[Leish-l] FW: PRO/AH> Leishmaniasis - Panama: (CA) background

[jeffrey shaw]

From: ProMED-mail <promed at promed.isid.harvard.edu>

Date: 2012/4/6
Subject: PRO/AH> Leishmaniasis - Panama: (CA) background
To: promed-ahead at promedmail.org


LEISHMANIASIS - PANAMA: (CAPIRA DISTRICT): BACKGROUND


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Date: Fri 6 Apr 2012

Source: Gideon Online [edited]

<http://www.gideononline.com/2012/04/05/leishmaniasis-in-panama/>





Background data on Leishmaniasis in Panama

------------------------------------------

Abstracted from Gideon www.GideonOnline.com and the Gideon e-book

series[1,2].



Time and Place:

Most cases are reported from western Panama - Bocas del Toro, Cocle,

Colon, Chiriqui and Panama Provinces. Children and new settlers to

forest areas are at highest risk.



Incidence of leishmaniasis in Panama - see graph:

<http://www.gideononline.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/Leish-Panama.png>



Infecting species:

Leishmania mexicana amazonensis and L. braziliensis panamanensis are

implicated.

- L. colombiensis is also encountered.

- L. naiffi has been identified in sand flies the region of the Canal

Zone.



Reservoirs:

Leishmania braziliensis has been identified in the 2-toed sloth

(Choloepus hoffmanni) and 3-toed sloth (Bradypus infuscatus).

The 2-toed sloth has also been identified as a reservoir for

Leishmania panamensis and L. colombiensis.

Parasites have also been demonstrated in the night monkey (Aotus

trivirgatus).

Dogs may also act as natural reservoirs in this country. 3 percent of

dogs in forest settlements are infected (1968 to 1973).



Vectors:

The principal local vector for L. panamensis is Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia)

trapidoi.

- Additional species of anthropophilic sandflies have been implicated,

including Lu. (N.) ylephiletor, Lu. (Ps.) panamensis, Lu. ovallesi,

Lu.(Ps.) shannoni, and Lu. gomezi.

- The predominant vectors in Gamboa (central Panama) are Lu. (Ps.)

panamensis and Lu. gomezi.



Notable outbreaks:

1984 - An outbreak (15 cases) was reported among Puerto Rican National

Guard personnel conducting exercises in Panama.



References:

1. Berger SA. Infectious Diseases of Panama, 2012. 378 pp, 79 graphs,

1290 references. Gideon e-books,

<http://www.gideononline.com/ebooks/country/infectious-diseases-of-panama/>

2. Berger SA. Cutaneous and Mucosal Leishmaniasis: Global Status,

2012. 106 pp, 92 graphs, 837 references. Gideon e-books,

<http://www.gideononline.com/ebooks/disease/cutaneous-and-mucosal-leishmaniasis-global-status/>.




--

Communicated by:

Steve Berger

Geographic Medicine

Tel Aviv Medical Center

<mberger at post.tau.ac.il>



[ProMED thanks Steve Berger for proving these background data.

HealthMap location: <http://healthmap.org/r/27Qr>

- Mod.EP]



[see also:

Leishmaniasis - Panama: (CA): 20120405.1091621

1998

----

Leishmaniasis - Panama (02) 19981114.2199

Leishmaniasis - Panama 19980705.1257]

.................................................ep/ejp/lm

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