<html>
<body>
It comes from entomological nomenclature, not sure what the language was
originally.<br><br>
As a true fly of the order Diptera, it is two words: sand
fly.<br><br>
In contrast, other insects with the word 'fly' in them are a single
word.<br><br>
eg butterfly dragonsly, mayfly, sawfly<br><br>
Steve Beverley<br><br>
<br>
At 02:46 PM 3/24/2009, Carlos Costa wrote:<br>
<blockquote type=cite class=cite cite="">To: all<br>
<br>
By the way, what is the right English writing: sand fly or sandfly? Is it
a matter of England vs. US?<br>
<br>
Carlos H.<br><br>
2009/3/21 Chang, Kwang-Poo
<<a href="mailto:KwangPoo.Chang@rosalindfranklin.edu">
KwangPoo.Chang@rosalindfranklin.edu</a>><br>
<dl><br>
<dd><font size=2 color="#000080">To: Prof. Laila Nimri and all<br>
</font><br>
<dd><font size=2 color="#000080"> <br>
</font><br>
<dd><font size=2 color="#000080">The issue appears to be a language
translation problem. I was told that all blood sucking flies are referred
to as “mosquito” in Spanish.<br>
</font><br>
<dd><font size=2 color="#000080"> <br>
</font><br>
<dd><font size=2 color="#000080">KP<br>
</font><br>
<dd><font size=2 color="#000080"> <br>
<hr>
<div align="center"></font></div>
<dd><font face="Tahoma" size=2>From:</b>
<a href="mailto:leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br">
leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br</a>
[<a href="mailto:leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br" eudora="autourl">
mailto:leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br</a>] On Behalf Of </b>Laila
Nimri<br>
<dd>Sent:</b> Thursday, February 26, 2009 1:53 AM<br>
<dd>To:</b> fred opperdoes;
<a href="mailto:Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br">Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br</a><br>
<dd>Subject:</b> Re: [Leish-l] Leishmaniasis - Argentina: epidemic
potential<br>
</font><br>
<dd><font face="Times New Roman, Times"> <br>
</font><br>
<dd><font face="Times New Roman, Times">Just to correct a very important
information about the vector of Visceral leishmaniasis, it is definitely
not a mosquito, it is a sand fly of the genus
</font><font face="Times New Roman, Times" color="#FF0000">Lutzomyia</i>
</b></font> as mentioned correctly below or a
<font face="Times New Roman, Times">Phlebotomus.</i></font> The
environmental or climatic changes that affect mosquitoes might have
affected the sand flies and lead to the emergence of the
disease.<br><br>
<dd><font face="Times New Roman, Times"> <br>
</font><br>
<dd><font face="Times New Roman, Times">Prof. Laila Nimri<br>
<hr>
<div align="center"></font></div>
<dd><font face="Tahoma" size=2>From:</b>
<a href="mailto:leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br">
leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br</a>
[<a href="mailto:leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br">
leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br</a>] On Behalf Of fred opperdoes
[<a href="mailto:fred.opperdoes@uclouvain.be">
fred.opperdoes@uclouvain.be</a>]<br>
<dd>Sent:</b> Thursday, February 26, 2009 8:21 AM<br>
<dd>To:</b>
<a href="mailto:Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br">Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br</a><br>
<dd>Subject:</b> [Leish-l] Leishmaniasis - Argentina: epidemic
potential<br>
</font><blockquote type=cite class=cite cite=""><br>
<dd><font face="Times New Roman, Times">Date: Wed, 25 Feb 2009 21:23:15
-0500 (EST)</font><br>
<dd>From: ProMED-mail
<<a href="mailto:promed@promed.isid.harvard.edu">
promed@promed.isid.harvard.edu</a>><br>
<dd>Subject: PRO/AH/EDR> Leishmaniasis - Argentina: epidemic
potential<br><br>
<dd>LEISHMANIASIS - ARGENTINA: EPIDEMIC POTENTIAL<br>
<dd>***********************************************<br>
<dd>A ProMED-mail post<br>
<dd><<a href="http://www.promedmail.org/">http://www.promedmail.org</a>
><br>
<dd>ProMED-mail is a program of the<br>
<dd>International Society for Infectious Diseases<br>
<dd><<a href="http://www.isid.org/">http://www.isid.org</a>><br><br>
<dd>Date: Tue 24 Feb 2009<br>
<dd>Source: Datachaco.com [trans. Mod JGM, edited]<br>
<dd><<a href="http://datachaco.com/noticia.php?numero=17399">
http://datachaco.com/noticia.php?numero=17399</a>><br><br>
<br>
<dd>The occurrence of cases of yellow fever made people pay attention to
<br>
<dd>mosquito-borne diseases, and dengue fever, which is currently <br>
<dd>attacking with unusual strength in Paraguay, set another alarm in
<br>
<dd>Chaco, Corrientes, and Misiones provinces, which share borders with
<br>
<dd>Paraguay and Bolivia.<br><br>
<dd>However, a new emerging disease has become the main epidemic threat
<br>
<dd>in Argentina: Visceral leishmaniasis. This little known disease is
<br>
<dd>being analyzed now as a cause for a sanitary red alert in
Argentina.<br><br>
<dd>Visceral leishmaniasis is also
<font face="Times New Roman, Times" color="#FF0000">caused by a
mosquito-borne parasite</b></font>. <br>
<dd>There is no vaccine for this disease, and therapy is instituted only
<br>
<dd>once a case is clearly defined. Its mortality rate is around 8 per
<br>
<dd>cent, and it has a particular feature: Dogs may act as reservoirs for
<br>
<dd>the parasite.<br><br>
<dd>A summary of the life cycle of the parasite indicates that <br>
<dd>_<font face="Times New Roman, Times" color="#FF0000">Lutzomyia</i>_
insects</b></font>
<font face="Times New Roman, Times" color="#FF0000">infect
</b></font>dogs. These animals develop the disease <br>
<dd>and transmit the parasite to another insect vector, which now is
<br>
<dd>capable of transmitting visceral leishmaniasis to humans. There is no
<br>
<dd>human-to-human transmission.<br><br>
<dd>Since the very 1st case was reported in 2006, 36 persons have been
<br>
<dd>affected, and there are 4 deceased patients. The possibility of a
<br>
<dd>rapid increase in the number of cases is a reason for
concern.<br><br>
<dd>Last week 2 cases of visceral leishmaniasis were reported in Posadas.
<br>
<dd>One is an 18-year-old woman, and the other is a 21-year-old man, who
<br>
<dd>separately developed the symptoms of the disease. Some personnel from
<br>
<dd>the army are currently collaborating with municipal authorities in
<br>
<dd>Posadas for cleaning wastelands, which are considered breeding places
<br>
<dd>for insect vectors.<br><br>
<dd>This health problem has become quite dangerous and important in the
<br>
<dd>main cities in Misiones province, and specialists warn that the <br>
<dd>disease may reach other provinces in the short term.<br><br>
<dd>"We are observing that the vector is spreading fast, and 2
corridors <br>
<dd>have been established, one directing towards Resistencia and the
<br>
<dd>other one towards Corrientes. Also, the northern area of Entre Rios,
<br>
<dd>as well as Santa Fe, and Cordoba are vulnerable places. The
<font face="Times New Roman, Times" color="#FF0000">mosquito </font><br>
<dd><font face="Times New Roman, Times" color="#FF0000">vector for
visceral leishmaniasis</b></font> has become an urban-living insect,
<br>
<dd>so there is a substantial risk for its presence in big urban <br>
<dd>centers," explained Dr. Daniel Salomon, from the National Center
for <br>
<dd>Epidemics in Argentina's Ministry of Health.<br><br>
<dd>"It is quite difficult to implement preventive measures, because
<br>
<dd>people are so in love with their pets," commented Dr. Salomon.
There <br>
<dd>are very few options for controlling the spread of the disease apart
<br>
<dd>from sacrificing sick animals.<br><br>
<dd>In 2004, the 1st dog infected with the causative agent of visceral
<br>
<dd>leishmaniasis was detected. When 40 cases were reported in Misiones
<br>
<dd>province, the Ministry of Health issued a red alert. Nonetheless, the
<br>
<dd>current situation is much worse. In Posadas, it was determined that
<br>
<dd>7000 dogs actually have the parasite. Additionally, there are 300
<br>
<dd>infected dogs in Corrientes, and it is worth mentioning that in its
<br>
<dd>capital city, there are thousands of homeless dogs considered to be
<br>
<dd>infected with the parasite.<br><br>
<dd>The analysis of the experience from Brazil and Paraguay indicates
<br>
<dd>that there is a probability of having one person infected for every
<br>
<dd>60 infected dogs. There is a high risk for an epidemic.<br><br>
<dd>Sanitary authorities recommend that pets must not be carried to the
<br>
<dd>areas considered to be at risk. It is also advisable not to transport
<br>
<dd>dogs from the affected regions to other areas in the country. The
<br>
<dd>idea is to cut the transmission cycle of the parasite. Those persons
<br>
<dd>who may visit the northern part of Argentina must be immunized <br>
<dd>against yellow fever as an ordinary preventive measure, and they must
<br>
<dd>leave their pets at home as an additional preventive
measure.<br><br>
<dd>"Visceral leishmaniasis was present in the northern part of
South <br>
<dd>America until migrating workers started moving it towards the south.
<br>
<dd>In early 2000, there were some important outbreaks in Campo Grande do
<br>
<dd>Sul and in Asuncion, where the average number of persons infected is
<br>
<dd>around 70 per year. In Brazil there are around 4000 cases and 200
<br>
<dd>deaths per year," pointed out Dr. Salomon, who had been doing
some <br>
<dd>field work during the past few weeks in the Litoral
provinces.<br><br>
<dd>He also added: "There is a trend for an increase in visceral
<br>
<dd>leishmaniasis, so the disease may spread, and it is expected to have
<br>
<dd>more cases."<br>
<br>
<dd>Climate changes and deforesting seem to be the main explanations for
<br>
<dd>the migration of
<font face="Times New Roman, Times" color="#FF0000">mosquito-borne
diseases</u></b></font>. However, trying to justify <br>
<dd>the occurrence of emergent diseases only because of reasons inherent
<br>
<dd>to nature itself may exonerate provincial and municipal authorities
<br>
<dd>for not complying with their obligations with respect to the <br>
<dd>implementation of disease control programs and cleaning empty
lots.<br><br>
<dd>Consequently, now there are many public accusations between Misiones,
<br>
<dd>Corrientes, and Chaco health officers. These persons, now that there
<br>
<dd>are cases of visceral leishmaniasis, immediately try to explain that
<br>
<dd>transmission may have taken place outside their respective <br>
<dd>jurisdictions. The clear point is that the
<font face="Times New Roman, Times" color="#FF0000">mosquito
vector</b></font> appears <br>
<dd>because of lack of public hygiene.<br><br>
<dd>- --<br>
<dd>Communicated by:<br>
<dd>ProMED-mail
<<a href="mailto:promed@promedmail.org">promed@promedmail.org</a>
><br><br>
<dd>[Leishmaniasis has been slowly spreading in northern Argentina over
<br>
<dd>the past decades (Salomon O et al. First visceral leishmaniasis focus
<br>
<dd>in Argentina. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2008;103:109-11<br>
<dd>
<<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18368242?ordinalpos=9&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum">
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18368242?ordinalpos=9&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum</a>
>).<br><br>
<dd>The ecology of the vector has been changing, and increasing <br>
<dd>urbanization has been suggested as one of the explanations (Salomon
<br>
<dd>OD <font face="Times New Roman, Times">et al</i></font>.
Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psycodidae) fauna in the Chaco <br>
<dd>region and Cutaneous Leishmaniasis transmission patterns in <br>
<dd>Argentina. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2008;103:578-84<br>
<dd>
<<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18949328?ordinalpos=3&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum">
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18949328?ordinalpos=3&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum</a>
>).<br>
<dd> - Mod.EP]</blockquote><br>
<dd>_______________________________________________<br>
<dd>Leish-l mailing list<br>
<dd><a href="mailto:Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br">Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br</a>
<br>
<dd>
<a href="http://lineu.icb.usp.br/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/leish-l" eudora="autourl">
http://lineu.icb.usp.br/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/leish-l</a><br><br>
</dl><br><br>
<br>
-- <br>
Dr. Carlos Henrique Nery Costa.<br>
Coordenador Executivo - Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia<br>
Diretor Geral - Instituto de Doenças Tropicais Natan Portella<br>
Universidade Federal do Piauí<br>
Rua Artur de Vasconcelos 151-Sul<br>
64.001-450 Teresina-PI <br>
Brasil<br>
Telefones: IDTNP:+55 86 3221-3413; <br>
Celular: +55 86 9985-6132; Fax: +55 86 3222-3248<br>
_______________________________________________<br>
Leish-l mailing list<br>
Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br<br>
<a href="http://lineu.icb.usp.br/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/leish-l" eudora="autourl">
http://lineu.icb.usp.br/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/leish-l</a></blockquote>
</body>
</html>