[Leish-l] Leishmaniasis - Argentina: epidemic potential

Tue Mar 24 16:51:26 BRT 2009

It comes from entomological nomenclature, not 
sure what the language was originally.

As a true fly of the order Diptera, it is two words:   sand fly.

In contrast, other insects with the word 'fly' in them are a single word.

eg butterfly dragonsly, mayfly, sawfly

Steve Beverley

At 02:46 PM 3/24/2009, Carlos Costa wrote:
>To: all
>
>By the way, what is the right English writing: 
>sand fly or sandfly? Is it a matter of England vs. US?
>
>Carlos H.
>
>2009/3/21 Chang, Kwang-Poo 
><<mailto:KwangPoo.Chang at rosalindfranklin.edu>KwangPoo.Chang at rosalindfranklin.edu>
>
>To: Prof. Laila Nimri and all
>
>
>
>The issue appears to be a language translation 
>problem. I was told that all blood sucking flies 
>are referred to as “mosquito” in Spanish.
>
>
>
>KP
>
>
>
>----------
>From: 
><mailto:leish-l-bounces at lineu.icb.usp.br>leish-l-bounces at lineu.icb.usp.br 
>[mailto:leish-l-bounces at lineu.icb.usp.br] On Behalf Of Laila Nimri
>Sent: Thursday, February 26, 2009 1:53 AM
>To: fred opperdoes; <mailto:Leish-l at lineu.icb.usp.br>Leish-l at lineu.icb.usp.br
>Subject: Re: [Leish-l] Leishmaniasis - Argentina: epidemic potential
>
>
>
>Just to correct a very important information 
>about the vector of Visceral leishmaniasis, it 
>is definitely not a mosquito, it is a sand fly 
>of the genus Lutzomyia as mentioned correctly 
>below or a Phlebotomus. The environmental or 
>climatic changes that affect mosquitoes might 
>have affected the sand flies and lead to the emergence of the disease.
>
>
>
>Prof. Laila Nimri
>
>----------
>From: 
><mailto:leish-l-bounces at lineu.icb.usp.br>leish-l-bounces at lineu.icb.usp.br 
>[<mailto:leish-l-bounces at lineu.icb.usp.br>leish-l-bounces at lineu.icb.usp.br] 
>On Behalf Of fred opperdoes 
>[<mailto:fred.opperdoes at uclouvain.be>fred.opperdoes at uclouvain.be]
>Sent: Thursday, February 26, 2009 8:21 AM
>To: <mailto:Leish-l at lineu.icb.usp.br>Leish-l at lineu.icb.usp.br
>Subject: [Leish-l] Leishmaniasis - Argentina: epidemic potential
>>
>>Date: Wed, 25 Feb 2009 21:23:15 -0500 (EST)
>>From: ProMED-mail 
>><<mailto:promed at promed.isid.harvard.edu>promed at promed.isid.harvard.edu>
>>Subject: PRO/AH/EDR> Leishmaniasis - Argentina: epidemic potential
>>
>>LEISHMANIASIS - ARGENTINA: EPIDEMIC POTENTIAL
>>***********************************************
>>A ProMED-mail post
>><<http://www.promedmail.org/>http://www.promedmail.org>
>>ProMED-mail is a program of the
>>International Society for Infectious Diseases
>><<http://www.isid.org/>http://www.isid.org>
>>
>>Date: Tue 24 Feb 2009
>>Source: Datachaco.com [trans. Mod JGM, edited]
>><<http://datachaco.com/noticia.php?numero=17399>http://datachaco.com/noticia.php?numero=17399>
>>
>>
>>The occurrence of cases of yellow fever made people pay attention to
>>mosquito-borne diseases, and dengue fever, which is currently
>>attacking with unusual strength in Paraguay, set another alarm in
>>Chaco, Corrientes, and Misiones provinces, which share borders with
>>Paraguay and Bolivia.
>>
>>However, a new emerging disease has become the main epidemic threat
>>in Argentina: Visceral leishmaniasis. This little known disease is
>>being analyzed now as a cause for a sanitary red alert in Argentina.
>>
>>Visceral leishmaniasis is also caused by a mosquito-borne parasite.
>>There is no vaccine for this disease, and therapy is instituted only
>>once a case is clearly defined. Its mortality rate is around 8 per
>>cent, and it has a particular feature: Dogs may act as reservoirs for
>>the parasite.
>>
>>A summary of the life cycle of the parasite indicates that
>>_Lutzomyia_ insects infect dogs. These animals develop the disease
>>and transmit the parasite to another insect vector, which now is
>>capable of transmitting visceral leishmaniasis to humans. There is no
>>human-to-human transmission.
>>
>>Since the very 1st case was reported in 2006, 36 persons have been
>>affected, and there are 4 deceased patients. The possibility of a
>>rapid increase in the number of cases is a reason for concern.
>>
>>Last week 2 cases of visceral leishmaniasis were reported in Posadas.
>>One is an 18-year-old woman, and the other is a 21-year-old man, who
>>separately developed the symptoms of the disease. Some personnel from
>>the army are currently collaborating with municipal authorities in
>>Posadas for cleaning wastelands, which are considered breeding places
>>for insect vectors.
>>
>>This health problem has become quite dangerous and important in the
>>main cities in Misiones province, and specialists warn that the
>>disease may reach other provinces in the short term.
>>
>>"We are observing that the vector is spreading fast, and 2 corridors
>>have been established, one directing towards Resistencia and the
>>other one towards Corrientes. Also, the northern area of Entre Rios,
>>as well as Santa Fe, and Cordoba are vulnerable places. The mosquito
>>vector for visceral leishmaniasis has become an urban-living insect,
>>so there is a substantial risk for its presence in big urban
>>centers," explained Dr. Daniel Salomon, from the National Center for
>>Epidemics in Argentina's Ministry of Health.
>>
>>"It is quite difficult to implement preventive measures, because
>>people are so in love with their pets," commented Dr. Salomon. There
>>are very few options for controlling the spread of the disease apart
>>from sacrificing sick animals.
>>
>>In 2004, the 1st dog infected with the causative agent of visceral
>>leishmaniasis was detected. When 40 cases were reported in Misiones
>>province, the Ministry of Health issued a red alert. Nonetheless, the
>>current situation is much worse. In Posadas, it was determined that
>>7000 dogs actually have the parasite. Additionally, there are 300
>>infected dogs in Corrientes, and it is worth mentioning that in its
>>capital city, there are thousands of homeless dogs considered to be
>>infected with the parasite.
>>
>>The analysis of the experience from Brazil and Paraguay indicates
>>that there is a probability of having one person infected for every
>>60 infected dogs. There is a high risk for an epidemic.
>>
>>Sanitary authorities recommend that pets must not be carried to the
>>areas considered to be at risk. It is also advisable not to transport
>>dogs from the affected regions to other areas in the country. The
>>idea is to cut the transmission cycle of the parasite. Those persons
>>who may visit the northern part of Argentina must be immunized
>>against yellow fever as an ordinary preventive measure, and they must
>>leave their pets at home as an additional preventive measure.
>>
>>"Visceral leishmaniasis was present in the northern part of South
>>America until migrating workers started moving it towards the south.
>>In early 2000, there were some important outbreaks in Campo Grande do
>>Sul and in Asuncion, where the average number of persons infected is
>>around 70 per year. In Brazil there are around 4000 cases and 200
>>deaths per year," pointed out Dr. Salomon, who had been doing some
>>field work during the past few weeks in the Litoral provinces.
>>
>>He also added: "There is a trend for an increase in visceral
>>leishmaniasis, so the disease may spread, and it is expected to have
>>more cases."
>>
>>Climate changes and deforesting seem to be the main explanations for
>>the migration of mosquito-borne diseases. However, trying to justify
>>the occurrence of emergent diseases only because of reasons inherent
>>to nature itself may exonerate provincial and municipal authorities
>>for not complying with their obligations with respect to the
>>implementation of disease control programs and cleaning empty lots.
>>
>>Consequently, now there are many public accusations between Misiones,
>>Corrientes, and Chaco health officers. These persons, now that there
>>are cases of visceral leishmaniasis, immediately try to explain that
>>transmission may have taken place outside their respective
>>jurisdictions. The clear point is that the mosquito vector appears
>>because of lack of public hygiene.
>>
>>- --
>>Communicated by:
>>ProMED-mail <<mailto:promed at promedmail.org>promed at promedmail.org>
>>
>>[Leishmaniasis has been slowly spreading in northern Argentina over
>>the past decades (Salomon O et al. First visceral leishmaniasis focus
>>in Argentina. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2008;103:109-11
>><<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18368242?ordinalpos=9&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18368242?ordinalpos=9&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum>).
>>
>>The ecology of the vector has been changing, and increasing
>>urbanization has been suggested as one of the explanations (Salomon
>>OD et al. Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psycodidae) fauna in the Chaco
>>region and Cutaneous Leishmaniasis transmission patterns in
>>Argentina. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2008;103:578-84
>><<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18949328?ordinalpos=3&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18949328?ordinalpos=3&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum>).
>>  - Mod.EP]
>
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>
>--
>Dr. Carlos Henrique Nery Costa.
>Coordenador Executivo - Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia
>Diretor Geral - Instituto de Doenças Tropicais Natan Portella
>Universidade Federal do Piauí
>Rua Artur de Vasconcelos 151-Sul
>64.001-450 Teresina-PI
>Brasil
>Telefones: IDTNP:+55 86 3221-3413;
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