[Leish-l] why is Leishmania donovani restricted to humans in Indian subcontinent?

Fri Jan 10 10:53:15 BRST 2014

Dear Isabel
   Thank you for precious information.
   They will be very useful for a chapter on leishmaniasis for a book I
will publish by Springer. Any other information or link potentially useful
for such chapter would be welcome.

Sincerely yours
Carlos Brisola Marcondes

2013/11/15 Isabel Mauricio <isabel.mauricio at ihmt.unl.pt>

>  Dear all
>
>
>
> I don’t think it is as simple as saying that there was an introduction of
> L. donovani in India from East Africa or vice-versa. Genetically, the two
> are quite distinct, and although the Indian focus is quite homogeneous,
> phylogenetically it doesn’t emerge from the East African strains.
>
> It is more likely that they have evolved separately. Older populations may
> have become extinct, and it’s not clear what is the origin of the Indian
> (actually East Indian) strains (MON-2). Their ancestral populations may
> well have disappeared. The surviving branch could have been the best
> adapted to the local sand fly population.
>
>
>
> In any case, when talking about East Africa, one must distinguish between
> the Sudan/Ethiopia region and the Kenyan region. They are genetically
> distinct, as well, and do not form a homogeneous group.
>
>
>
> A PNAS paper that analysed a large amount of genetic marker data for
> selected strains suggests that the Indian strains belong to an early
> branching group from a larger population that migrated through central
> Asia.
>
>
>
> http://www.pnas.org/content/104/22/9375.full.pdf
>
>
>
> All the best
>
> Isabel Mauricio
>
>
>
> *De:* Kandan Ilango [mailto:kilangozsi at gmail.com]
> *Enviada:* 13 de novembro de 2013 05:45
> *Para:* Lawyer, Phillip (NIH/NIAID) [E]
> *Cc:* Leish-L at lineu.icb.usp.br
> *Assunto:* Re: [Leish-l] why is Leishmania donovani restricted to humans
> in Indian subcontinent?
>
>
>
> Dear all,
>
>
>
> Phil comment tempts me to respond on the origin of L. donvani from India
> to E. Africa. I think Carlos remarks in some sense was right because
> co-cladogensis events of L. donvani sensu lato and its associated vectors
> ie. the members of P. (Euphlebotomus) argentipes in India and P. (Symphlebotomus)
> martini + others in East Africa. Although the exact age of separation of
> Euphlebotomus from Anaphlebotomus (visa-vice) together with their
> Gondwanaland and Afrotropical continents remains speculative but the recent
> publication (of  El-naiem et at (2011): A possible role for Phlebotomus
> (Anaphlebotomus) rodhaini (Parrot, 1930) in transmission of
>
> Leishmania donovani) attributes that host shift could be a potential
> factor with respect to infection of L. donvani in P.martini + others and P.
> rodhaini.
>
>
>
> With best wishes,
>
> K. Ilango.
>
>
>   *Dr K. Ilango, **M Sc, PhD (London), Dip LSHTM*
>
> *Dy. Director & Officer-in-Charge *
>
> *Zoological Survey of India *
> * (Government of India)*
>
> *Southern Regional Centre *
> * 130 Santhome High Road*
>
> *Chennai-600 028, INDIA *
>
> *Phone/Fax No. +91 (0) 44 24642898 <%2B91%20%280%29%2044%2024642898>*
>
> *Alternate e-mail: ilangokaniyan at yahoo.co.in <ilangokaniyan at yahoo.in>*
>
>
>
> On Mon, Sep 16, 2013 at 9:07 AM, Lawyer, Phillip (NIH/NIAID) [E] <
> PhillipL at niaid.nih.gov> wrote:
>
> Dear Carlos,
>
>
>
> For what it's worth, I believe it most likely happened the other way
> around:  Leishmania donovani was probably introduced to East Africa from
> India during the late 1800s when laborers were brought from India to work
> in the Kenya building the railroad from Mombasa to Uganda and on other
> infrastructure projects.  Leishmania donovani in East Africa is manifest as
> kala azar and is anthroponotic, the same as in India.  The main vector in
> Kenya is Phlebotmus martini, which tends to breed in termite mounds, often
> associated with human dwellings.  Other Symphlebotomus species, Ph.
> vansomerenae and Ph. celiae have also been implicated in L. donovani
> transmission.
>
>
>
> Regards,
>
>
>
> Phil Lawyer
>
> ________________________________
> From: Carlos Brisola Marcondes [cbrisolamarcondes at gmail.com]
> Sent: Friday, August 30, 2013 8:41 AM
> To: Leish-L; leish-l-bounces at lineu.icb.usp.br
> Subject: [Leish-l] why is Leishmania donovani restricted to humans in
> Indian subcontinent?
>
> Dear all,
> Leishmania donovani seems to have been introduced from East Africa to
> Indian subcontinent, where it has infected mostly humans, differently from
> East African foci.
>    Why does this occur? Is this caused by feeding preferences of
> Phlebotomus argentipes, which bites mostly ruminants and humans and is
> associated to houses? Or are dogs rarer in that region than in Brazil,
> where these animals are important reservoirs of Leishmania infantum and
> frequently bitten by Lutzomyia longipalpis?
>
>
> Sincerely yours
> prof. dr. Carlos Brisola Marcondes
> Dept. Microbiol. Imunol. Parasitol./CCB
> Federal University of Santa Catarina
> Florianópolis (SC)
> CV: http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4783901J2
> blog: http://entomomedica.blogspot.com.br/
>
>
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