[leish-l] Fwd: Articles found by RefScout 2005/09/14 - 2005/37
jeffreyj at usp.br
jeffreyj at usp.br
Mon Sep 19 16:00:59 BRT 2005
Date: Wed, 14 Sep 2005 03:35:53
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This is RefScout-Newsletter 37/2005.
REQUEST: [ leishmaniasis ]
(7 articles match this request)
PMID: 16099005
TITLE: Uncommon clinical presentations of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Sudan.
AUTHORS: E M Elamin, S Guerbouj, A M Musa, I Guizani, E A G Khalil, M M Mukhtar,
A M Y Elkadaro, H S Mohamed, M E Ibrahim, M M Abdel Hamid, M El Azhari, A M El
Hassan
AFFILIATION: Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box
11463, Khartoum, Sudan.
REFERENCE: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2005 Nov 99(11):803-8
Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Sudan is caused by Leishmania major zymodeme
LON1. Self-healing usually occurs within 1 year but occasionally its
duration is prolonged and treatment is required. The clinical forms are
ulcers, nodules and noduloulcerative lesions. Here we describe seven
patients with uncommon lesions that were difficult to recognize as
Leishmania infections. These included mycetoma-like lesions, lesions
that resembled L. tropica infection and others. One HIV/AIDS patient had
Kaposi's sarcoma with Leishmania parasites in the Kaposi lesions. Most
of these uncommon clinical forms were difficult to treat. The diagnosis
depended on a high degree of suspicion and the demonstration of
parasites in smears or culture. PCR was used to characterize parasites
from the patients described here. Leishmania major was found by kDNA PCR
in all patients, except one, who had a leishmanioma due to L. donovani
. In three patients, including one with a L. tropica like-lesion, the
parasites were confirmed as L. major by gp63 PCR-RFLP.
PMID: 16148525
TITLE: Infectious diseases during wartime.
AUTHORS: Michael J Zapor, Kimberly A Moran
AFFILIATION: Infectious Disease Service, Walter Reed Army Medical Center,
Washington DC, USA.
REFERENCE: Curr Opin Infect Dis 2005 Oct 18(5):395-9
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The infectious disease challenges of war include
pathogens endemic to the geographic area of operations as well as wound
infections with common environmental microorganisms. This review
summarizes papers, unpublished data and personal communications from
2004-2005 pertaining to infectious diseases during war with a focus on
the current operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. RECENT FINDINGS: To date
, there have been several hundred cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis and
five cases of visceral leishmaniasis among US military personnel serving
in southwest Asia. There have been reports of malaria in soldiers
serving in Afghanistan and an outbreak of acute eosinophilic pneumonia
among soldiers serving in or near Iraq. Diarrheal illness is a well-
known threat to military operations and remains problematic for
combatants throughout the theater of operations. Infectious
complications caused by multiply drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii
have been particularly challenging for healthcare providers managing the
wounded evacuated from Iraq. We are now facing outbreaks of nosocomial
infection with this pathogen in military treatment facilities in Europe
and the USA. SUMMARY: Historically, infectious diseases have had
significant impact on the conduct of military operations, and the
conflict in southwest Asia is no exception. Physicians caring for
returning military personnel should be aware of the diseases prevalent
in this campaign, particularly cutaneous leishmaniasis and infections
with multiply drug-resistant A. baumannii.
PMID: 16011864
TITLE: Leishmune((R)) vaccine blocks the transmission of canine visceral
leishmaniasis Absence of Leishmania parasites in blood, skin and lymph nodes of
vaccinated exposed dogs.
AUTHORS: F S Nogueira, M A B Moreira, G P Borja-Cabrera, F N Santos, I Menz, L E
Parra, Z Xu, H J Chu, C B Palatnik-de-Sousa, M C R Luvizotto
AFFILIATION: Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade
Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", UNESP-Botucatu Distrito Rubião
Jr. s/n Botucatu SP CEP 18600-000, Brazil.
REFERENCE: Vaccine 2005 Sep 23(40):4805-10
Leishmune((R)) vaccine is the first licensed vaccine against canine
visceral leishmaniasis. It contains the Fucose-Mannose-ligand (FML)
antigen of Leishmania donovani. The potential Leishmune((R)) vaccine
effect on the interruption of the transmission of the disease, was
assayed by monitoring, in untreated (n=40) and vaccinated dogs (n=32) of
a Brazilian epidemic area: the kala-azar clinical signs, the FML-
seropositivity and the Leishmania parasite evidence by
immunohistochemistry of skin and PCR for Leishmanial DNA of lymph node
and blood samples. On month 11 after vaccination, untreated controls
showed: 25% of symptomatic cases, 50% of FML-seropositivity, 56.7% of
lymph node PCR, 15.7% of blood PCR and 25% of immunohistochemical
positive reactions. The Leishmune((R))-vaccinated dogs showed 100% of
seropositivity to FML and a complete absence of clinical signs and of
parasites (0%) in skin, lymph node and blood PCR samples (p<0.01).
The positivity in FML-ELISA in untreated dogs significantly correlates
with the PCR in lymph node samples (p<0.001) and with the increase in
number of symptoms (p=0.006) being strong markers of infectiousness.
The absence of symptoms and of evidence of Leishmania DNA and parasites
in Leishmune((R))-vaccinated animals indicates the non-infectious
condition of the Leishmune((R))-vaccinated dogs.
PMID: 16145211
TITLE: Genital Lesions Associated with Visceral Leishmaniasis and Shedding of
Leishmania sp. in the Semen of Naturally Infected Dogs.
AUTHORS: S A Diniz, M S Melo, A M Borges, R Bueno, B P Reis, W L Tafuri, E F
Nascimento, R L Santos
AFFILIATION: Escola de Veterinária da UFMG, Depto. ClÃnica e Cirurgia
Veterinárias, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG
(Brazil). rsantos at vet.ufmg.br.
REFERENCE: Vet Pathol 2005 Sep 42(5):650-8
Although visceral leishmaniasis is primarily transmitted by a biological
invertebrate vector, transmission in the absence of the vector has been
reported, including venereal transmission in humans. Considering the
possibility of venereal transmission, we studied genital lesions in dogs
naturally infected with visceral leishmaniasis and shedding of
Leishmania sp. in the semen. Approximately 200 dogs were serologically
tested for anti-Leishmania antibodies and divided into three groups: 1)
serologically negative dogs (n = 20), 2) asymptomatic serologically
positive dogs (n = 20), and 3) symptomatic serologically positive dogs (
n = 20). Samples from both testes, all segments of both epididymes,
prostate gland, glans penis, and prepuce were histologically evaluated
and processed for immunodetection of Leishmania sp. Semen samples were
obtained from 22 symptomatic serologically positive dogs and processed
for detecting Leishmania DNA by polymerase chain reaction. A
significantly higher frequency of inflammation was observed in the
epididymes, glans penis, and prepuce of dogs with visceral leishmaniasis
, which was associated with a high frequency of immunohistochemically
positive tissues (up to 95% of tissues from symptomatic dogs were
positive by immunohistochemistry). Leishmania DNA was detected in eight
of 22 semen samples from symptomatic dogs. Together these findings
indicate that genital lesions and shedding of Leishmania sp. (donovani
complex) in the semen are associated with visceral leishmaniasis.
Additional studies should address the possibility of venereal
transmission of the disease in the dog.
PMID: 16148377
TITLE: [Study of intravascular coagulation activation markers in patients with
visceral leishmaniasis.]
AUTHORS: M Lomtadze, M Khochava, I Shalamberidze, V Kharaishvili, E Vorobyova
AFFILIATION: Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Tbilisi State Medical
University; Research Institute of Medical Radiology and Intervention
Diagnostics, Georgian Academy of Sciences.
REFERENCE: Georgian Med News 2005 Jul-Aug (7-8):47-50
During last decades significant attention has been paid to the increase
of protozoal infections including leishmaniasis. The management of this
disease is rather problematic. Significant increase of cases of this
disease was observed in Georgia as well. The problem of visceral
leishmaniasis is very important nowadays. According to references and
our clinical experience patients with visceral leishmaniasis are
predisposed to bleeding. The objective of our study was the assessment
of functional status of hemostasis in patients with visceral
leishmaniasis. We have studied the intravascular activation markers of
blood coagulation - the soluble fibrin-monomeric complexes (SFMC) and
fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products (D-dimer) in order to reveal the
disorders of hemocoagulation. SFMC and D-dimer we studied in 45 patients
with visceral leishmaniasis before and after treatment (with 20-25 day
intervals). One patient with severe generalized bleeding died within 72
hours of admission. SFMC measurements were conducted by the
orthophenantroline test (Renam, Russia). D-dimer level was measured
using FDP-Slidex Direct kit (Bio-Meriou, France). Especially high levels
of SFMC and D-dimer have been revealed in cases of severe form of
visceral leishmaniasis. SFMC level was increased by 80% (p=0,003), and D
-dimer level by 95,6% (p=0,023). There was correlation between numbers
of platelets and intravascular blood coagulation markers. Investigation
of SFMC and D-dimer showed that in case of visceral leishmaniasis
activation of intravascular coagulation takes place, particularly during
the severe forms of the disease. Study of these markers is of the
diagnostic and prognostic importance and for the initiation of treatment
at an early stage of infection, which may potentially avoid the
possibility of developing an uncompensated DIC.
PMID: 16150227
TITLE: Ocular leishmaniasis: a case report.
AUTHORS: G Sadeghian, M A Nilfroushzadeh, S H Moradi, S H Hanjani
AFFILIATION: Skin Disease and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Isfahan University
of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Isfahan, Iran. Sadeghian at mui.ac.ir
REFERENCE: Dermatol Online J 2005 11(2):19
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a protozoal disease which is endemic in
Iran usually caused by Leishmaniasis major and Leishmaniasis tropica and
transmitted by the bite of a sandfly. In Isfahan province CL is highly
prevalent and we observe some unusual clinical features of disease. The
eyelid is rarely involved possibly because the movement of the lids
prevents the fly vector from biting the skin in this region. We report a
case of ocular leishmaniasis with eyelid and conjunctival involvement
that had simulated chalazion and was complicated with trichiasis. The
patient was diagnosed by direct smear, culture, and PCR from the lesions
. He was treated with systemic sodium stibogluconate (20 mg/kg/day) for
20 days and subsequently surgery for trichiasis. The patient was
clinically cured with this treatment, however the disease had left
complications, including palpebral and conjanctival scaring, corneal
opacity, and eyelash loss.
PMID: 16152764
TITLE: Visceral leishmaniasis during pegylated interferon therapy for chronic
hepatitis C: first report.
AUTHORS: Antonio Cascio, Spinello Antinori, Filippo Ricciardi, Giuseppo
Costantino, Chiara Iaria
REFERENCE: Antivir Ther 2005 10(5):695-6; author reply 696
REQUEST: [ leishmania ]
(11 articles match this request. 3 articles matching other requests removed)
PMID: 16106449
TITLE: Differences in morphology of phagosomes and kinetics of acidification and
degradation in phagosomes between the pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica and the
non-pathogenic Entamoeba dispar.
AUTHORS: Biswa Nath Mitra, Tomoyoshi Yasuda, Seiki Kobayashi, Yumiko
Saito-Nakano, Tomoyoshi Nozaki
AFFILIATION: Department of Parasitology, Gunma University Graduate School of
Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-851, Japan.
REFERENCE: Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 2005 Oct 62(2):84-99
Phagocytosis plays an important role in the pathogenicity of the
intestinal protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. We compared the
morphology of phagosomes and the kinetics of phagosome maturation using
conventional light and electron microscopy and live imaging with video
microscopy between the virulent E. histolytica and the closely-related,
but non-virulent E. dispar species. Electron micrographs showed that
axenically cultivated trophozoites of the two Entamoeba species revealed
morphological differences in the number of bacteria contained in a
single phagosome and the size of phagosomes. Video microscopy using pH-
sensitive fluorescein isothiocynate-conjugated yeasts showed that
phagosome acidification occurs within 2 min and persists for >12 h in
both species. The acidity of phagosomes significantly differed between
two species (4.58 +/- 0.36 or 5.83 +/- 0.38 in E. histolytica or E.
dispar, respectively), which correlated well with the differences in the
kinetics of degradation of promastigotes of GFP-expressing Leishmania
amazonensis. The acidification of phagosomes was significantly inhibited
by a myosin inhibitor, whereas it was only marginally inhibited by
microtubules or actin inhibitors. A specific inhibitor of vacuolar
ATPase, concanamycin A, interrupted both the acidification and
degradation in phagosomes in both species, suggesting the ubiquitous
role of vacuolar ATPase in the acidification and degradation in
Entamoeba. In contrast, inhibitors against microtubules or cysteine
proteases (CP) showed distinct effects on degradation in phagosomes
between these two species. Although depolymerization of microtubules
severely inhibited degradation in phagosomes of E. histolytica, it did
not affect degradation in E. dispar. Similarly, the inhibition of CP
significantly reduced degradation in phagosomes of E. histolytica, but
not in E. dispar. These data suggest the presence of biochemical or
functional differences in the involvement of microtubules and proteases
in phagosome maturation and degradation between the two species. Cell
Motil. Cytoskeleton 62:84-99, 2005. (c) 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
PMID: 16099649
TITLE: Glycolipids and other constituents from Desmodium gangeticum with
antileishmanial and immunomodulatory activities.
AUTHORS: Pushpesh Kumar Mishra, Nasib Singh, Ghufran Ahmad, Anuradha Dube,
Rakesh Maurya
AFFILIATION: Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, Central Drug Research
Institute, Chattar Manzil Palace, Lucknow 226001, India.
REFERENCE: Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005 Oct 15(20):4543-6
Nineteen compounds of various classes, such as flavonoid glycosides,
pterocarpanoids, lipids, glycolipids, and alkaloids, were isolated and
identified from the Desmodium gangeticum whole plant. Aminoglucosyl
glycerolipid (8) is reported here for the first time. Its structure has
been elucidated by spectroscopic and degradation studies. This novel
compound exhibited in vitro antileishmanial and immunomodulatory
activities, as it enhanced nitric oxide (NO) production and provided
resistance against infection established in peritoneal macrophages by
the protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani. Another known compound,
glycosphingolipid (cerebroside) (7) was found to possess significant in
vitro antileishmanial and immunomodulatory activities against the same
parasite. Other compounds were found to be inactive.
PMID: 16149991
TITLE: Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis: Interaction of mannose-binding lectin
with surface glycoconjugates and complement activation. An antibody-independent
defence mechanism.
AUTHORS: A R Ambrosio, I J T DE Messias-Reason
AFFILIATION: Immunopathology Laboratory and Department of Clinical Pathology,
Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil.
REFERENCE: Parasite Immunol 2005 Sep 27(9):333-40
The activation of complement on the surface of Leishmania promastigotes
appears to be an important factor for parasite infectivity in the
mammalian host, allowing their attachment and the invasion of
macrophages via complement receptors. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is a
well-known complement activator and an efficient opsonine. We have
investigated here whether serum and purified MBL bind to and promote
lysis of live promastigotes of L. braziliensis; and evaluated the
deposition of MBL, C1q, C4 and C3 on the parasite surface after
interaction with non-immune normal human serum (NHS). We observed that
both serum MBL and the purified MBL-MASP complex bind to the surface of
L. braziliensis and that this binding occurred via the carbohydrate
recognition domains of MBL. The binding of MBL, however, did not affect
the lytic effect of complement on the parasites. The deposition of C1q,
C4, C3 and parasite lysis was observed after incubation with NHS. EDTA
but not EGTA abolished C3 deposition on the parasite surface, indicating
the involvement of the alternative pathway in this process. Our results
indicate that MBL binds to L. braziliensis and that this is mediated by
a specific carbohydrate on the surface of parasites and provides
evidence for antibody-independent mechanisms that complement activation
on the parasite surface.
PMID: 16149989
TITLE: Co-infected C57BL/6 mice mount appropriately polarized and
compartmentalized cytokine responses to Litomosoides sigmodontis and Leishmania
major but disease progression is altered.
AUTHORS: T J Lamb, A L Graham, L LE Goff, J E Allen
AFFILIATION: Institutes of Evolution, Immunology, & Infection Research, School
of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK.
REFERENCE: Parasite Immunol 2005 Sep 27(9):317-24
This study examines the capacity of the mammalian host to fully
compartmentalize the response to infection with type 1 vs. type 2
inducing organisms that infect different sites in the body. For this
purpose, C57BL/6 mice were infected with the rodent filarial nematode
Litomosoides sigmodontis followed by footpad infection with the
protozoan parasite Leishmania major. In this host, nematode infection is
established in the thoracic cavity but no microfilariae circulate in
the bloodstream. We utilized quantitative ELISPOT analysis of IL-4 and
IFN-gamma producing cells to assess cytokine bias and response magnitude
in the lymph nodes draining the sites of infection as well as more
systemic responses in the spleen and serum. Contrary to other systems
where co-infection has a major impact on bias, cytokine ratios were
unaltered in either local lymph node. The most notable effect of co-
infection was an unexpected increase in the magnitude of the IFN-gamma
response to L. major in mice previously infected with L. sigmodontis.
Further, lesion development was significantly delayed in these mice.
Thus, despite the ability of the immune system to appropriately
compartmentalize the immune response, interactions between responses at
distinct infection sites can alter disease progression.
PMID: 16153409
TITLE: Antileishmanial activity and immune modulatory effects of tannins and
related compounds on Leishmania parasitised RAW 264.7 cells.
AUTHORS: Herbert Kolodziej, Albrecht F Kiderlen
AFFILIATION: Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical
Biology, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
REFERENCE: Phytochemistry 2005 Sep 66(17):2056-71
The antileishmanial and immunomodulatory potencies of a total of 67
tannins and structurally related compounds were evaluated in terms of
extra- and intra-cellular leishmanicidal effects and macrophage
activation for release of nitric oxide (NO), tumour necrosis factor (TNF
) and interferon (IFN)-like activities. Their effects on macrophage
functions were further assessed by expression analysis (iNOS, IFN-alpha
, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18). With few exceptions
, e.g., caffeic acid derivatives, these polyphenols revealed little
direct toxicity for extracellular promastigote Leishmania donovani or L
. major strains. In contrast, many polyphenols appreciably reduced the
survival of the intracellular, amastigote parasite form in vitro. Upon
activation, e.g., by immune response mediators such as IFN-gamma,
macrophages may transform from permissive host to leishmanicidal
effector cells. Our data from functional bioassays suggested that the
effects of polyphenols on intracellular Leishmania parasites were due to
macrophage activation rather than direct antiparasitic activity. Gene
expression analyses not only confirmed functional data, they also
clearly showed differences in the response of infected macrophages when
compared to that of noninfected cells. Conspicuously, infected
macrophages showed augmented and prolonged activation of host defense
mechanisms, indicating that parasitised macrophages were exquisitely
predisposed or "primed" to react to activating molecules such
as polyphenols. This promotive effect may be of special benefit, e.g.,
stimulation of the non-specific immune system selectively at the site of
infection and when needed. Although these data provide the basis for an
immunological concept of plant polyphenols for their beneficial effects
in various infectious conditions, in vivo experiments are essential to
prove the therapeutic benefits of polyphenolic immunomodulators.
PMID: 16145937
TITLE: Complexity of the major surface protease (msp) gene organization in
Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis: evolutionary and functional implications.
AUTHORS: K Victoir, J Arevalo, S De Doncker, D C Barker, T Laurent, E Godfroid,
A Bollen, D Le Ray, J C Dujardin
AFFILIATION: Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Instituut voor Tropische
Geneeskunde 'Prins Leopold', 155 Nationalestraat, B-2000 Antwerpen, Belgium.
REFERENCE: Parasitology 2005 Aug 131(Pt 2):207-14
The major surface protease (msp or gp63) of Leishmania plays a major
role in the host-parasite interaction. We analysed here the structure of
the msp gene locus in Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and compared it
to results obtained in other species. Physical mapping of cosmid
contigs revealed a minimum of 37 genes per haploid genome and at least 8
different msp gene families. Within the same organism, these genes
showed a nucleotide sequence varying in certain stretches from 3 to 34
%, and a mosaic structure. From an evolutionary point of view, major
differences were observed between subgenera Viannia and Leishmania, both
in terms of msp gene number and sequence. Within subgenus Viannia,
phenetic analysis revealed three clusters in which sequence variants of
L. (Viannia) braziliensis and L. (Viannia) guyanensis were interspersed
. Functional implications of our results were explored from predicted L
. (Viannia) braziliensis protein sequences: regions encoding the msp
catalytic site showed a conserved sequence, while regions encoding
surface domains possibly involved in the host-parasite interaction (
macrophage adhesion sites and immunodominant B-cell and T-cell epitopes
) were variable. We speculate that this would be an adaptive strategy of
the parasite.
PMID: 16145936
TITLE: Resistance mechanism development to the topoisomerase-I inhibitor Hoechst
33342 by Leishmania donovani.
AUTHORS: J F Marquis, I Hardy, M Olivier
AFFILIATION: Centre for the Study of Host Resistance and the Research Institute
of McGill University Health Centre, Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill
University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
REFERENCE: Parasitology 2005 Aug 131(Pt 2):197-206
The bisbenzimidazole compound Hoechst 33342 (Ho342) has been identified
as a specific Topoisomerase-I (Topo-I) inhibitor in mammalian cells.
More recently, we have reported the ability of Ho342 to target L.
donovani Topo-I, leading to parasite growth inhibition in vitro by
mechanisms involving DNA breakage and apoptosis-like phenomenon. As the
Ho342 lead molecule (2,5'-Bi-1H-benzimidazole) can be used as a starting
structure for derivative compounds more effective against Leishmania,
defining the Ho342 resistance mechanism(s) in Leishmania represents an
important strategic tool. In the present study, we selected resistant
parasites to Ho342 (LdRHo.300). While we observed an increase of the
Topo-I gene expression correlated by a higher Topo-I DNA relaxation
activity, the Topo-I genes (LdTOP1A and LdTOP1B) sequencing did not
reveal any mutation for the resistant parasites. Moreover, our results
on Ho342 cellular accumulation suggested the presence of a potential
energy-dependent Ho342 transporter in the wild-type parasite, and that
an alteration of this transporter has occurred in LdRHo.300, leading to
an altered drug accumulation. Collectively, Ho342 resistance
characterization provided results supporting that the resistance
developed by LdRHo.300 involves complex mechanisms, most likely
dominated by an altered drug accumulation, providing new insight in the
Ho342 resistance mechanisms.
PMID: 16145938
TITLE: Altered tubulin dynamics, localization and post-translational
modifications in sodium arsenite resistant leishmania donovani in response to
paclitaxel, trifluralin and a combination of both and induction of
apoptosis-like cell death.
AUTHORS: K G Jayanarayan, C S Dey
AFFILIATION: Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical
Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.4S IVAGAR, Punjab 160062, India.
REFERENCE: Parasitology 2005 Aug 131(Pt 2):215-30
In this study the anti-leishmanial activity and anti-microtubule effects
of paclitaxel, trifluralin and a combination of paclitaxel and
trifluralin have been tested in a wild type and sodium arsenite-
resistant strain of Leishmania donovani. Both paclitaxel and trifluralin
have been shown to be effective in limiting parasite growth. Specific
alterations in morphology, tubulin polymerization dynamics, post-
translational modifications and cellular distribution of the tubulins
have been confirmed to be a part of the intracellular anti-microtubule-
events that occur in arsenite-resistant L. donovani in response to these
agents, ultimately leading to death of the parasite. DNA analyses of
the drug-treated wild type and arsenite-resistant strains revealed an
apoptosis-like death in response to paclitaxel and the combination but
not to trifluralin. Data provide valuable information for further
development of chemotherapeutic strategies based on anti-microtubule
agents against drug resistant Leishmania parasites.
REQUEST: [ sand fly ]
(0 articles match this request)
REQUEST: [ sandfly ]
(1 article matches this request. 1 article matching other requests removed)
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