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<br><br><div><div id="SkyDrivePlaceholder"></div><hr id="stopSpelling"><div class="ecxgmail_quote">From: <b class="ecxgmail_sendername">ProMED-mail</b> <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:promed@promed.isid.harvard.edu">promed@promed.isid.harvard.edu</a>></span><br>
Date: 2012/4/6<br>Subject: PRO/AH> Leishmaniasis - Panama: (CA) background<br>To: <a href="mailto:promed-ahead@promedmail.org">promed-ahead@promedmail.org</a><br><br><br>LEISHMANIASIS - PANAMA: (CAPIRA DISTRICT): BACKGROUND<br>
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A ProMED-mail post<br>
<<a href="http://www.promedmail.org" target="_blank">http://www.promedmail.org</a>><br>
ProMED-mail is a program of the<br>
International Society for Infectious Diseases<br>
<<a href="http://www.isid.org" target="_blank">http://www.isid.org</a>><br>
<br>
Date: Fri 6 Apr 2012<br>
Source: Gideon Online [edited]<br>
<<a href="http://www.gideononline.com/2012/04/05/leishmaniasis-in-panama/" target="_blank">http://www.gideononline.com/2012/04/05/leishmaniasis-in-panama/</a>><br>
<br>
<br>
Background data on Leishmaniasis in Panama<br>
------------------------------------------<br>
Abstracted from Gideon <a href="http://www.GideonOnline.com" target="_blank">www.GideonOnline.com</a> and the Gideon e-book<br>
series[1,2].<br>
<br>
Time and Place:<br>
Most cases are reported from western Panama - Bocas del Toro, Cocle,<br>
Colon, Chiriqui and Panama Provinces. Children and new settlers to<br>
forest areas are at highest risk.<br>
<br>
Incidence of leishmaniasis in Panama - see graph:<br>
<<a href="http://www.gideononline.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/Leish-Panama.png" target="_blank">http://www.gideononline.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/Leish-Panama.png</a>><br>
<br>
Infecting species:<br>
Leishmania mexicana amazonensis and L. braziliensis panamanensis are<br>
implicated.<br>
- L. colombiensis is also encountered.<br>
- L. naiffi has been identified in sand flies the region of the Canal<br>
Zone.<br>
<br>
Reservoirs:<br>
Leishmania braziliensis has been identified in the 2-toed sloth<br>
(Choloepus hoffmanni) and 3-toed sloth (Bradypus infuscatus).<br>
The 2-toed sloth has also been identified as a reservoir for<br>
Leishmania panamensis and L. colombiensis.<br>
Parasites have also been demonstrated in the night monkey (Aotus<br>
trivirgatus).<br>
Dogs may also act as natural reservoirs in this country. 3 percent of<br>
dogs in forest settlements are infected (1968 to 1973).<br>
<br>
Vectors:<br>
The principal local vector for L. panamensis is Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia)<br>
trapidoi.<br>
- Additional species of anthropophilic sandflies have been implicated,<br>
including Lu. (N.) ylephiletor, Lu. (Ps.) panamensis, Lu. ovallesi,<br>
Lu.(Ps.) shannoni, and Lu. gomezi.<br>
- The predominant vectors in Gamboa (central Panama) are Lu. (Ps.)<br>
panamensis and Lu. gomezi.<br>
<br>
Notable outbreaks:<br>
1984 - An outbreak (15 cases) was reported among Puerto Rican National<br>
Guard personnel conducting exercises in Panama.<br>
<br>
References:<br>
1. Berger SA. Infectious Diseases of Panama, 2012. 378 pp, 79 graphs,<br>
1290 references. Gideon e-books,<br>
<<a href="http://www.gideononline.com/ebooks/country/infectious-diseases-of-panama/" target="_blank">http://www.gideononline.com/ebooks/country/infectious-diseases-of-panama/</a>><br>
2. Berger SA. Cutaneous and Mucosal Leishmaniasis: Global Status,<br>
2012. 106 pp, 92 graphs, 837 references. Gideon e-books,<br>
<<a href="http://www.gideononline.com/ebooks/disease/cutaneous-and-mucosal-leishmaniasis-global-status/" target="_blank">http://www.gideononline.com/ebooks/disease/cutaneous-and-mucosal-leishmaniasis-global-status/</a>>.<br>
<br>
--<br>
Communicated by:<br>
Steve Berger<br>
Geographic Medicine<br>
Tel Aviv Medical Center<br>
<<a href="mailto:mberger@post.tau.ac.il">mberger@post.tau.ac.il</a>><br>
<br>
[ProMED thanks Steve Berger for proving these background data.<br>
HealthMap location: <<a href="http://healthmap.org/r/27Qr" target="_blank">http://healthmap.org/r/27Qr</a>><br>
- Mod.EP]<br>
<br>
[see also:<br>
Leishmaniasis - Panama: (CA): 20120405.1091621<br>
1998<br>
----<br>
Leishmaniasis - Panama (02) 19981114.2199<br>
Leishmaniasis - Panama 19980705.1257]<br>
.................................................ep/ejp/lm<br>
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