[Leish-l] why is Leishmania donovani restricted to humans in Indian subcontinent?

Kwang-Poo Chang kwangpoo.chang at rosalindfranklin.edu
Fri Jan 10 16:01:07 BRST 2014


This and other publications on the subject present very interesting
hypothesis. It is always important to have experts in the field to suport
Leishmania investigation. Also good to have such articles to generate
interests for discussion, e. g.:

1. The time line is awefully hard to pin point without Leishmania fossil
records  for carbon dating. This is a common probelm for micro-organisms.

2. I continue to think the sample size and representativeness are
problematic in this and other papers published without data from
amastigotes obtained directly from the clinical samples.

3. Those who are unfamiliar with such studies may accept the hypothesis as
 facts.

KP


On Mon, Dec 2, 2013 at 8:36 AM, Σωτηριάδου Καίτη <ksoteriadou at pasteur.gr>wrote:

>  Well done Isabel!!!!
> Ketty/Kaiti
>
> ------------------------------
> *Από:* leish-l-bounces at lineu.icb.usp.br εκ μέρους Isabel Mauricio
> *Αποστολή:* Παρ 15/11/2013 16:13
> *Προς:* Leish-L at lineu.icb.usp.br
> *Θέμα:* Re: [Leish-l] why is Leishmania donovani restricted to humans in
> Indian subcontinent?
>
>  Dear all
>
>
>
> I don’t think it is as simple as saying that there was an introduction of
> L. donovani in India from East Africa or vice-versa. Genetically, the two
> are quite distinct, and although the Indian focus is quite homogeneous,
> phylogenetically it doesn’t emerge from the East African strains.
>
> It is more likely that they have evolved separately. Older populations may
> have become extinct, and it’s not clear what is the origin of the Indian
> (actually East Indian) strains (MON-2). Their ancestral populations may
> well have disappeared. The surviving branch could have been the best
> adapted to the local sand fly population.
>
>
>
> In any case, when talking about East Africa, one must distinguish between
> the Sudan/Ethiopia region and the Kenyan region. They are genetically
> distinct, as well, and do not form a homogeneous group.
>
>
>
> A PNAS paper that analysed a large amount of genetic marker data for
> selected strains suggests that the Indian strains belong to an early
> branching group from a larger population that migrated through central
> Asia.
>
>
>
> http://www.pnas.org/content/104/22/9375.full.pdf
>
>
>
> All the best
>
> Isabel Mauricio
>
>
>
> *De:* Kandan Ilango [mailto:kilangozsi at gmail.com]
> *Enviada:* 13 de novembro de 2013 05:45
> *Para:* Lawyer, Phillip (NIH/NIAID) [E]
> *Cc:* Leish-L at lineu.icb.usp.br
> *Assunto:* Re: [Leish-l] why is Leishmania donovani restricted to humans
> in Indian subcontinent?
>
>
>
> Dear all,
>
>
>
> Phil comment tempts me to respond on the origin of L. donvani from India
> to E. Africa. I think Carlos remarks in some sense was right because
> co-cladogensis events of L. donvani sensu lato and its associated vectors
> ie. the members of P. (Euphlebotomus) argentipes in India and P. (Symphlebotomus)
> martini + others in East Africa. Although the exact age of separation of
> Euphlebotomus from Anaphlebotomus (visa-vice) together with their
> Gondwanaland and Afrotropical continents remains speculative but the recent
> publication (of  El-naiem et at (2011): A possible role for Phlebotomus
> (Anaphlebotomus) rodhaini (Parrot, 1930) in transmission of
>
> Leishmania donovani) attributes that host shift could be a potential
> factor with respect to infection of L. donvani in P.martini + others and P.
> rodhaini.
>
>
>
> With best wishes,
>
> K. Ilango.
>
>
>  *Dr K. Ilango, **M Sc, PhD (London), Dip LSHTM*
>
> *Dy. Director & Officer-in-Charge *
>
> *Zoological Survey of India *
> *(Government of India)*
>
> *Southern Regional Centre *
> *130 Santhome High Road*
>
> *Chennai-600 028, INDIA *
>
> *Phone/Fax No. +91 (0) 44 24642898 <%2B91%20%280%29%2044%2024642898>*
>
> *Alternate e-mail: ilangokaniyan at yahoo.co.in <ilangokaniyan at yahoo.in>*
>
>
>
> On Mon, Sep 16, 2013 at 9:07 AM, Lawyer, Phillip (NIH/NIAID) [E] <
> PhillipL at niaid.nih.gov> wrote:
>
> Dear Carlos,
>
>
>
> For what it's worth, I believe it most likely happened the other way
> around:  Leishmania donovani was probably introduced to East Africa from
> India during the late 1800s when laborers were brought from India to work
> in the Kenya building the railroad from Mombasa to Uganda and on other
> infrastructure projects.  Leishmania donovani in East Africa is manifest as
> kala azar and is anthroponotic, the same as in India.  The main vector in
> Kenya is Phlebotmus martini, which tends to breed in termite mounds, often
> associated with human dwellings.  Other Symphlebotomus species, Ph.
> vansomerenae and Ph. celiae have also been implicated in L. donovani
> transmission.
>
>
>
> Regards,
>
>
>
> Phil Lawyer
>
> ________________________________
> From: Carlos Brisola Marcondes [cbrisolamarcondes at gmail.com]
> Sent: Friday, August 30, 2013 8:41 AM
> To: Leish-L; leish-l-bounces at lineu.icb.usp.br
> Subject: [Leish-l] why is Leishmania donovani restricted to humans in
> Indian subcontinent?
>
> Dear all,
> Leishmania donovani seems to have been introduced from East Africa to
> Indian subcontinent, where it has infected mostly humans, differently from
> East African foci.
>    Why does this occur? Is this caused by feeding preferences of
> Phlebotomus argentipes, which bites mostly ruminants and humans and is
> associated to houses? Or are dogs rarer in that region than in Brazil,
> where these animals are important reservoirs of Leishmania infantum and
> frequently bitten by Lutzomyia longipalpis?
>
>
> Sincerely yours
> prof. dr. Carlos Brisola Marcondes
> Dept. Microbiol. Imunol. Parasitol./CCB
> Federal University of Santa Catarina
> Florianópolis (SC)
> CV: http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4783901J2
> blog: http://entomomedica.blogspot.com.br/
>
>
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