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<DIV dir=ltr><FONT face=Arial color=#000000 size=2>Steve and Bob are indeed correct !</FONT></DIV>
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<DIV dir=ltr><FONT face=Arial size=2>KP</FONT></DIV></DIV>
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<FONT face=Tahoma size=2><B>From:</B> neena goyal [mailto:neenacdri@yahoo.com]<BR><B>Sent:</B> Fri 3/27/2009 5:23 AM<BR><B>To:</B> Jenefer M. Blackwell<BR><B>Cc:</B> Chang, Kwang-Poo; Carlos Costa; fred opperdoes; Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br<BR><B>Subject:</B> Re: [Leish-l] Leishmaniasis - Argentina: epidemic potential<BR></FONT><BR></DIV>
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<P><FONT size=2>I agree<BR>Thanks<BR>Neena<BR><BR>--- On Fri, 27/3/09, Jenefer M. Blackwell <jmb37@cam.ac.uk> wrote:<BR><BR>> From: Jenefer M. Blackwell <jmb37@cam.ac.uk><BR>> Subject: Re: [Leish-l] Leishmaniasis - Argentina: epidemic potential<BR>> To: "neena goyal" <neenacdri@yahoo.com><BR>> Cc: "Kwang-PooChang" <KwangPoo.Chang@rosalindfranklin.edu>, "Carlos Costa" <chncosta@gmail.com>, "fred opperdoes" <fred.opperdoes@uclouvain.be>, Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br<BR>> Date: Friday, 27 March, 2009, 6:15 AM<BR>> It seems from all the previous emails<BR>> that you are wrong!<BR>><BR>> Steve and Bob seem to have come up with the right answer.<BR>><BR>> Cheers all, Jennie<BR>><BR>> On Mar 26 2009, neena goyal wrote:<BR>><BR>> ><BR>> > To all,<BR>> > I think the right word is 'sandfly' not sand fly<BR>> > Neena<BR>> ><BR>> > --- On Wed, 25/3/09, Carlos Costa <chncosta@gmail.com><BR>> wrote:<BR>> ><BR>> >> From: Carlos Costa <chncosta@gmail.com><BR>> Subject: Re: [Leish-l] Leishmaniasis - Argentina: epidemic<BR>> potential To: "Chang, Kwang-Poo" <KwangPoo.Chang@rosalindfranklin.edu><BR>> Cc: "fred opperdoes" <fred.opperdoes@uclouvain.be>,<BR>> Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp..br<BR>> Date: Wednesday, 25 March, 2009, 1:16 AM To:<BR>> all By the way, what is the right English<BR>> writing: sand fly or sandfly? Is it a matter of England vs.<BR>> US? Carlos H.<BR>> >><BR>> >><BR>> >> 2009/3/21 Chang, Kwang-Poo <KwangPoo.Chang@rosalindfranklin.edu><BR>> >><BR>> >><BR>> >><BR>> >><BR>> >> To:<BR>> >> Prof. Laila Nimri and all<BR>> >> The<BR>> >> issue appears to be a language translation<BR>> problem. I was<BR>> >> told that all blood sucking flies are referred to<BR>> as<BR>> >> "mosquito" in Spanish.<BR>> >><BR>> >> KP<BR>> >> <BR>> >><BR>> >><BR>> >><BR>> >> From: leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br<BR>> >> [<A href="mailto:leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br">mailto:leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br</A>]<BR>> >> On Behalf Of<BR>> >> Laila Nimri<BR>> >><BR>> >> Sent:<BR>> >> Thursday, February 26, 2009 1:53 AM<BR>> >> To: fred<BR>> >> opperdoes; Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br<BR>> >><BR>> >> Subject: Re:<BR>> >> [Leish-l] Leishmaniasis - Argentina: epidemic<BR>> >> potential<BR>> >><BR>> >><BR>> >><BR>> >> <BR>> >> Just to<BR>> >> correct a very important information about the<BR>> vector of<BR>> >> Visceral leishmaniasis, it is definitely not a<BR>> mosquito, it<BR>> >> is a sand fly of the genus Lutzomyia as mentioned<BR>> >> correctly below or a Phlebotomus. The<BR>> environmental or<BR>> >> climatic changes that affect mosquitoes might have<BR>> affected<BR>> >> the sand flies and lead to the emergence of the<BR>> >> disease.<BR>> >><BR>> >><BR>> >> <BR>> >> Prof. Laila<BR>> >> Nimri<BR>> >><BR>> >><BR>> >><BR>> >><BR>> >> From: leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br<BR>> >> [leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br]<BR>> >> On Behalf Of fred opperdoes [fred.opperdoes@uclouvain.be]<BR>> >><BR>> >> Sent:<BR>> >> Thursday, February 26, 2009 8:21 AM<BR>> >> To: Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br<BR>> >><BR>> >> Subject:<BR>> >> [Leish-l] Leishmaniasis - Argentina: epidemic<BR>> >> potential<BR>> >><BR>> >><BR>> >> Date:<BR>> >> Wed, 25 Feb 2009 21:23:15 -0500<BR>> >> (EST)<BR>> >><BR>> >> From: ProMED-mail <promed@promed.isid.harvard.edu><BR>> >> Subject: PRO/AH/EDR> Leishmaniasis -<BR>> Argentina:<BR>> >> epidemic potential<BR>> >><BR>> >><BR>> >> LEISHMANIASIS - ARGENTINA: EPIDEMIC POTENTIAL<BR>> >> ***********************************************<BR>> >> A ProMED-mail post<BR>> >> <<A href="http://www.promedmail.org/">http://www.promedmail.org</A>><BR>> >><BR>> >> ProMED-mail is a program of the<BR>> >> International Society for Infectious Diseases<BR>> >> <<A href="http://www.isid.org/">http://www.isid.org</A>><BR>> >><BR>> >> Date: Tue 24 Feb 2009<BR>> >><BR>> >> Source: Datachaco.com [trans. Mod JGM,<BR>> >> edited]<BR>> >> <<A href="http://datachaco.com/noticia.php?numero=17399">http://datachaco.com/noticia.php?numero=17399</A>><BR>> >><BR>> >><BR>> >> The occurrence of cases of yellow fever made<BR>> people<BR>> >> pay attention to<BR>> >> mosquito-borne diseases, and dengue fever, which<BR>> is<BR>> >> currently attacking with unusual strength in<BR>> Paraguay, set<BR>> >> another alarm in Chaco, Corrientes, and Misiones<BR>> provinces, which<BR>> >> share borders with<BR>> >> Paraguay and Bolivia.<BR>> >><BR>> >> However, a new emerging disease has become the<BR>> main<BR>> >> epidemic threat in Argentina: Visceral<BR>> leishmaniasis. This little<BR>> >> known disease is<BR>> >> being analyzed now as a cause for a sanitary red<BR>> >> alert in Argentina.<BR>> >><BR>> >> Visceral leishmaniasis is also<BR>> >> caused by a<BR>> >> mosquito-borne<BR>> >> parasite.<BR>> >> There is no vaccine for this disease, and therapy<BR>> is<BR>> >> instituted only once a case is clearly defined.<BR>> Its mortality rate is<BR>> >> around 8 per cent, and it has a particular<BR>> feature: Dogs may act<BR>> >> as reservoirs for<BR>> >> the parasite.<BR>> >><BR>> >> A summary of the life cycle of the parasite<BR>> indicates<BR>> >> that _Lutzomyia_<BR>> >> insects<BR>> >> infect<BR>> >> dogs. These animals develop the<BR>> >> disease<BR>> >> and transmit the parasite to another insect<BR>> vector,<BR>> >> which now is capable of transmitting visceral<BR>> leishmaniasis to<BR>> >> humans. There is no human-to-human transmission.<BR>> >><BR>> >> Since the very 1st case was reported in 2006, 36<BR>> >> persons have been<BR>> >> affected, and there are 4 deceased patients. The<BR>> >> possibility of a rapid increase in the number of<BR>> cases is a reason for<BR>> >> concern.<BR>> >><BR>> >> Last week 2 cases of visceral leishmaniasis were<BR>> >> reported in Posadas.<BR>> >> One is an 18-year-old woman, and the other is a<BR>> >> 21-year-old man, who separately developed the<BR>> symptoms of the disease.<BR>> >> Some personnel from the army are currently<BR>> collaborating with municipal<BR>> >> authorities in<BR>> >> Posadas for cleaning wastelands, which<BR>> >> are considered breeding places for insect<BR>> vectors.<BR>> >><BR>> >> This health problem has become quite dangerous<BR>> and<BR>> >> important in the<BR>> >> main cities in Misiones province, and specialists<BR>> >> warn that the disease may reach other provinces in<BR>> the short<BR>> >> term.<BR>> >><BR>> >> "We are observing that the vector is spreading<BR>> >> fast, and 2 corridors<BR>> >> have been established, one directing towards<BR>> >> Resistencia and the other one towards Corrientes.<BR>> Also, the northern area<BR>> >> of Entre Rios, as well as Santa Fe, and Cordoba<BR>> are vulnerable<BR>> >> places. The mosquito<BR>> >> vector for visceral<BR>> >> leishmaniasis has become an<BR>> >> urban-living insect,<BR>> >> so there is a substantial risk for its presence<BR>> in<BR>> >> big urban centers," explained Dr. Daniel Salomon,<BR>> from the<BR>> >> National Center for Epidemics in Argentina's<BR>> Ministry of<BR>> >> Health.<BR>> >><BR>> >><BR>> >> "It is quite difficult to implement preventive<BR>> >> measures, because people are so in love with their<BR>> pets,"<BR>> >> commented Dr. Salomon. There are very few options<BR>> for controlling the spread of<BR>> >> the disease apart<BR>> >> from sacrificing sick animals.<BR>> >><BR>> >> In 2004, the 1st dog infected with the causative<BR>> >> agent of visceral leishmaniasis was detected. When<BR>> 40 cases were<BR>> >> reported in Misiones province, the Ministry of<BR>> Health issued a red alert.<BR>> >> Nonetheless, the<BR>> >> current situation is much worse. In Posadas, it<BR>> was<BR>> >> determined that 7000 dogs actually have the<BR>> parasite. Additionally,<BR>> >> there are 300 infected dogs in Corrientes, and it<BR>> is worth<BR>> >> mentioning that in its<BR>> >> capital city, there are thousands of homeless<BR>> dogs<BR>> >> considered to be infected with the parasite.<BR>> >><BR>> >> The analysis of the experience from Brazil and<BR>> >> Paraguay indicates that there is a probability of<BR>> having one person<BR>> >> infected for every<BR>> >> 60 infected dogs. There is a high risk for an<BR>> >> epidemic.<BR>> >><BR>> >> Sanitary authorities recommend that pets must not<BR>> be<BR>> >> carried to the areas considered to be at risk. It<BR>> is also advisable<BR>> >> not to transport<BR>> >> dogs from the affected regions to other areas in<BR>> the<BR>> >> country. The idea is to cut the transmission cycle<BR>> of the<BR>> >> parasite. Those persons who may visit the northern<BR>> part of Argentina must be<BR>> >> immunized<BR>> >> against yellow fever as an ordinary preventive<BR>> >> measure, and they must leave their pets at home as<BR>> an additional preventive<BR>> >> measure.<BR>> >><BR>> >> "Visceral leishmaniasis was present in the<BR>> >> northern part of South<BR>> >> America until migrating workers started moving it<BR>> towards<BR>> >> the south. In early 2000, there were some<BR>> important outbreaks in<BR>> >> Campo Grande do Sul and in Asuncion, where the<BR>> average number of<BR>> >> persons infected is<BR>> >> around 70 per year. In Brazil there are around<BR>> 4000<BR>> >> cases and 200 deaths per year," pointed out Dr.<BR>> Salomon, who<BR>> >> had been doing some field work during the past few<BR>> weeks in the Litoral<BR>> >> provinces.<BR>> >><BR>> >><BR>> >> He also added: "There is a trend for an increase<BR>> >> in visceral leishmaniasis, so the disease may<BR>> spread, and it is<BR>> >> expected to have more cases."<BR>> >><BR>> >> Climate changes and deforesting seem to be the<BR>> main<BR>> >> explanations for<BR>> >> the migration of<BR>> >> mosquito-borne<BR>> >> diseases. However, trying<BR>> >> to justify<BR>> >> the occurrence of emergent diseases only because<BR>> of<BR>> >> reasons inherent to nature itself may exonerate<BR>> provincial and<BR>> >> municipal authorities for not complying with their<BR>> obligations with respect<BR>> >> to the<BR>> >> implementation of disease control programs and<BR>> >> cleaning empty lots.<BR>> >><BR>> >> Consequently, now there are many public<BR>> accusations<BR>> >> between Misiones, Corrientes, and Chaco health<BR>> officers.<BR>> >> These persons, now that there<BR>> >> are cases of visceral leishmaniasis, immediately<BR>> try<BR>> >> to explain that transmission may have taken place<BR>> outside their<BR>> >> respective jurisdictions. The clear point is that<BR>> the<BR>> >> mosquito<BR>> >> vector<BR>> >> appears<BR>> >> because of lack of public hygiene.<BR>> >><BR>> >> - --<BR>> >> Communicated by:<BR>> >> ProMED-mail <promed@promedmail.org><BR>> >><BR>> >><BR>> >> [Leishmaniasis has been slowly spreading in<BR>> northern<BR>> >> Argentina over the past decades (Salomon O et al.<BR>> First visceral<BR>> >> leishmaniasis focus in Argentina. Mem Inst Oswaldo<BR>> Cruz.<BR>> >> 2008;103:109-11<BR>> >><BR>> >> <<A href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18368242?ordinalpos=9&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18368242?ordinalpos=9&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum</A>>).<BR>> >><BR>> >><BR>> >> The ecology of the vector has been changing, and<BR>> >> increasing urbanization has been suggested as one<BR>> of the<BR>> >> explanations (Salomon OD et<BR>> >> al. Phlebotominae (Diptera:<BR>> >> Psycodidae) fauna in the Chaco<BR>> >> region and Cutaneous Leishmaniasis transmission<BR>> patterns in Argentina. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz.<BR>> 2008;103:578-84 <<A href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18949328?ordinalpos=3&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18949328?ordinalpos=3&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum</A>>).<BR>> >><BR>> >> -<BR>> >> Mod.EP]<BR>> >> _______________________________________________<BR>> >> Leish-l mailing list<BR>> >> Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br<BR>> >><BR>> >> <A href="http://lineu.icb.usp.br/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/leish-l">http://lineu.icb.usp.br/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/leish-l</A><BR>> >><BR>> >><BR>> >><BR>> >><BR>> >> -- Dr. Carlos Henrique Nery Costa.<BR>> >><BR>> >> Coordenador Executivo - Rede Nordeste de<BR>> Biotecnologia<BR>> >> Diretor Geral - Instituto de Doenças Tropicais<BR>> Natan<BR>> >> Portella<BR>> >> Universidade Federal do Piauí<BR>> >> Rua Artur de Vasconcelos 151-Sul<BR>> >> 64.001-450 Teresina-PI Brasil<BR>> >><BR>> >> Telefones: IDTNP:+55 86 3221-3413; Celular: +55 86<BR>> 9985-6132; Fax: +55 86 3222-3248<BR>> >><BR>> >><BR>> >> -----Inline Attachment Follows-----<BR>> >><BR>> >> _______________________________________________<BR>> >> Leish-l mailing list<BR>> >> Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br<BR>> >> <A href="http://lineu.icb.usp.br/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/leish-l">http://lineu.icb.usp.br/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/leish-l</A><BR>> >><BR>> ><BR>> ><BR>> > Get perfect Email ID for your<BR>> Resume. Grab now <A href="http://in.promos.yahoo.com/address">http://in.promos.yahoo.com/address</A><BR>> ><BR>> > _______________________________________________<BR>> > Leish-l mailing list<BR>> > Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br<BR>> > <A href="http://lineu.icb.usp.br/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/leish-l">http://lineu.icb.usp.br/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/leish-l</A><BR>> ><BR>><BR>> -- Professor Jenefer M. Blackwell<BR>> Honorary Senior Scientist and Affiliated PI<BR>> Cambridge Institute for Medical Research<BR>> Wellcome Trust/MRC Building<BR>> Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK<BR>> Email: jmb37@cam.ac.uk<BR>><BR>> Contact details in Australia:<BR>> Professor Jenefer M. Blackwell<BR>> Head, Division of Genetics and Health<BR>> Telethon Institute for Child Health Research<BR>> 100 Roberts Road, Subiaco Western Australia, 6008 <BR>> (GPO Box 855, West Perth, WA 6872)<BR>> Tel +61 (08) 9489 7910<BR>> Fax +61 (08) 9489 7700<BR>> Email jblackwell@ichr.uwa.edu.au<BR>><BR>><BR>><BR>><BR>><BR><BR><BR> Get perfect Email ID for your Resume. Grab now <A href="http://in.promos.yahoo.com/address">http://in.promos.yahoo.com/address</A><BR><BR></FONT></P></DIV></BODY></HTML>