[Leish-l] why is Leishmania donovani restricted to humans in Indian subcontinent?

Σωτηριάδου Καίτη ksoteriadou at pasteur.gr
Mon Dec 2 12:47:31 BRST 2013


Well done Isabel!!!!
Ketty/Kaiti

________________________________

Από: leish-l-bounces at lineu.icb.usp.br εκ μέρους Isabel Mauricio
Αποστολή: Παρ 15/11/2013 16:13
Προς: Leish-L at lineu.icb.usp.br
Θέμα: Re: [Leish-l] why is Leishmania donovani restricted to humans in Indian subcontinent?



Dear all

 

I don't think it is as simple as saying that there was an introduction of L. donovani in India from East Africa or vice-versa. Genetically, the two are quite distinct, and although the Indian focus is quite homogeneous, phylogenetically it doesn't emerge from the East African strains. 

It is more likely that they have evolved separately. Older populations may have become extinct, and it's not clear what is the origin of the Indian (actually East Indian) strains (MON-2). Their ancestral populations may well have disappeared. The surviving branch could have been the best adapted to the local sand fly population. 

 

In any case, when talking about East Africa, one must distinguish between the Sudan/Ethiopia region and the Kenyan region. They are genetically distinct, as well, and do not form a homogeneous group. 

 

A PNAS paper that analysed a large amount of genetic marker data for selected strains suggests that the Indian strains belong to an early branching group from a larger population that migrated through central Asia. 

 

http://www.pnas.org/content/104/22/9375.full.pdf <http://www.pnas.org/content/104/22/9375.full.pdf> 

 

All the best

Isabel Mauricio

 

De: Kandan Ilango [mailto:kilangozsi at gmail.com] 
Enviada: 13 de novembro de 2013 05:45
Para: Lawyer, Phillip (NIH/NIAID) [E]
Cc: Leish-L at lineu.icb.usp.br
Assunto: Re: [Leish-l] why is Leishmania donovani restricted to humans in Indian subcontinent?

 

Dear all,

 

Phil comment tempts me to respond on the origin of L. donvani from India to E. Africa. I think Carlos remarks in some sense was right because co-cladogensis events of L. donvani sensu lato and its associated vectors ie. the members of P. (Euphlebotomus) argentipes in India and P. (Symphlebotomus) martini + others in East Africa. Although the exact age of separation of Euphlebotomus from Anaphlebotomus (visa-vice) together with their Gondwanaland and Afrotropical continents remains speculative but the recent publication (of  El-naiem et at (2011): A possible role for Phlebotomus (Anaphlebotomus) rodhaini (Parrot, 1930) in transmission of

Leishmania donovani) attributes that host shift could be a potential factor with respect to infection of L. donvani in P.martini + others and P. rodhaini.

 

With best wishes,

K. Ilango.    




Dr K. Ilango, M Sc, PhD (London), Dip LSHTM

Dy. Director & Officer-in-Charge 

Zoological Survey of India 
(Government of India)

Southern Regional Centre 
130 Santhome High Road

Chennai-600 028, INDIA 

Phone/Fax No. +91 (0) 44 24642898

Alternate e-mail: ilangokaniyan at yahoo.co.in <mailto:ilangokaniyan at yahoo.in> 

 

On Mon, Sep 16, 2013 at 9:07 AM, Lawyer, Phillip (NIH/NIAID) [E] <PhillipL at niaid.nih.gov> wrote:

	Dear Carlos,
	
	
	
	For what it's worth, I believe it most likely happened the other way around:  Leishmania donovani was probably introduced to East Africa from India during the late 1800s when laborers were brought from India to work in the Kenya building the railroad from Mombasa to Uganda and on other infrastructure projects.  Leishmania donovani in East Africa is manifest as kala azar and is anthroponotic, the same as in India.  The main vector in Kenya is Phlebotmus martini, which tends to breed in termite mounds, often associated with human dwellings.  Other Symphlebotomus species, Ph. vansomerenae and Ph. celiae have also been implicated in L. donovani transmission.
	
	
	
	Regards,
	
	
	
	Phil Lawyer
	
	________________________________
	From: Carlos Brisola Marcondes [cbrisolamarcondes at gmail.com]
	Sent: Friday, August 30, 2013 8:41 AM
	To: Leish-L; leish-l-bounces at lineu.icb.usp.br
	Subject: [Leish-l] why is Leishmania donovani restricted to humans in Indian subcontinent?
	
	Dear all,
	Leishmania donovani seems to have been introduced from East Africa to Indian subcontinent, where it has infected mostly humans, differently from East African foci.
	   Why does this occur? Is this caused by feeding preferences of Phlebotomus argentipes, which bites mostly ruminants and humans and is associated to houses? Or are dogs rarer in that region than in Brazil, where these animals are important reservoirs of Leishmania infantum and frequently bitten by Lutzomyia longipalpis?

	
	Sincerely yours
	prof. dr. Carlos Brisola Marcondes
	Dept. Microbiol. Imunol. Parasitol./CCB
	Federal University of Santa Catarina
	Florianopolis (SC)
	CV: http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4783901J2
	blog: http://entomomedica.blogspot.com.br/
	
	
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