous different species of <b>Leishmania</b> protozoa that are transmitted
by sandflies. Its clinical presentations are extremely diverse and
dependent on a variety of parasite and host factors that are poorly
understood. Diagnosis should aim to identify the exact species involved
, but this requires laboratory investigations that are not widely
available. No single ideal treatment has been identified, and those
available are limited by variable success rates and toxicity. Clinical
guidelines are needed to make better use of the investigations and
treatments that do exist. Prevention is currently limited to bite
prevention measures.<br>
<br><br>
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</map><img usemap="#1114d76a26fd3c8a_boxmap-p6" alt="Shop at Amazon.com" border="0" height="150" width="120"><br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=17237459" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17237459</a>
<input name="id_17237459" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17237459" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Serosurvey for CPV-2, distemper virus, ehrlichiosis and leishmaniosis in free-ranging dogs in Italy.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: R Corrain, A Di Francesco, M Bolognini, P Ciucci, R Baldelli, V Guberti<br>
AFFILIATION: Istituto Nazionale Fauna Selvatica-Ozzano E., Bologna, Italy.<br>
REFERENCE: Vet Rec 2007 Jan 160(3):91-2<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=17344788" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17344788</a>
<input name="id_17344788" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17344788" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Alteration of serum copper in Kala-azar patients during SAG therapy.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: M Banerjee, M Rahman, A K Shamuzzaman, S Akhter, K Deb<br>
AFFILIATION: Dr Minati Banerjee, Assistant Professor (cc), Department of Biochemistry, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh.<br>
REFERENCE: Mymensingh Med J 2007 Jan 16(1):89-93<br>
We conducted an analytic case-control study in Kala-azar patients during
Sodium Antimony Gluconate (SAG) therapy to assess the changes in serum
copper. A total of 89 subjects were included in the study. Diagnosed
patients of Kala-azar with parasitological evidence of <b>Leishmania</b>
Donovani (LD) bodies in bone marrow, were selected as cases (n=54). They
were selected from Medicine and Paediatric wards of Mymensingh Medical
College Hospital, Mymensingh and nearby Fulbaria upazila of Mymensingh
district. Physically healthy volunteers of similar age, sex and body
mass index (BMI) as cases, were included in control group (n=35). The
study period was from July 2003 to June 2004. SAG was given
intramuscularly (20 mg/kg/day) to Kala-azar patients for 30 days. Blood
samples were collected from controls, Kala-azar cases before therapy and
same cases during 15-20 days of SAG therapy. Serum copper was higher in
cases before therapy than those of controls (p<0.001). However,
serum copper reduced significantly (p<0.001) during SAG therapy. So
biochemical monitoring may be considered in the management of the
disease.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=17316450" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17316450</a>
<input name="id_17316450" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17316450" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Resistance of <b>
Leishmania</b> (<b>Leishmania</b>) amazonensis and <b>Leishmania</b> (Viannia) braziliensis to nitric oxide correlates with disease severity in Tegumentary Leishmaniasis.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Angela Giudice, Ilza Camada, Paulo Tg Leopoldo, Júlia Mb Pereira, Lee W Riley, Mary E Wilson, John L Ho, Amelia Ribeiro de Jesus, Edgar M Carvalho, Roque P Almeida<br>
AFFILIATION: Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Prof, Edgard Santos, Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia (iii), Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. <a href="mailto:agiudice@ufba.br" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
agiudice@ufba.br</a>.<br>
REFERENCE: BMC Infect Dis 2007 7():7<br>
ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Nitric oxide (NO*) plays a pivotal role as a
leishmanicidal agent in mouse macrophages. NO* resistant Escherichia
coli and Mycobacterium tuberculosis have been associated with a severe
outcome of these diseases. METHODS: In this study we evaluated the in
vitro toxicity of nitric oxide for the promastigote stages of <b>Leishmania</b>
(Viannia) braziliensis and <b>Leishmania</b> (<b>Leishmania</b>) amazonensis
parasites, and the infectivity of the amastigote stage for human
macrophages. Parasites were isolated from patients with cutaneous,
mucosal or disseminated leishmaniasis, and NO* resistance was correlated
with clinical presentation. RESULTS: Seventeen isolates of L. (L.)
amazonensis or L. (V.) braziliensis promastigotes were killed by up to 8
mM of more of NaNO2 (pH 5.0) and therefore were defined as nitric oxide
-susceptible. In contrast, eleven isolates that survived exposure to 16
mM NaNO2 were defined as nitric oxide-resistant. Patients infected with
nitric oxide-resistant <b>Leishmania</b> had significantly larger lesions than
patients infected with nitric oxide-susceptible isolates. Furthermore,
nitric oxide-resistant L. (L.) amazonensis and L. (V.) braziliensis
multiplied significantly better in human macrophages than nitric oxide-
susceptible isolates. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that nitric oxide-
resistance of <b>Leishmania</b> isolates confers a survival benefit for the
parasites inside the macrophage, and possibly exacerbates the clinical
course of human leishmaniasis.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=17319943" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17319943</a>
<input name="id_17319943" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17319943" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Origins of amino acid transporter loci in trypanosomatid parasites.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Andrew P Jackson<br>
AFFILIATION: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK. <a href="mailto:aj4@sanger.ac.uk" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
aj4@sanger.ac.uk</a>.<br>
REFERENCE: BMC Evol Biol 2007 7():26<br>
ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Large amino acid transporter gene families were
identified from the genome sequences of three parasitic protists,
Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi and <b>Leishmania</b> major. These genes
encode molecular sensors of the external host environment for
trypanosomatid cells and are crucial to modulation of gene expression as
the parasite passes through different life stages. This study provides
a comprehensive phylogenetic account of the origins of these genes,
redefining each locus according to a positional criterion, through the
integration of phyletic identity with comparative gene order information
. RESULTS: Each locus was individually specified by its surrounding gene
order and associated with homologs showing the same position ('
homoeologs') in other species, where available. Bayesian and maximum
likelihood phylogenies were in general agreement on systematic
relationships and confirmed several 'orthology sets' of genes retained
since divergence from the common ancestor. Reconciliation analysis
quantified the scale of duplication and gene loss, as well as
identifying further apparent orthology sets, which lacked conservation
of genomic position. These instances suggested substantial genomic
restructuring or transposition. Other analyses identified clear
instances of evolutionary rate changes post-duplication, the effects of
concerted evolution within tandem gene arrays and gene conversion events
between syntenic loci. CONCLUSION: Despite their importance to cell
function and parasite development, the repertoires of AAT loci in
trypanosomatid parasites are relatively fluid in both complement and
gene dosage. Some loci are ubiquitous and, after an ancient origin
through transposition, originated through descent from the ancestral
trypanosomatid. However, reconciliation analysis demonstrated that
unilateral expansions of gene number through tandem gene duplication,
transposition of gene duplicates to otherwise well conserved genomic
positions, and differential patterns of gene loss have produced largely
customised and idiosyncratic AAT repertoires in all three species. Not
least in T. brucei, which seems to have retained fewer ancestral loci
and has acquired novel loci through a complex mix of tandem and
transpositive duplication.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=17168678" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17168678</a>
<input name="id_17168678" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17168678" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">A new library of C-16 modified artemisinin analogs and evaluation of their anti-parasitic activities.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Rani B Menon, Muraleedharan M Kannoth, Babu L Tekwani, Jiri Gut, Phillip J Rosenthal, Mitchell A Avery<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677-1848, USA.<br>
REFERENCE: Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2006 Dec 9(10):729-41<br>
A library of C-16 modified artemisinin analogs was prepared and their
antimalarial as well as antileishmanial activities were evaluated.
Synthesis of these compounds involved the conversion of artemisinin to
its phenol derivatives 7 and 12, and subsequent parallel derivatization
by introducing new chemical groups through ester, carbamate, sulfate,
phosphate and isourea linkages. Comparison of in vitro antimalarial
activities showed that C9-beta artemisinin analogs (8a-f) are more
potent than the corresponding C9-alpha diastereomers (9a-f); however,
their antileishmanial activities were in the same range. Many of the 10-
deoxoartemisinin analogs studied here showed promising antiparasitic
activities. For example, compounds 13a-e are approximately three times
more active against drug resistant W2 strain of P. falciparum, compared
to artemisinin (IC(50), approximately 0.2 - 0.6 nM; cf. artemisinin = 1.
6 nM). Further, a number of compounds in this series were notably
leishmanicidal, with activities comparable to or better than pentamidine
(e.g., 13g and 13j). Detailed in vivo studies involving these active
compounds are underway to identify lead candidates for further
development.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=17333810" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17333810</a>
<input name="id_17333810" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17333810" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Hexadecyl-phosphorylcholine ointment for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis: an animal trial.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: J Iqbal, I Bukhari, M Jamshid, S Bashir, M Masoom Yasinzai, M Anwar<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Pharmacy, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan. <a href="mailto:drjaveidiqbal@hotmail.com" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">drjaveidiqbal@hotmail.com
</a><br>
REFERENCE: East Mediterr Health J 2006 Sep 12(5):685-9<br>
A placebo-controlled trial compared 6% hexadecyl-phosphorylcholine (HePC
) and 12% benzethonium chloride ointment with placebo ointment for
treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Cutaneous lesions were
experimentally induced by inoculation with <b>leishmania</b> promastigotes in
60 golden hamsters. Forty (40) animals were treated with drug and 20
with placebo ointment applied twice daily for 15 days. After treatment,
all lesions were significantly reduced in size in the treatment group
compared with the placebo ointment. No parasites were detected in smears
from 35/40 of the drug-treated lesions and no relapses occurred over
120 days of observation.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=17348738" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17348738</a>
<input name="id_17348738" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17348738" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Situational analysis of leishmaniases research in kenya.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Willy Kiprotich Tonui<br>
AFFILIATION: Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya.<br>
REFERENCE: Afr J Health Sci 2006 13(1-2):7-21<br>
<b>Leishmania</b> spp are protozoan parasites of the Trypanosomatidae family
that cause disease in humans and animals. In general, infections with
these parasites can be divided into three main forms namely, cutaneous,
mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniases. The disease is prevalent in
many tropical and subtropical regions of the world, where it is
transmitted via the bite of an infected sand fly. Leishmaniasis has been
known to be endemic in parts of Kenya from as far back as early in the
20th century. These endemic areas include Turkana, Baringo, Kitui,
Machakos, Meru, West Pokot and Elgeyo Marakwet districts which have been
reported to be endemic for kala-azar. Recent outbreaks of VL have been
reported in the previously non-endemic districts of Wajir and Mandera in
North Eastern Kenya between May 2000 and August 2001. The vector for VL
in Kenya is Phlebotomus martini though other vectors including P.
orientalis have been reported. Baringo district is the only foci
reported where both VL and CL are known to occur in Kenya. The
aetiological agents for CL which include L. majo r which has been
reported in Baringo; L. tropica in Laikipia, Samburu, Isiolo, Nakuru and
Nyandarua districts while L. aethiopica has been reported in the Mt
Elgon area. In Kenya, P. duboscqi, P. guggisbergi have been shown to be
the vectors of L. major and L. tropica, respectively, while P. pediffer
, P. longipes and P. elgonensis have been implicated as vectors of L.
aethiopica. Since 1980, the Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) has
spearheaded research on leishmaniases research in Kenya focusing on
various aspects including characterization of <b>Leishmania</b> species,
biology, and ecology of sand fly vectors, development of biological
strategies for sand fly control, identification of animal reservoirs,
diagnosis, new treatment strategies, new chemotherapeutic agents, and
vaccine-related studies. KEMRI, a founding partner of the Drugs for
Neglected Disease Initiative (DNDi), whose overall aim is to address
lack of new or improved drugs for neglected diseases (which include
leishmaniases, malaria, trypanosomiasis and chagas disease) has made
major contributions in leishmaniases research and control in Kenya and
the eastern Africa region.<br>
<br><br>
********************************************************************************************************************<br>
The following references are revised files and are brought to you in accordance to license agreement with the NLM.<br>
********************************************************************************************************************<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=16797076" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">16797076</a>
<input name="id_16797076" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16797076" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Laryngeal leishmaniasis in Malta.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: C Fsadni, P Fsadni, T Piscopo, C Mallia Azzopardi<br>
AFFILIATION: Infectious Diseases Unit (STZ), St. Luke's Hospital, Gwardamangia, Malta. <a href="mailto:claudia_7@excite.com" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">claudia_7@excite.com
</a><br>
REFERENCE: J Infect 2007 Feb 54(2):e61-3<br>
The localization of <b>Leishmania</b> spp. in the larynx is rare especially
when not associated with immunosuppression or with visceral or cutaneous
leishmaniasis. We present a case of isolated laryngeal leishmaniasis,
the first of its kind documented in Malta and infrequently reported from
the Mediterranean basin.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=11967375" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">11967375</a>
<input name="id_11967375" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11967375" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Stability and interactions of the amino-terminal domain of ClpB from Escherichia coli.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Vekalet Tek, Michal Zolkiewski<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Biochemistry, 104 Willard Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.<br>
REFERENCE: Protein Sci 2002 May 11(5):1192-8<br>
ClpB is a member of a multichaperone system in Escherichia coli (with
DnaK, DnaJ, and GrpE) that reactivates aggregated proteins. The sequence
of ClpB contains two ATP-binding regions that are enclosed between the
N- and C-terminal extensions. Whereas it has been found that the N-
terminal region of ClpB is essential for the chaperone activity, the
structure of this region is not known, and its biochemical properties
have not been studied. We expressed and purified the N-terminal fragment
of ClpB (residues 1-147). Circular dichroism of the isolated N-terminal
region showed a high content of alpha-helical structure. Differential
scanning calorimetry showed that the N-terminal region of ClpB is
thermodynamically stable and contains a single folding domain. The N-
terminal domain is monomeric, as determined by gel-filtration
chromatography, and the elution profile of the N-terminal domain does
not change in the presence of the N-terminally truncated ClpB (
ClpBDeltaN). This indicates that the N-terminal domain does not form
strong contacts with ClpBDeltaN. Consistently, addition of the separated
N-terminal domain does not reverse an inhibition of ATPase activity of
ClpBDeltaN in the presence of casein. As shown by ELISA measurements,
full-length ClpB and ClpBDeltaN bind protein substrates (casein,
inactivated luciferase) with similar affinity. We also found that the
isolated N-terminal domain of ClpB interacts with heat-inactivated
luciferase. Taken together, our results indicate that the N-terminal
fragment of ClpB forms a distinct domain that is not strongly associated
with the ClpB core and is not required for ClpB interactions with other
proteins, but may be involved in recognition of protein substrates.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=11256306" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">11256306</a>
<input name="id_11256306" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11256306" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[Leishmaniasis diagnosis: role of a simple medium for the culture of
<b>Leishmania</b>]</a><br>
AUTHORS: F Bachi, Z Harrat, S Bendali-Braham, B Hamrioui, I Guisani, M Belkaid<br>
AFFILIATION: Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie-Institut Pasteur d'Algérie.<br>
REFERENCE: Arch Inst Pasteur Alger 1998 62():165-9<br>
Leishmaniasis, Zoonoses or Anthroponoses, according to the focus, know
an extension through the world and Algeria counts unfortunately more
among countries who where touched. Parallelement to this extension the
eco-epidemiology of leishmaniasis knex some important modifications and
that. We can't surround theme if we don't dispose of a simple culture
medium permeting the shoot of all species to <b>leishmania</b>.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=11256308" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">11256308</a>
<input name="id_11256308" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11256308" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[Validation of DNA tools in the identification of
<b>Leishmania</b> sp. parasites in Algeria]</a><br>
AUTHORS: N Seridi, I Guizani, Z Harrat, S Bendali, R Ben Ismail, C Zidane, M Belkaid<br>
AFFILIATION: Service de Parasitologie-Institut Pasteur d'Algérie.<br>
REFERENCE: Arch Inst Pasteur Alger 1998 62():180-90<br>
The present study aimed at homogenizing the use of DNA tools for
<b>Leishmania</b> parasite characterization in two endemic countries, Algeria
and Tunisia. Two genomic DNA probes, pDK10 and pDK20, previously
developped in Tunisia, were here applied to a collection of 41 isolates
obtained from Algerian patients having cutaneous or visceral
leishmaniases. These DNA tools allowed to discriminate among and to
identify causal agents of cutaneous leishmaniasis, L. infantum and L.
major. Apart from the pDK20--hybridization pattern obtained usually for
the species L. infantum, new hybridization patterns were identified for
isolates obtained from both visceral and cutaneous leishmaniases
patients. Use of DNA probes in complement to isoenzyme typing offers
interesting propects for a better description of transmission cycles.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=8975214" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">8975214</a>
<input name="id_8975214" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8975214" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[The host-opportunistic protozoa system. The outcome of a
<b>Leishmania</b> infantum infection in white rat pups naturally resistant to <b>Leishmania</b> infection]</a><br>
AUTHORS: A Ia Lysenko, F P Kovalenko, M V Lavdovskaia<br>
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1996 Jan-Feb 30(1):84-8<br>
It was found out, that non-lineal young white rats have a natural
resistance to the <b>leishmania</b> infection, but it could be overcome with
the mean of immunosuppression caused by the corticosteroid of prolonged
action Tricort-40. The <b>leishmania</b> infection caused by immunosuppression
is successfully eliminated by the animal organism soon after the
stopping of immunosuppressant action, that could be considered as the
restitution of the natural resistance.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=7824287" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">7824287</a>
<input name="id_7824287" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=7824287" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[The host-opportunistic protozoa system. The dissemination of Pneumocystis infection in white rats under the influence of drug-induced and biological immunosuppression]
</a><br>
AUTHORS: A Ia Lysenko, M V Lavdovskaia, F P Kovalenko, Iu V Chernov, M V Strelkova<br>
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1994 May-Jun 28(3):230-5<br>
The main purpose of the present study is the investigation of
relationships of Pneumocystis carinii with the organism of white rat
Wistar, which is natural carrier of this parasite. The series of
experiments has shown that the immunosuppressor Tricort-40 (
corticosteroid of prolonged activity) in a short time reactivates the
Pneumocystis infection. The parasites have been observed in a great
number in the lungs and rarely in the liver. The reactivation and
dissemination of the Pneumocystis infection have been achieved
constantly and with great expression by the combined immunosuppression
of rats, by the medicamentous immunosuppression (injection of T-40) and
biological one (infection with amastigotes <b>Leishmania</b> infantum). The
developing mixed-infection (with pneumocysts and <b>leishmania</b>) could be
the basis for the parasitocenological relationships.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=7816511" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">7816511</a>
<input name="id_7816511" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=7816511" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[The host-opportunistic protozoa system. The dissemination of
<b>Leishmania</b> infantum infection in naturally susceptible laboratory animals subjected to drug-induced immunosuppression]</a><br>
AUTHORS: F P Kovalenko, A Ia Lysenko, M V Lavdovskaia<br>
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1994 Jul-Aug 28(4):293-7<br>
The possibility to awake the disseminated infection of <b>Leishmania</b>
infantum in golden hamsters Mesocricetus auratus, hispid cotton rats
Sigmodon hispidus, soft furred rats Mastomys natalensis by means of
different immunodepressants has been examined. On the background of the
immunosuppression caused by corticosteroids of short time activity (
metipred, hydrocortison) leishmaniae were revealed both in the target
organs (spleen, liver, marrow) and in lungs, in cases of using the
corticosteroid of prolonged activity (tricort-40) leishmaniae were
observed also in lungs, kidneys, testis.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=7700686" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">7700686</a>
<input name="id_7700686" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=7700686" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[The host-opportunistic protozoon system. The manifestation of
<b>Leishmania</b> infantum infection in naturally resistant adult white rats subjected to drug immunosuppression]</a><br>
AUTHORS: M V Lavdovskaia, F P Kovalenko, A Ia Lysenko, Iu V Chernov<br>
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1994 Sep-Oct 28(5):416-9<br>
The attempt to overcome the natural resistance of white rats Wistar to
<b>Leishmania</b> infantum infection was made by the mean of the
immunodepressant Tricort-40, the corticosteroid of prolonged activity.
In the series of experiments with the mercy scheme of immunosuppression
the inoculation of the amastigotes L. infantum taken out of the donors,
the golden hamsters Mesocricetus auratus, caused the progressive
infection with intensive affection on target organs (the spleen, liver,
bone marrow). The stem of L. infantum been passed through the
immunosuppressed rats has preserved its pathogenicity to the golden
hamsters.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=8321558" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">8321558</a>
<input name="id_8321558" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8321558" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[The virulence and cytochemical properties of
<b>Leishmania</b> major during long-term cultivation]</a><br>
AUTHORS: R M Nasyrova, V D Kallinikova, S Kh Vafakulov, F Sh Nasyrov<br>
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1993 May-Jun 27(3):233-41<br>
It has been shown that morphogenesis of <b>Leishmania</b> major in each culture
passage is characterised by the depletion of RNA and increase in its
dispersion degree, by the change of the NADP-H-diaphorese, peroxidase
and Janus green-B-oxidative activity in the promastigotes. Cytochemical
peculiarities of invasive metacyclic promastigotes are an extreme
depletion of RNA, its disperse form, a low activity of oxidative enzymes
. This properties may manifest the pre-adaptation of <b>Leishmania</b>
promastigotes to the development in vertebrate host. In the process of
long-term cultivation of L. major the virulence, the metacyclogenesis,
and the level of NADF-H-diaphorase and peroxidase activity decrease from
passage to passage, but the ability to oxidate the Janus green-B
increases.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=8414649" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">8414649</a>
<input name="id_8414649" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8414649" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[The virulence, metacyclogenesis and respiratory enzymes of
<b>Leishmania</b> isolated in culture from laboratory animals]</a><br>
AUTHORS: F Sh Nasyrov, R M Nasyrova, V D Kallinikova, V M Saf'ianova<br>
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1993 Jul-Aug 27(4):301-8<br>
It has been shown that an increase of virulence of <b>Leishmania</b> major, L.
tropica, L. braziliensis as a result of passing through animals and its
decrease during the cultivation are accompanied by certain changes of
biochemical characteristics of these promastigotes. In the former case
the activity of NADP-H-diaphorase and peroxidase of promastigotes and
their ability to be transformed into final (invasional) metacyclic forms
increase and in the latter case these characteristics decrease. The
level and duration of virulence in culture depend not only on absolute
value of the above-mentioned characteristics but also on the graduality
of their change. Metacyclogenesis and activity of oxidative enzymes are
suggested to be the correlates of virulence of various <b>Leishmania</b>
species.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=1923568" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">1923568</a>
<input name="id_1923568" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=1923568" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[An experimental study of the interrelations of
<b>Leishmania</b> (Sauroleishmania) gymnodactyli and the sandfly Sergentomyia arpaklensis (Diptera: Phlebotominae)]</a><br>
AUTHORS: S M Shatova, V M Saf'ianova, A Ovezmukhammedov<br>
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1991 Mar-Apr 25(2):110-5<br>
Morphology, development and behaviour of <b>Leishmania</b> gymnodactyli in the
sand fly Sergentomyia arpaklensis at different stages of blood digestion
have been studied. It has been shown that leishmaniae reproduce readily
and develop normally inside the food ball of sandflies. The dense
peritrophic membrane is not destroyed at the end of digestion and is an
insuperable obstacle for leishmaniae. Promastigotes of leishmaniae,
being involved in the peritrophic membrane, are excreted together with
undigested food that excludes their transmission through the bite of S.
arpaklensis.<br>
<br><br>
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PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=2682476" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">2682476</a>
<input name="id_2682476" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=2682476" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[Taxonomic problems of the
<b>Leishmania</b> of reptiles]</a><br>
AUTHORS: A Ovezmukhammedov, V M Saf'ianova<br>
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1989 Jul-Aug 23(4):334-43<br>
The history of description and state of knowledge of 17 species and 40
not identified to species forms of <b>Leishmania</b>, described from reptiles
of the world, are traced. It is suggested to retain 10 species and 3
forms of <b>Leishmania</b> in the list of the subgenus Sauroleishmania as
follows: L. (S) tarentolae, L.(S.) hemidactyli, L.(S.) ceramodactyli, L
.(S.) nicollei, L.(S.) gymnodactyli, L.(S.) adleri, L.(S.) hoogstraali,
L.(S.) senegalensis, L.(S.) gulikae, L.(S.) sp., L.(S.) sp. I, L.(S.) sp
. II. 7 species and one form, L(S.) henrici, L.(S.) davidi, L.(S.)
zmeevi, L.(S.) sofieffi, L.(S.) chameleonis, L.(S.) phrynocephali, L.(S
.) helioscopi, L.(S.) sp. Markov e.a., 1964 must be excluded from the
above subgenus since their description does not correspond to the
development of the life cycle of <b>Leishmania</b> from reptiles. Flagellata
Protozoa from the peripheral blood and intestine of reptiles, which were
regarded by some authors as a "leptomonad stage of <b>Leishmania</b>&quot
;, appear to belong to the genera Proteromonas, Monocercomonas and other
Protozoa.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=3268059" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">3268059</a>
<input name="id_3268059" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=3268059" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[A new zymodeme of
<b>Leishmania</b> tropica, agent of Aleppo boil (Syria)]</a><br>
AUTHORS: S Belazzoug, F Pratlong, J A Rioux<br>
REFERENCE: Arch Inst Pasteur Alger 1988 56():95-9<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=3387121" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">3387121</a>
<input name="id_3387121" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=3387121" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[Specificity of the interrelations of
<b>Leishmania</b> and host cells in vitro]</a><br>
AUTHORS: M A Savina, V M Saf'ianova, A Ovezmukhammedov<br>
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1988 Mar-Apr 22(2):154-9<br>
Experiments on cross infection of peritoneal macrophages of mice with
<b>Leishmania</b> of reptiles L. gymnodactyli and free cells of abdominal
cavity of caucasian Agama (some part of which is composed by fibroblasts
) with <b>Leishmania</b> of mammals L. major and L. donovani have shown the
possibility of reproduction of the above species both in reptiles and
mammals. The persistence of L. gymnodactyli and L. major in macrophages
of mice was traced up to 10 days, the abundance of L. gymnodactyli
during the whole period of observations being lower than that of L.
major. The abundance of the above <b>Leishmania</b> in these cells happened to
be higher than in the cells of reptiles. In the cells of reptiles the
infection with these three species of <b>Leishmania</b> was eliminated by 5-6
days. More activity internalization of <b>Leishmania</b> of reptiles into cells
of reptiles as compared to <b>Leishmania</b> of mammals was revealed that,
apparently, reflects a definite degree of their adaptation to existence
in reptiles in vivo.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=3431905" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">3431905</a>
<input name="id_3431905" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=3431905" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[Experimental visceral leishmaniasis in golden hamsters]
</a><br>
AUTHORS: E E Shukina, L A Gorbunova<br>
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1987 Sep-Oct 21(5):637-42<br>
As a result of a long passage of L. donovani isolate on golden hamsters
(21 passages were observed), in transplanting the agent from animals
with a distinct clinical picture there was formed a highly virulent
strain "G" of L. donovani for this species of animals. The
weight arrest and then body mass losses were the most early signs of the
disease. Parasites were regularly accumulated in spleen and liver and
to a less extent in bone marrow. The main manifestations of visceral
leishmaniasis in hamsters are cachexia, lienal syndrome, polyglandular
deficiency on the background of hypoplasia of lymphoid tissue and
defects of the system of monocytic phagocytes. Such symptom-complex can
be a result of neuroendocrine deficiency during visceral leishmaniasis.
Pathohistological picture of experimental visceral leishmaniasis is
similar to that of man, so L. donovani infection in hamsters can serve
as a model for studies of different medical and biological aspects of
leishmaniasis.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=3737235" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">3737235</a>
<input name="id_3737235" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=3737235" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[Experimental assessment of the ability of different species of sandfly to transmit the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis]
</a><br>
AUTHORS: M V Strelkova, T I Dergacheva<br>
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1986 May-Jun 20(3):174-81<br>
The authors succeeded in transmission of the visceral leishmaniasis
agent (kazakh strain of <b>Leishmania</b> infantum) through the sand flies
Phlebotomus longiductus, P. smirnovi and P. papatasi under experimental
conditions. Infected P. longiductus and P. smirnovi are capable of
preserving the agent and infecting the susceptible mammals after the
cessation of the 1st and 2nd gonotrophic cycles. P. papatasi transmitted
the agent of visceral leishmaniasis only after the cessation of the 2nd
gonotrophic cycle. Under the same conditions the transmission of
visceral leishmaniasis agent through P. caucasicus failed. Informative
value of characteristics of virtual vectors for differentiation of sand
flies as carriers is analysed. A question of the necessity of obtaining
additional data, which prove the role of P. caucasicus and P. papatasi
as vectors of visceral leishmaniasis agent, is raised.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=3714297" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">3714297</a>
<input name="id_3714297" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=3714297" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[Experimental models of cutaneous leishmaniasis in laboratory animals]
</a><br>
AUTHORS: S A Pleskanovskaia<br>
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1986 Mar-Apr 20(2):120-5<br>
A survey of literature on modelling cutaneous leishmaniasis of man (
common and metastatic) on some lines of mice, guinea pigs, golden
hamsters infected with different species of <b>Leishmania</b> is given. Merits
and demerits of each described model are pointed out.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=3275397" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">3275397</a>
<input name="id_3275397" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=3275397" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[Contribution of the duodenal biopsy in the diagnosis of kala-azar]
</a><br>
AUTHORS: M L Benhassine, T Mokrani, B Benyahia, K Bendissari, M Keddari, B Khati<br>
REFERENCE: Arch Inst Pasteur Alger 1986 55():125-30<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=3160002" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">3160002</a>
<input name="id_3160002" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=3160002" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[Geographical variability of the causative agent of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis]
</a><br>
AUTHORS: G V Ni<br>
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1985 May-Jun 19(3):226-31<br>
A study of the phenetics of the zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis agent
in Uzbekistan and subzone of southern and northern deserts has made it
possible to separate a northern population (or a group of populations)
of the agent. It differs from the southern population (or southern ones
) in having smaller sizes of the amastigote stage, greater abundance of
parasites in cutaneous affections of gerbils, milder progress of
leishmaniasis in white mice and great gerbils. This population can be
called priaral, i.e. belonging to the subzone of northern deserts of the
Turan lowland.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=6728513" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">6728513</a>
<input name="id_6728513" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=6728513" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[Comparative electron microscopy study of
<b>Leishmania</b> major and L. tropica in experimental infestation of the sandfly Phlebotomus papatasi]</a><br>
AUTHORS: S M Shatova, M A Shul'ga, V M Saf'ianova, A A Avakian<br>
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1984 Mar-Apr 18(2):154-9<br>
For the first time comparative study was conducted of the ultrastructure
of promastigotes of <b>Leishmania</b> major and L. tropica in the organism of
Phlebotomus papatasi which for the first species of <b>Leishmania</b> is and
for the second species is not a natural invertebrate host. During the
bloodsucking on Mesocricetus auratus experimentally infected with
<b>Leishmania</b> sandflies perceive amastigotes of both L. major and L.
tropica. In the midgut of the sandfly both species of <b>Leishmania</b> pass
into the stage of promastigote (therefore, this phenomenon is not
defined by species-specific factors). However, further fate of
promastigotes of L. major and L. tropica in Ph. papatasi is different. L
. major has its normal cycle of development in the intestine of the
sandfly and preserves its all ultrastructural peculiarities.
Promastigotes of L. tropica, on the contrary, display in the midgut of
Ph. papatasi signs of degeneration which are expressed in break of their
normal ultrastructure (changes in the shape of cells, break in cell
division, thickening or thinning of intracytoplasmatic formations,
especially of mitochondria, intensified vacuolisation of cytoplasm,
changes in the structure of nucleus and kinetoplast; and others). All
these data indicate in an indirect way that the intestine of Ph.
papatasi is a favourable medium for L. major and unfavourable one for L
. tropica.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=6218466" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">6218466</a>
<input name="id_6218466" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=6218466" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[Intensified virulence of the causative agent in the process of the formation of a focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis]
</a><br>
AUTHORS: G V Ni<br>
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1982 Nov-Dec 16(6):452-6<br>
A possible effect of a new epidemic nidus "age" on the
virulence of <b>Leishmania</b> was studied. For a period of 9 years 16 strains
were isolated from man affected with leishmaniosis. Infectivity of all
strains was high (100% infection of animals). The incubative period of
the disease in animals was the shorter the more years passed from the
moment of the nidus formation. Strains isolated within the first 4-5
years caused leishmaniosis in 2-3 months and those isolated during
subsequent years--in 1 to 3 weeks.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=7155626" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">7155626</a>
<input name="id_7155626" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=7155626" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[Comparative study of the antigenic properties and virulence of
<b>Leishmania</b> clones (Trypanosomatidae, <b>Leishmania</b>)]</a><br>
AUTHORS: L P Emel'ianova, V M Saf'ianova<br>
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1982 Nov-Dec 16(6):445-51<br>
A relation between antigenic properties and virulence of <b>Leishmania</b>
clones were studied. The clones were obtained from a naturally infected
sandfly (Phlebotomus of the group caucasicus) caught in the burrow of
great gerbil in Turkmenia. Antigenic properties of the clones were
studied by means of Adler's test (Safjanova's modification); the
virulence of the clones was studied on golden hamsters by means of
standard technique. There was revealed heterogenicity of the Phlebotomus
strain of <b>Leishmania</b>, in it there were found clones identical
serologically to <b>Leishmania</b> donovani and L. major and a clone close in
antigenic respect to Leptomonas pessoai. At the experimental infection
of hamsters with a heterogeneous Phlebotomus strain their mixed
infection with the two above mentioned <b>Leishmania</b> species was first
observed. Serologically identical <b>Leishmania</b> clones can differ
essentially in their virulence. A high stability of antigenic properties
of <b>Leishmania</b> clones has been revealed. At the same time the virulence
of clones is characterized by variability as towards its increase (the
passing of a clone on hamsters) so towards its fall (cultivation of a
clone in vitro, on nutrient medium).<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=7220080" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">7220080</a>
<input name="id_7220080" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=7220080" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[Changes in the skin and internal organs of hamsters infected with various species of
<b>Leishmania</b>]</a><br>
AUTHORS: A M Kharitonova, V M Saf'ianova, A A Avakian<br>
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1981 Mar-Apr 15(2):105-12<br>
Morphological changes in organs and tissues of golden hamsters infected
with different substrains of three species of <b>Leishmania</b> were studied by
means of histological, histochemical and electron microscopy methods.
Suspension of <b>Leishmania</b> promastigotes were administered
intracutaneously to 495 animals. Detailed morphological analysis has
shown that clinical differences in experimental leishmaniasis caused by
three species of <b>Leishmania</b> are fully confirmed by morphological data.
The studied species of <b>Leishmania</b> cause lesion of the skin specific for
each species of the parasite. Thus, each of these parasites has its own
characteristic type of relationships with a vertebrate host.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=7383698" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">7383698</a>
<input name="id_7383698" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=7383698" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[Serological study of
<b>Leishmania</b> clones from experimentally and naturally infected sandflies]</a><br>
AUTHORS: V M Saf'ianova, A N Alekseeva, M M Stetsenko<br>
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1980 May-Jun 14(3):229-36<br>
A serological study of <b>Leishmania</b> clones from experimentally and
naturally infected sand flies was undertaken. The cloning was done by
means of Fonbrun's micromanipulator. Serological studies were conducted
according to Adler's method in Safjanova's modification. Among the
clones of Phlebotomus papatasi experimentally infected with <b>Leishmania</b>
tropica major and L. gymnodactyli four were found to be serologically
identical with L. tropica major, and two had close antigene
relationships with both initial strains of <b>Leishmania</b>. No clones
identical with L. gymnodactyli were found. By means of serological
comparison to museum strains of <b>Leishmania</b> heterogeneity of the strains
isolated from naturally infected sand flies and great variety of
antigenic properties of clones obtained from them have been shown. Thus
, among clones of Ph. caucasicus four are identical with L. donovani,
one is closely related to Leptomonas pessoai and one displays no
antigenic relationships to any standard strain of <b>Leishmania</b>. Two clones
from naturally infected Ph. papatasi are identical with L. tropica
major, one displays close antigenic relationships with L. tropica major
and L. donovani and one could not be identified. The question is raised
on the necessity to study possible mechanisms of genetic information
exchange to explain the appearance of clones with mixed properties.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=158163" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">158163</a>
<input name="id_158163" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=158163" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[Flagellata isolated from sandflies in various zones of Turkmenia and their related cultures of the causative agents of leishmaniasis and the
<b>Leishmania</b> of reptiles]</a><br>
AUTHORS: E N PonirovskiÄ<br>
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1979 Jul-Aug 13(4):423-8<br>
188 strains of Flagella from 6 species of sand flies and 42 strains from
reptiles were isolated in various landscape-geographic zones of
Turkmenia. 70 and 35 strains of Flagellata isolate from sand flies were
studied by means of bio-assay on white mice and by the Adler's
serological method (modification of Safjanova), respectively. 64 strains
of Flagellata of different origin were studied by means of "
temperature" method. It has been established that the transmission
of the agent of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniosis takes place nearly
throughout the whole territory of Turkmenia. To identify an unknown
strain of <b>Leishmania</b> by means of the Adler's method an antiserum for any
studied "standard" strain of different species of <b>Leishmania</b>
is enough to be used.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=162479" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">162479</a>
<input name="id_162479" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=162479" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Isoenzyme characterization of
<b>Leishmania</b> spp from Algeria.</a><br>
AUTHORS: S Belazzoug, D A Evans<br>
REFERENCE: Arch Inst Pasteur Alger 1978-1979 53():223-8<br>
Five Algerian stocks of <b>Leishmania</b> were compared with two stocks from
USSR and one from Sudan by means of isoenzyme electrophoresis of two
enzymes: glucose-phosphate isomerase (GPI) and phosphoglucomutase (PGM
). Three stocks isolated from patients suffering from cutaneous
leishmaniasis appeared to be L. tropica major. This correlated well the
epidemiological features of the endemic area from where the stocks
originated. Two stocks isolated from patients suffering from visceral
leishmaniasis appeared to be different from the Sudanese stock of L.
donovani.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=865880" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">865880</a>
<input name="id_865880" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=865880" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[Cloning <b>leishmania
</b> at the promastigote stage using the Vonbrun micromanipulator]</a><br>
AUTHORS: A N Alekseev, V M Saf'ianova<br>
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1977 Mar-Apr 11(2):158-61<br>
A method was worked out for cloning <b>Leishmania</b> strains at the
promastigote stage from cultures reared on two-phase nutrient medium by
means of Vonbrün micromanipulator. By this method cultures of
<b>Leishmania</b> can be obtained from one cell of these protozoans. During the
cloning of <b>Leishmania</b> strains isolated from experimentally and
naturally infected Phlebotomus papatasi and Ph. caucasicus the per cent
of obtaining the clones from isolated promastigotes cultivated on a
nutrient medium depends on the absolute and relative age of culture and
on the growth intensity of the strain on a nutrient medium.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=145568" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">145568</a>
<input name="id_145568" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=145568" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[Distribution characteristics of
<b>Leishmania</b> tropica major strains of differing virulence in natural and territorial complexes of the Murgab eco-area (southeastern Turkmenistan)]</a><br>
AUTHORS: S M Malkhazova, V M Saf'ianova, V M Neoronov<br>
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1977 Nov-Dec 11(6):499-504<br>
In September--October of 1973 and 1974 263 specimens of Rhombomys opimus
were shot in the territory of the Murghab stationar. The seeding of the
material (a piece of tissue) from all animals into NNN medium was done
. 9 strains of L. tropica major were isolated from this material the
virulence of which was studied on 2.5--3 months--old golden hamsters,
Cricetus auratus. Differences in the virulence of the isolated strains
according to their natural-territorial complexes are shown. These
differences depend apparently on the specific composition of the vectors
. It is shown that the specific composition of sand flies as well as
other epizootical characters are determined by the landscape of the
territory where nidi of zoonosis cutaneous leishmaniasis are situated.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=134342" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">134342</a>
<input name="id_134342" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=134342" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[Virulent properties of
<b>Leishmania</b> tropica major strains isolated from sandflies in the subzone of the northern deserts]</a><br>
AUTHORS: G V Ni, F G FaÄzulin, L N Kon'shina, I V Abdulaev<br>
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1976 Jul-Aug 10(4):369-73<br>
On the territory of the Karakalpak ASSR the infection of sand flies Ph.
papatasi, Ph. caucasicus, Ph. andrejevi and Ph. monogolensis with the
agent L. tropica major ammounts, on the average, to 39.3%. The virulence
of 88 investigated strains of <b>Leishmania</b> for white mice estimated by
their infection and the duration of incubation was found to be different
; one half of the strains had high, one third--average, and the other
strains--low virulence.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=940687" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">940687</a>
<input name="id_940687" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=940687" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[Fate of the promastigotes of
<b>Leishmania</b> tropica major and L. gymnodactyli in the body of Phlebotomus papatasi under conditions of a mixed infection]</a><br>
AUTHORS: V M Saf'ianova, A N Alekseev, A B Karapet'ian<br>
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1976 Jan-Feb 10(1):78-83<br>
Experimental infection of males and females of Phlebotomus papatasi Sc.
with <b>Leishmania</b> tropica major from man and L. gimnodactyli from Agama
sanguinolenta was carried out in order to obtain mixed infection. Sand
flies from the laboratory culture were successively infected with
promastigotes of each species of <b>Leishmania</b> by means of compulsory dose
feeding according to Alekseev's method. For identification of <b>Leishmania</b>
cultures isolated from experimentally infected sand flies Alder's
serological test modified by Safjanova was used. The mixed infection was
obtained both in males and females of sand flies. The success of
modelling of mixed infection depends on the succession of the
administration of studied strains of <b>Leishmania</b>. It depends as well on
the interval between infected feedings. The dependence of the
experimental results on the number of promastigotes administered into
the intestine of sand flies was not recorded.<br>
<br><br>
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PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=1026908" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">1026908</a>
<input name="id_1026908" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=1026908" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[Biological properties of promastigotes of
<b>Leishmania</b> having undergone lyophilization]</a><br>
AUTHORS: K A Iusupov, V Iu Shchetkin, V M Saf'ianova, L P Emel'ianova<br>
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1976 Sep-Oct 10(5):416-21<br>
Materials are presented of a comparative study of morphological and
cultural properties and virulence of liophylized cultures of <b>Leishmania</b>
tropica major after their rehydration or after a long passage on the NNN
medium. Results of investigations of two initial strains and three
substrains obtained after the recovery of liophylized cultures have
shown that liophylization does not reduce essentially the initial strain
virulence. The strains undergone liophylization and passed repeatedly
on the NNN medium have a tendency to a quicker virulence reduction rate
as compared to initial ones. The culture of promastigotes recultivated
after liophylization does not differ from the initial one in the ranges
of 1-7 passages in its morphology, mobility and ability to grow on the
NNN medium.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=124844" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">124844</a>
<input name="id_124844" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=124844" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[Comparative evaluation of several methods of identifying
<b>leishmania</b>]</a><br>
AUTHORS: E N PonirovskiÄ<br>
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1975 Mar-Apr 9(2):139-41<br>
A parallel study of 25 strains of Flagellata isolated from 6 species of
sand flies was carried out by means of biotest, Adler's serological
method modified by Safjanova and "temperature" method. It was
established that the use of several methods for the identification of
<b>Leishmania</b> allows more reliable results to be obtained. The
differentiation of strains with the "temperature" method can
be done over a relatively shorter period of time.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=1236724" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">1236724</a>
<input name="id_1236724" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=1236724" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[Viability of sandflies (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) after infection with promastigotes of different types of
<b>Leishmania</b>]</a><br>
AUTHORS: A N Alekseev, V M Saf'ianova, A B Karapet'ian<br>
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1975 May-Jun 9(3):271-7<br>
Sand flies were infected with different species of promastigotes from
reptiles and warm-blooded animals. Optimal doses of promastigotes were
used which ensured the adaptation of Protozoa in the host's intestine.
The infection with a mixed culture resulted in the death of most Sand
flies: the mortality rate was the highest at the simultaneous
introduction of two species and was some what lower at the subsequent
infection. The survival of Sand flies infected with one species of
<b>leishmania</b> decreased to the greatest extent if "incidental"
for them strains of promastigotes were introduced: for Ph. papatasi --
cultures isolated from reptiles, for Sergentomyia arpaklensis -- those
isolated from L. tropica major. Natural infection rate of the genera
Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia with <b>leishmania</b> of different species agrees
with laboratory data on the survival of sand flies. Ph. caucasicus and
Ph. papatasi are infected, in general, with L. tropica major, S.
arpaklensis -- with L. gymnodactyli.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=1196671" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">1196671</a>
<input name="id_1196671" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=1196671" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[Viability of sandflies (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) under the influence of infection with promastigotes of various species of
<b>Leishmania</b>]</a><br>
AUTHORS: A N Alekseev, V M Saf'ianova, A B Karapet'ian<br>
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1975 May-Jun 9(3):271-7<br>
Sand flies were infected with different species of promastigotes from
reptiles and warm-blooded animals. Optimal doses of promastigotes were
used which ensured the adaptation of Protozoa in the host's intestine.
The infection with a mixed culture resulted in the death of most Sand
flies: the mortality rate was the highest at the simultaneous
introduction of two species and was some what lower at the subsequent
infection. The survival of Sand flies infected with one species of
<b>leishmania</b> decreased to the greatest extent if "incidental"
for them strains of promastigotes were introduced: for Ph. papatasi --
cultures isolated from reptiles, for Sergentomyia arpaklensis -- those
isolated from L. tropica major. Natural infection rate of the genera
Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia with <b>leishmania</b> of different species agrees
with laboratory data on the survival of sand flies. Ph. caucasicus and
Ph. papatasi are infected, in general, with L. tropica major, S.
arpaklensis -- with L. gymnodactyli.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=4281908" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">4281908</a>
<input name="id_4281908" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=4281908" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[Virulence and pathogenicity factors of
<b>Leishmania</b> strains from the Lower Surkhan Darya focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis]</a><br>
AUTHORS: F Sh Nasyrov, K A Iusupov<br>
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1974 Jan-Feb 8(1):77-81<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=4841724" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">4841724</a>
<input name="id_4841724" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=4841724" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[Typification of leishmaniasis foci on the basis of the transmission factor]
</a><br>
AUTHORS: V M Saf'ianova<br>
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1974 Jul-Aug 8(4):336-47<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=4274398" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">4274398</a>
<input name="id_4274398" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=4274398" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[Possibilities of evaluating the virulence of
<b>Leishmania</b> tropica major strains in in vitro experiments]</a><br>
AUTHORS: V A Serebriakov, F Sh Nasyrov, K A Iusupov, I T Rokotian, V D Kallinikova<br>
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1973 Sep-Oct 7(5):385-8<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=4777809" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">4777809</a>
<input name="id_4777809" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=4777809" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[Identification of leptomonad strains]
</a><br>
AUTHORS: G V Ni<br>
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1973 Jan-Feb 7(1):75-8<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=5085912" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">5085912</a>
<input name="id_5085912" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=5085912" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[Infection of great gerbils (Rhombomys opimus Licht.) with the causative agent of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (
<b>Leishmania</b> tropica major) in the Karakalpak ASSR]</a><br>
AUTHORS: F G FaÄzulin, L N Kon'shina<br>
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1972 Mar-Apr 6(2):180-4<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=4587873" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">4587873</a>
<input name="id_4587873" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=4587873" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[Biological properties of
<b>Leishmania</b> adleri Heisch, a parasite of lizards, pathogenic to mammals]</a><br>
AUTHORS: V M Saf'ianova, E I Aliev, B A Koshelev<br>
REFERENCE: Parazitologiia 1972 May-Jun 6(6):206-15<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-11.xml&id=5163310" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)"></a></form>...<br><br>[Message clipped]