[Leish-l] Leishmaniasis - Argentina: epidemic potential

Chang, Kwang-Poo KwangPoo.Chang at rosalindfranklin.edu
Fri Mar 27 09:29:31 BRT 2009


Steve and  Bob are indeed correct !
 
KP

________________________________

From: neena goyal [mailto:neenacdri at yahoo.com]
Sent: Fri 3/27/2009 5:23 AM
To: Jenefer M. Blackwell
Cc: Chang, Kwang-Poo; Carlos Costa; fred opperdoes; Leish-l at lineu.icb.usp.br
Subject: Re: [Leish-l] Leishmaniasis - Argentina: epidemic potential




I agree
Thanks
Neena

--- On Fri, 27/3/09, Jenefer M. Blackwell <jmb37 at cam.ac.uk> wrote:

> From: Jenefer M. Blackwell <jmb37 at cam.ac.uk>
> Subject: Re: [Leish-l] Leishmaniasis - Argentina: epidemic potential
> To: "neena goyal" <neenacdri at yahoo.com>
> Cc: "Kwang-PooChang" <KwangPoo.Chang at rosalindfranklin.edu>, "Carlos Costa" <chncosta at gmail.com>, "fred opperdoes" <fred.opperdoes at uclouvain.be>, Leish-l at lineu.icb.usp.br
> Date: Friday, 27 March, 2009, 6:15 AM
> It seems from all the previous emails
> that you are wrong!
>
> Steve and Bob seem to have come up with the right answer.
>
> Cheers all, Jennie
>
> On Mar 26 2009, neena goyal wrote:
>
> >
> > To all,
> > I think the right word is 'sandfly' not sand fly
> > Neena
> >
> > --- On Wed, 25/3/09, Carlos Costa <chncosta at gmail.com>
> wrote:
> >
> >> From: Carlos Costa <chncosta at gmail.com>
> Subject: Re: [Leish-l] Leishmaniasis - Argentina: epidemic
> potential To: "Chang, Kwang-Poo" <KwangPoo.Chang at rosalindfranklin.edu>
> Cc: "fred opperdoes" <fred.opperdoes at uclouvain.be>,
> Leish-l at lineu.icb.usp..br
> Date: Wednesday, 25 March, 2009, 1:16 AM To:
> all   By the way, what is the right English
> writing: sand fly or sandfly? Is it a matter of England vs.
> US?   Carlos H.
> >>
> >>
> >> 2009/3/21 Chang, Kwang-Poo <KwangPoo.Chang at rosalindfranklin.edu>
> >>
> >>
> >>
> >>
> >> To:
> >> Prof. Laila Nimri and all
> >>  The
> >> issue appears to be a language translation
> problem. I was
> >> told that all blood sucking flies are referred to
> as
> >> "mosquito" in Spanish.
> >>
> >>  KP
> >> 
> >>
> >>
> >>
> >> From: leish-l-bounces at lineu.icb.usp.br
> >> [mailto:leish-l-bounces at lineu.icb.usp.br]
> >> On Behalf Of
> >> Laila Nimri
> >>
> >> Sent:
> >> Thursday, February 26, 2009 1:53 AM
> >> To: fred
> >> opperdoes; Leish-l at lineu.icb.usp.br
> >>
> >> Subject: Re:
> >> [Leish-l] Leishmaniasis - Argentina: epidemic
> >> potential
> >>
> >>
> >>
> >> 
> >> Just to
> >> correct a very important information about the
> vector of
> >> Visceral leishmaniasis, it is definitely not a
> mosquito, it
> >> is a sand fly of the genus Lutzomyia as mentioned
> >> correctly below or a Phlebotomus. The
> environmental or
> >> climatic changes that affect mosquitoes might have
> affected
> >> the sand flies and lead to the emergence of the
> >> disease.
> >>
> >>
> >> 
> >> Prof. Laila
> >> Nimri
> >>
> >>
> >>
> >>
> >> From: leish-l-bounces at lineu.icb.usp.br
> >> [leish-l-bounces at lineu.icb.usp.br]
> >> On Behalf Of fred opperdoes [fred.opperdoes at uclouvain.be]
> >>
> >> Sent:
> >> Thursday, February 26, 2009 8:21 AM
> >> To: Leish-l at lineu.icb.usp.br
> >>
> >> Subject:
> >> [Leish-l] Leishmaniasis - Argentina: epidemic
> >> potential
> >>
> >>
> >> Date:
> >> Wed, 25 Feb 2009 21:23:15 -0500
> >> (EST)
> >>
> >> From: ProMED-mail <promed at promed.isid.harvard.edu>
> >> Subject: PRO/AH/EDR> Leishmaniasis -
> Argentina:
> >> epidemic potential
> >>
> >>
> >> LEISHMANIASIS - ARGENTINA: EPIDEMIC POTENTIAL
> >> ***********************************************
> >> A ProMED-mail post
> >> <http://www.promedmail.org <http://www.promedmail.org/> >
> >>
> >> ProMED-mail is a program of the
> >> International Society for Infectious Diseases
> >> <http://www.isid.org <http://www.isid.org/> >
> >>
> >> Date: Tue 24 Feb 2009
> >>
> >> Source: Datachaco.com [trans. Mod JGM,
> >> edited]
> >> <http://datachaco.com/noticia.php?numero=17399>
> >>
> >>
> >> The occurrence of cases of yellow fever made
> people
> >> pay attention to
> >> mosquito-borne diseases, and dengue fever, which
> is
> >> currently attacking with unusual strength in
> Paraguay, set
> >> another alarm in Chaco, Corrientes, and Misiones
> provinces, which
> >> share borders with
> >> Paraguay and Bolivia.
> >>
> >> However, a new emerging disease has become the
> main
> >> epidemic threat in Argentina: Visceral
> leishmaniasis. This little
> >> known disease is
> >> being analyzed now as a cause for a sanitary red
> >> alert in Argentina.
> >>
> >> Visceral leishmaniasis is also
> >> caused by a
> >> mosquito-borne
> >> parasite.
> >> There is no vaccine for this disease, and therapy
> is
> >> instituted only once a case is clearly defined.
> Its mortality rate is
> >> around 8 per cent, and it has a particular
> feature: Dogs may act
> >> as reservoirs for
> >> the parasite.
> >>
> >> A summary of the life cycle of the parasite
> indicates
> >> that _Lutzomyia_
> >> insects
> >> infect
> >> dogs. These animals develop the
> >> disease
> >> and transmit the parasite to another insect
> vector,
> >> which now is capable of transmitting visceral
> leishmaniasis to
> >> humans. There is no human-to-human transmission.
> >>
> >> Since the very 1st case was reported in 2006, 36
> >> persons have been
> >> affected, and there are 4 deceased patients. The
> >> possibility of a rapid increase in the number of
> cases is a reason for
> >> concern.
> >>
> >> Last week 2 cases of visceral leishmaniasis were
> >> reported in Posadas.
> >> One is an 18-year-old woman, and the other is a
> >> 21-year-old man, who separately developed the
> symptoms of the disease.
> >> Some personnel from the army are currently
> collaborating with municipal
> >> authorities in
> >> Posadas for cleaning wastelands, which
> >> are considered breeding places for insect
> vectors.
> >>
> >> This health problem has become quite dangerous
> and
> >> important in the
> >> main cities in Misiones province, and specialists
> >> warn that the disease may reach other provinces in
> the short
> >> term.
> >>
> >> "We are observing that the vector is spreading
> >> fast, and 2 corridors
> >> have been established, one directing towards
> >> Resistencia and the other one towards Corrientes.
> Also, the northern area
> >> of Entre Rios, as well as Santa Fe, and Cordoba
> are vulnerable
> >> places. The mosquito
> >> vector for visceral
> >> leishmaniasis has become an
> >> urban-living insect,
> >> so there is a substantial risk for its presence
> in
> >> big urban centers," explained Dr. Daniel Salomon,
> from the
> >> National Center for Epidemics in Argentina's
> Ministry of
> >> Health.
> >>
> >>
> >> "It is quite difficult to implement preventive
> >> measures, because people are so in love with their
> pets,"
> >> commented Dr. Salomon. There are very few options
> for controlling the spread of
> >> the disease apart
> >> from sacrificing sick animals.
> >>
> >> In 2004, the 1st dog infected with the causative
> >> agent of visceral leishmaniasis was detected. When
> 40 cases were
> >> reported in Misiones province, the Ministry of
> Health issued a red alert.
> >> Nonetheless, the
> >> current situation is much worse. In Posadas, it
> was
> >> determined that 7000 dogs actually have the
> parasite. Additionally,
> >> there are 300 infected dogs in Corrientes, and it
> is worth
> >> mentioning that in its
> >> capital city, there are thousands of homeless
> dogs
> >> considered to be infected with the parasite.
> >>
> >> The analysis of the experience from Brazil and
> >> Paraguay indicates that there is a probability of
> having one person
> >> infected for every
> >> 60 infected dogs. There is a high risk for an
> >> epidemic.
> >>
> >> Sanitary authorities recommend that pets must not
> be
> >> carried to the areas considered to be at risk. It
> is also advisable
> >> not to transport
> >> dogs from the affected regions to other areas in
> the
> >> country. The idea is to cut the transmission cycle
> of the
> >> parasite. Those persons who may visit the northern
> part of Argentina must be
> >> immunized
> >> against yellow fever as an ordinary preventive
> >> measure, and they must leave their pets at home as
> an additional preventive
> >> measure.
> >>
> >> "Visceral leishmaniasis was present in the
> >> northern part of South
> >> America until migrating workers started moving it
> towards
> >> the south. In early 2000, there were some
> important outbreaks in
> >> Campo Grande do Sul and in Asuncion, where the
> average number of
> >> persons infected is
> >> around 70 per year. In Brazil there are around
> 4000
> >> cases and 200 deaths per year," pointed out Dr.
> Salomon, who
> >> had been doing some field work during the past few
> weeks in the Litoral
> >> provinces.
> >>
> >>
> >> He also added: "There is a trend for an increase
> >> in visceral leishmaniasis, so the disease may
> spread, and it is
> >> expected to have more cases."
> >>
> >> Climate changes and deforesting seem to be the
> main
> >> explanations for
> >> the migration of
> >> mosquito-borne
> >> diseases. However, trying
> >> to justify
> >> the occurrence of emergent diseases only because
> of
> >> reasons inherent to nature itself may exonerate
> provincial and
> >> municipal authorities for not complying with their
> obligations with respect
> >> to the
> >> implementation of disease control programs and
> >> cleaning empty lots.
> >>
> >> Consequently, now there are many public
> accusations
> >> between Misiones, Corrientes, and Chaco health
> officers.
> >> These persons, now that there
> >> are cases of visceral leishmaniasis, immediately
> try
> >> to explain that transmission may have taken place
> outside their
> >> respective jurisdictions. The clear point is that
> the
> >> mosquito
> >> vector
> >> appears
> >> because of lack of public hygiene.
> >>
> >> - --
> >> Communicated by:
> >> ProMED-mail <promed at promedmail.org>
> >>
> >>
> >> [Leishmaniasis has been slowly spreading in
> northern
> >> Argentina over the past decades (Salomon O et al.
> First visceral
> >> leishmaniasis focus in Argentina. Mem Inst Oswaldo
> Cruz.
> >> 2008;103:109-11
> >>
> >>   <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18368242?ordinalpos=9&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum>).
> >>
> >>
> >> The ecology of the vector has been changing, and
> >> increasing urbanization has been suggested as one
> of the
> >> explanations (Salomon OD et
> >> al. Phlebotominae (Diptera:
> >> Psycodidae) fauna in the Chaco
> >> region and Cutaneous Leishmaniasis transmission
> patterns in  Argentina. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz.
> 2008;103:578-84 <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18949328?ordinalpos=3&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum>).
> >>
> >>  -
> >> Mod.EP]
> >> _______________________________________________
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> >> Leish-l at lineu.icb.usp.br
> >>
> >> http://lineu.icb.usp.br/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/leish-l
> >>
> >>
> >>
> >>
> >> -- Dr. Carlos Henrique Nery Costa.
> >>
> >> Coordenador Executivo - Rede Nordeste de
> Biotecnologia
> >> Diretor Geral - Instituto de Doenças Tropicais
> Natan
> >> Portella
> >> Universidade Federal do Piauí
> >> Rua Artur de Vasconcelos 151-Sul
> >> 64.001-450 Teresina-PI Brasil
> >>
> >> Telefones: IDTNP:+55 86 3221-3413; Celular: +55 86
> 9985-6132; Fax: +55 86 3222-3248
> >>
> >>
> >> -----Inline Attachment Follows-----
> >>
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> >>
> >
> >
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> >
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>
> -- Professor Jenefer M. Blackwell
> Honorary Senior Scientist and Affiliated PI
> Cambridge Institute for Medical Research
> Wellcome Trust/MRC Building
> Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
> Email:  jmb37 at cam.ac.uk
>
> Contact details in Australia:
> Professor Jenefer M. Blackwell
> Head, Division of Genetics and Health
> Telethon Institute for Child Health Research
> 100 Roberts Road, Subiaco Western Australia, 6008 
>     (GPO Box 855, West Perth, WA 6872)
> Tel +61 (08) 9489 7910
> Fax +61 (08) 9489 7700
> Email jblackwell at ichr.uwa.edu.au
>
>
>
>
>


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