[Leish-l] Fwd: Articles found by RefScout 2006/08/30

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Date: Wed, 30 Aug 2006 03:00:59
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  This is RefScout-Newsletter 35/2006.

  REQUEST: [ leishmania ]
(18 articles match this request. 1 article matching other requests removed)

PMID: 16806528<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-35.xml&id=16806528>
TITLE: The mitochondrial FAD-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase of
Trypanosomatidae and the glycosomal redox balance of insect stages of
Trypanosoma brucei and *Leishmania*
spp.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16806528>
AUTHORS: Daniel G Guerra, Anabelle Decottignies, Barbara M Bakker, Paul A M
Michels
AFFILIATION: Research Unit for Tropical Diseases, Christian de Duve
Institute of Cellular Pathology and Laboratory of Biochemistry, UniversitÃ(c)
catholique de Louvain, ICP-TROP 74.39, Avenue Hippocrate 74, B-1200
Brussels, Belgium.
REFERENCE: Mol Biochem Parasitol 2006 Oct 149(2):155-69
The genes for the mitochondrial FAD-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate
dehydrogenase were identified in Trypanosoma brucei and *Leishmania* major
genomes. We have expressed the L. major gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and
confirmed the subcellular localization and activity of the produced enzyme.
Using cultured T. brucei procyclic and *Leishmania* mexicana promastigote
cells with a permeabilized plasma membrane and containing intact glycosomes,
it was shown that dihydroxyacetone phosphate is converted into pyruvate, and
stimulates oxygen consumption , indicating that all components of the
glycerol 3-phosphate/ dihydoxyacetone phosphate shuttle between glycosomes
and mitochondrion are present in these insect stages of both organisms. A
computer model has been prepared for the energy and carbohydrate metabolism
of these cells. It was used in an elementary mode analysis to get insight
into the metabolic role of the shuttle in these insect-stage parasites. Our
analysis suggests that the shuttle fulfils important roles for these
organisms, albeit different from its well-known function in the T. brucei
bloodstream form. It allows (1) a high yield of further metabolizable
glycolytic products by decreasing the need to produce a secreted end product
of glycosomal metabolism, succinate; (2) the consumption of glycerol and
glycerol 3-phosphate derived from lipids; and (3) to keep the redox balance
of the glycosome finely tuned due to a highly flexible and redundant system.


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PMID: 16870434<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-35.xml&id=16870434>
TITLE: Synthesis of 16-mercaptohexadecylphosphocholine, a miltefosine analog
with leishmanicidal
activity.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16870434>
AUTHORS: Valentín Hornillos, JosÃ(c) María Saugar, Beatriz G de la Torre,
David Andreu, Luis Rivas, A Ulises Acuña, Francisco Amat-Guerri
AFFILIATION: Instituto de Química Orgánica, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3,
28006 Madrid, Spain.
REFERENCE: Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006 Oct 16(19):5190-3
The alkylphosphocholine miltefosine (n-hexadecylphosphocholine, MT) has been
introduced recently as a very effective drug for the oral treatment of human
leishmaniasis. However, the parasiticidal mechanism of MT at a molecular
level is far from being understood. Here we report the synthesis and
biological characterization of 16- mercaptohexadecylphosphocholine, a thiol
analog of MT which was designed to facilitate the search of MT interacting
targets within the parasite by a variety of analytical methods. This analog
presents the same leishmanicidal effect as the parent drug against *
Leishmania* donovani promastigotes and *Leishmania* pifanoi axenic
amastigotes, and has been used to develop an affinity chromatography method
to attempt the isolation of putative *Leishmania* proteins that bind to the
phosphocholine part of the molecule.


PMID: 16879965<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-35.xml&id=16879965>
TITLE: Structurally diverse 5-substituted pyrimidine nucleosides as
inhibitors of *Leishmania* donovani promastigotes in
vitro.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16879965>
AUTHORS: Paul F Torrence, Xuesen Fan, Xinying Zhang, Philippe M Loiseau
AFFILIATION: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Arizona
University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-5698, USA.
REFERENCE: Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006 Oct 16(19):5047-51
The following structurally diverse 5-substituted-2'-deoxyuridine nucleosides
displayed potent in vitro antileishmanial activity: 5-formyl ,
5-(2,2,-dicyanovinyl)-, 5-(2-cyano-2-ethoxycarbonylvinyl), 5-(2-cyano-
2-methoxycarbonylvinyl)-, 5-(2-amino-3-cyano-5-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H
-chromen-4-yl)- and related congeners, and the 5-(3-methyl-5-oxo-1-
phenyl-4,5-dihydro-4H-pyrazol-4-ylidene) group.


PMID: 16936268<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-35.xml&id=16936268>
TITLE: The Schistosoma mansoni Hepatic Egg Granuloma Provides a Favorable
Microenvironment for Sustained Growth of *Leishmania*
donovani.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16936268>
AUTHORS: Mohammed F Hassan, Yaobi Zhang, Christian R Engwerda, Paul M Kaye,
Hannah Sharp, Quentin D Bickle
AFFILIATION: Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School
of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St., London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
quentin.bickle at lshtm.ac.uk.
REFERENCE: Am J Pathol 2006 Sep 169(3):943-53
Parasitic co-infections are prevalent in many parts of the world. However,
relatively little is known about how an underlying infection may impact on
the host's ability to control a newly acquired parasite, especially if both
infect the same organ. We have studied this using an experimental
co-infection model in C57BL/6 mice involving Schistosoma mansoni and *
Leishmania* donovani, two important human pathogens affecting the liver. We
show that mice with established S. mansoni infections fail to control L.
donovani growth in the liver and spleen. The failure occurs despite the
development of a functional anti-L. donovani Th1 response that can mediate
granuloma formation and effective clearance of amastigotes from foci of
infection in the hepatic parenchyma. Instead, anti-leishmanial immunity
fails within the S. mansoni egg granuloma, consistent with a lack of L.
donovani granuloma assembly in this tissue microenvironment and consequent
lack of NO production. Persisting amastigote replication in the S. mansoni
egg granulomas may thus explain the increased L. donovani burden in the
liver and spleen. These results may have implications for human S. mansoni
and L. donovani co- infections and also demonstrate that granulomatous
tissue responses to helminth organisms can form a discrete niche
facilitating survival of intracellular pathogens.


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PMID: 16930261<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-35.xml&id=16930261>
TITLE: Species diversity causing human cutaneous leishmaniasis in Rio
Branco, state of Acre,
Brazil.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16930261>
AUTHORS: Anna Christina Tojal da Silva, Elisa Cupolillo, Angela Cristina
Volpini, Roque Almeida, Gustavo Adolfo Sierra Romero
AFFILIATION: Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de Brasília, Campus
Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
REFERENCE: Trop Med Int Health 2006 Sep 11(9):1388-98
Information on *Leishmania* species diversity in western Brazilian Amazon
and the clinical picture of human cutaneous leishmaniasis it causes is
scarce. We describe clinical findings, diagnostic procedures and
identification of *Leishmania* species in patients from that region. The
sample consisted of 50 patients, prospectively evaluated for epidemiological
and clinical characteristics by means of a structured questionnaire.
Conventional and molecular tools were applied to confirm the parasitological
diagnosis and identify the species responsible for the disease. Patients
were predominantly male (76.5%) and living in rural areas. Median average
age was 18 years and median average disease evolution was 8 weeks. For the
diagnostic procedures of leishmanin skin test, direct visualization of
amastigotes in dermal scrapings and parasite culture of aspirates of the
ulcer border were positive for 98 %, 52% and 34%, respectively. Molecular
methods applied to DNA extracted from skin biopsies of the 50 patients
yielded 100%, 82% and 44% positivity by PCR minicircle kDNA, PCR-RFLP
ITS1rDNA and PCR-glucose-6- phosphate (G6P), respectively. Fourteen samples
from 13 patients were successfully isolated and identified. Multilocus
enzyme electrophoresis , PCR-RFLP ITS1rDNA and PCR-G6P permitted
identification of the *Leishmania* species responsible for the aetiology of
American tegumentary leishmaniasis in 60% of the examined patients: 16 *
Leishmania* (Viannia) braziliensis, 12 *Leishmania* (Viannia) lainsoni, 1 *
Leishmania* (Viannia) guyanensis and 1 putative hybrid of
*Leishmania*(Viannia) naiffi and L. ( V.) lainsoni. The clinical and
epidemiological
behaviour of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Acre, Brazil, is similar to other
Amazon scenarios previously described; however Acre's complex parasite
diversity may be contributed to the concomitant circulation of at least
three distinct *Leishmania* species. The implementation of control
interventions in the studied area must take into consideration the
possibility of various expected phlebotomine vectors and reservoirs.


PMID: 16825195<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-35.xml&id=16825195>
TITLE: An RNA-binding Respiratory Component Mediates Import of Type II tRNAs
into *Leishmania*
Mitochondria.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16825195>
AUTHORS: Saibal Chatterjee, Pratik Home, Saikat Mukherjee, Bidesh Mahata,
Srikanta Goswami, Gunjan Dhar, Samit Adhya
AFFILIATION: Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Indian Institute of Chemical
Biology, Calcutta 700032, India.
REFERENCE: J Biol Chem 2006 Sep 281(35):25270-7
Transport of tRNAs across the inner mitochondrial membrane of the
kinetoplastid protozoon *Leishmania* requires interactions with specific
binding proteins (receptors) in a multi-subunit complex. The allosteric
model of import regulation proposes cooperative and antagonistic
interactions between two or more receptors with binding specificities for
distinct tRNA families (types I and II, respectively). To identify the type
II receptor, the gene encoding RIC8A, a subunit of the complex , was cloned.
The C-terminal region of RIC8A is homologous to subunit 6b of ubiquinol
cytochrome c reductase (respiratory complex III), while the N-terminal
region has intrinsic affinity for type II, but not for type I, tRNAs. RIC8A
is shared by the import complex and complex III, indicating its
bi-functionality, but is assembled differently in the two complexes.
Knockdown of RIC8A in *Leishmania* lowered the mitochondrial content of type
II tRNAs but raised that of type I tRNAs, with downstream effects on
mitochondrial translation and respiration, and cell death. In RIC8A
knockdown cells, a subcomplex was formed that interacted with type I tRNA,
but the negative regulation by type II tRNA was lost. Mitochondrial extracts
from these cells were defective for type II, but not type I, import; import
and regulation were restored by purified RIC8A. These results provide
evidence for the relevance of allosteric regulation in vivo and indicate
that acquisition of new tRNA- binding domains by ancient respiratory
components have played a key role in the evolution of mitochondrial tRNA
import.


PMID: 16931333<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-35.xml&id=16931333>
TITLE: The Role of Photosensitizer Molecular Charge and Structure on the
Efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy against *Leishmania*
Parasites.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16931333>
AUTHORS: Oleg E Akilov, Sachiko Kosaka, Katie O'riordan, Xiangzhi Song,
Margaret Sherwood, Thomas J Flotte, James W Foley, Tayyaba Hasan
AFFILIATION: Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General
Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; Department of Dermatology, Harvard
Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114.
REFERENCE: Chem Biol 2006 Aug 13(8):839-47
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is emerging as a potential therapeutic modality
in the clinical management of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). In order to
establish a rationale for effective PDT of CL, we investigated the impact of
the molecular charge and structure of photosensitizers on the parasitic
phototoxic response. Two photosensitizers from the benzophenoxazine family
that bear an overall cationic charge and two anionic porphyrinoid molecules
were evaluated. The photodynamic activity of the photosensitizers decreases
in the following order: EtNBSe > EtNBS > BpD > PpIX. The studies suggest
that compared to hydrophobic anionic photosensitizers, the hydrophilic
cationic benzophenoxazine analogs provide high effectiveness of PDT possibly
due to (1) their strong attraction to the negatively charged parasitic
membrane, (2) their hydrophilicity, (3) their high singlet oxygen quantum
yield, and ( 4) their efficacy in targeting intracellular organelles.


PMID: 16856264<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-35.xml&id=16856264>
TITLE: Delving deep into the parasite
proteome.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16856264>
AUTHORS: Katie Cottingham
REFERENCE: J Proteome Res 2006 Jul 5(7):1524


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PMID: 16922351<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-35.xml&id=16922351>
TITLE: [Clinical reasoning and decision-making in practice. A young boy with
fever, pancytopenia and an enlarged
spleen]<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16922351>
AUTHORS: M J van Vliet, H Veeken, W Hart, R Y J Tamminga
AFFILIATION: Universitair Medisch Centrum Groningen, Beatrix Kinderkliniek,
Postbus 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen.
REFERENCE: Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2006 Jul 150(30):1662-8
A 5-year-old boy presented with fever and fatigue after a holiday in
northern Italy. On physical examination a marked splenomegaly was found .
Laboratory investigations showed a pancytopenia as well as several markers
suggesting an autoimmune disease. The splenomegaly and pancytopenia
continued to progress despite treatment with prednisolone and intravenous
immunoglobulins. One and a half years after presentation , the spleen had
grown to such an extent that it was causing mechanical problems. Splenectomy
was performed for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Histological
investigation of the spleen showed amastigotes of *Leishmania*. PCR
confirmed the diagnosis visceral leishmaniasis. Leishmaniasis is too often
considered to be a tropical disease only. In recent years it has frequently
been seen in southern European countries around the Mediterranean Sea.


PMID: 16791830<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-35.xml&id=16791830>
TITLE: Proteomic analysis of antigens from *Leishmania* infantum
promastigotes.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16791830>
AUTHORS: María Auxiliadora Dea-Ayuela, Sara Rama-Iñiguez, Francisco
Bolás-Fernández
AFFILIATION: Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia,
Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
REFERENCE: Proteomics 2006 Jul 6(14):4187-94
Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease caused by the species of the genus *
Leishmania*, flagellated protozoa that multiply inside mammalian macrophages
and are transmitted by the bite of the sandfly. The disease is widespread
and due to the lack of fully effective treatment and vaccination the search
for new drugs and immune targets is needed. Proteomics seems to be a
suitable strategy because the annotated sequenced genome of L. major is
available. Here, we present a high- resolution proteome for L. infantum
promastigotes comprising of around 700 spots. Western blot with rabbit
hyperimmune serum raised against L. infantum promastiogote extracts and
further analysis by MALDI-TOF and MALDI-TOF/TOF MS allowed the
identification of various relevant functional antigenic proteins. Major
antigenic proteins were identified as propionil carboxilasa, ATPase beta
subunit, transketolase, proteasome subunit, succinyl-diaminopimelate
desuccinylase, a probable tubulin alpha chain, the full-size heat shock
protein 70, and several proteins of unknown function. In addition, one
enzyme from the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway (adrenodoxin reductase) and
the structural paraflagellar rod protein 3 (PAR3) were found among
non-antigenic proteins. This study corroborates the usefulness of proteomics
in identifying new proteins with crucial biological functions in *Leishmania
* parasites.


PMID: 16909340<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-35.xml&id=16909340>
TITLE: Mimetic Membrane System to Carry Multiple Antigenic Proteins from *
Leishmania* amazonensis.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16909340>
AUTHORS: Fabiana R Santos, Denise B Ferraz, Katia R P Daghastanli, F Juarez
Ramalho-Pinto, Pietro Ciancaglini
AFFILIATION: Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina
de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto,
São Paulo, Brasil.
REFERENCE: J Membr Biol 2006 Mar 210(3):173-81
Liposomes have long been used as models for lipid membranes and for the
reconstitution of a single or multiple proteins. Also, liposomes have
adjuvant activity in vaccines against several protozoan or bacterial
organisms. Thus, the main objective of the present study was to obtain a
crude extract of detergent-solubilized proteins of *Leishmania* amazonensis
amastigotes and reconstitute them into liposomes. Neutral and zwiterionic
detergents were less efficient than an ionic detergent. In order to obtain
efficient solubilization using only sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), the
effects of detergent and protein concentration and incubation time were
studied. The maximum of solubilized proteins was obtained instantaneously
using a ratio of 0.5 mg/ml of protein to 0.1% ( w/v) detergent at 4 degrees
C. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), dipalmitoylphosphatidylserine
(DPPS) and cholesterol in a weight ratio of 5:1:4 were used for protein
reconstitution into liposomes using the cosolubilization method, yielding
60% of incorporation. The incorporation of multiple parasite proteins
results in a vesicular diameter of proteoliposomes of about 140 nm,
presenting a final lipid weight ratio for DPPC, DPPS and cholesterol of
1:1:5, with high stability. The detergent-solubilized proteins of L.
amazonensis amastigotes present in the proteoliposome, when analyzed by SDS-
polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, include a wide range of parasite-
incorporated proteins. BALB/c mice inoculated with these proteoliposomes
were able to produce antibodies against the proteins reconstituted in
DPPC:DPPS:cholesterol liposomes and were partially resistant to infection
with L. amazonensis promastigotes. These results indicate that this system
can be used as a possible vaccine against L. amazonensis.


PMID: 16929902<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-35.xml&id=16929902>
TITLE: [Trypanosomatidae of public health importance occurring in wild and
synanthropic animals of rural
Venezuela]<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16929902>
AUTHORS: HÃ(c)ctor de Lima, JosÃ(c) Carrero, Armando Rodríguez, Zoraya de
Guglielmo, Noris Rodríguez
AFFILIATION: Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela,
Caracas, Venezuela. delimah at cantv.net
REFERENCE: Biomedica 2006 Mar 26(1):42-50
INTRODUCTION: Chagas disease and leishmaniasis are important public health
problems due to their high frequency and broad distribution in Latin
America. Understanding of the roles of reservoir animals is crucial for a
global assessment of the epidemiology of these diseases. OBJECTIVE: To
identify parasites classed as Trypanosomatidae as they occurred in sylvatic
animals, and to establish rates of coinfection. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Sylvatic animals were systematically captured in the rural area of El
Carrizal, Merida State, Venezuela, betweenJuly, 1998 and February, 2000. The
captures were made in Tomahawk type homemade traps, placed 15 nights per
month throughout the study period. Blood was extracted from each captured
and anesthetized animal by means of cardiac puncture. The search for
trypanosomatids was undertaken by fresh blood examination, Giemsa stained
blood smears and by means of blood-agar culture. Occasional xenodiagnoses
were made to check diagnostic accuracy. The isolates obtained in culture
media were identified by restriction fragment analysis and hybridization
with specific probes. RESULTS: Three species of sylvatic animals (n = 215)
were captured: Rattus spp. (135), Sigmodon hispidus (73) and Didelphis
marsupialis (7). From them, three species of Trypanosomatidae were
identified: *Leishmania* (Viannia) guyanensis, Trypanosoma cruzi and
Trypanosoma lewisi. Trypanosoma. cruzi was identified in D. marsupialis
(4/7), S. hispidus (1/73) and Rattus spp. (1/ 135), whereas L. (V.)
guyanensis and T. lewisi were identified only in Rattus spp., 1/135 and 12/
135, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The coexistence of these genetically related
hemoflagellates in sylvatic hosts was important for understanding the
immunological interactions that may be established in reservoir animals, and
the possible implications that this may have for the susceptible host.
Finally, the identification of L. (V.) guyanensis in Rattus spp and T. cruzi
in S. hispidus constituted the first reports of this relationship in
Venezuela.


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PMID: 16924841<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-35.xml&id=16924841>
TITLE: [Antileishmanial activity of five 2- or 3- quinolines by enyne
group]<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16924841>
AUTHORS: M Seck, J Desrivot, C Bories, P Loiseau, X Franck, R Hocquemiller,
B Figadere, J F Peyrat, O Provot, J D Brion, M Alami
AFFILIATION: Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et ThÃ(c)rapeutique, FacultÃ(c) de
MÃ(c)decine de Pharmacie et d'Odonto-stomatologie, UniversitÃ(c) Cheikh Anta
Diop, Dakar, SÃ(c)nÃ(c)gal. matarsec at yahoo.fr
REFERENCE: Dakar Med 2006 51(1):1-4
INTRODUCTION: Leishmaniasis is an emergent orphan disease because of its
co-infection with HIV AIDS. We report herein the in vitro biological
evalution of five news quinolines, 2- or 3- substituted by an enyne group
against *Leishmania* donovani (MHOM/ET/L82/LV9). PATIENTS AND METHODS: The
quinolines has been synthesized by using a cross-coupling reaction between a
chloroenyne and an organometallic coumpound in a presence of iron a "green"
catalyst. Biological evalution is realized by a colorimetric method with the
use of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol -2,5-diphÃ(c)nyl)-tÃ(c)trazolium
bromide. RESULTS:
Determination of the inhibitory concentrations as well as the minimal
inhibitory concentrations has shown that the substitution by an enyne group
made it possible to have a more important antileishmanial activity. In
addition , we have seen that the -2 or the -3 position of the enyne group
had no influence in the antileishmanial activity. CONCLUSION: Thus, we have
shown the real interest of these quinolines which could be favourably
compared with pentamidine, which is currently the reference product, and to
consider the use of these quinolines in the treament of the leishmaniasis.


PMID: 16762067<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-35.xml&id=16762067>
TITLE: Comparison of paraffin-embedded skin biopsies from different
anatomical regions as sampling methods for detection of
*Leishmania*infection in dogs using histological, immunohistochemical
and PCR methods.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16762067>
AUTHORS: Sílvio Coura Xavier, HÃ(c)lida Monteiro de Andrade, Semíramis Jamil
Hadad Monte, Ingrid Maria Chiarelli, Wanderson Geraldo Lima, Marilene Suzan
Marques Michalick, Washington Luiz Tafuri, Wagner Luiz Tafuri
AFFILIATION: Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências
Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil.
wagner at icb.ufmg.br.
REFERENCE: BMC Vet Res 2006 2():17
ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: We compared skin biopsy samples from different
anatomical regions for detecting *Leishmania* in dogs, using histological
(HE), immunohistochemical (IHC) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
techniques. RESULTS: The sensitivity was 82.8 percent for PCR, 62.1 percent
for IHC and 44.8 percent for HE. These methods do not appear to depend on
the clinical status of the animal or the anatomical source of the skin
sample; there is no "best region" for any method. However, PCR was more
effective than IHC and HE for ear and nose skin samples whereas IHC was
better than HE for nose samples. There was weak agreement between PCR and HE
for all tissue samples; good agreement between PCR and IHC for ear and
abdomen samples, and weak agreement for nose; and optimal agreement between
IHC and HE for ear and abdomen and good agreement for nose samples.
CONCLUSION: The PCR on ear skin could be the best procedure for diagnosing
canine visceral leishmaniasis. The good agreement between PCR and IHC
indicates that IHC can be used as an alternative method. Finally, tissue
samples from ears, nose and abdomen , particularly ears and nose, are
potentially useful for diagnosing canine visceral leishmaniasis
independently of the animal's clinical status.


PMID: 16927925<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-35.xml&id=16927925>
TITLE: [Visceral leishmaniasis-surgical
aspects]<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16927925>
AUTHORS: M Oniţa, Edith Hornung, C Ciobanu, A E Sârbu, Teodora Olariu, C
Oniţa, A L Stoica
AFFILIATION: Clinica de Chirurgie, Spitalul Clinic Municipal Arad.
Marcelonita at yahoo.com
REFERENCE: Chirurgia (Bucur) 2006 May-Jun 101(3):335-9
Visceral Leishmaniasis is a multiorganic parasitic disease caused by an
intracellular protozoon named *Leishmania* Donovani; the mean signs are:
weight loss, cough, fever, hepatosplenomegaly, adenopathy and cutaneous
lesions; death without treatment is the rule. The main treatment is a
conservative one. Surgical treatment is necessary for complications,
especially for those intraabdominally. We wish to present a young female
patient who underwent two subsequent interventions due to an unclear
diagnosis. We emphasize the difficulties in achieving a certain diagnostic,
because of the rarity of disease in Romania; there are also revealed
surgical aspects, which are important because of very few available data in
the literature.


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The following references are revised files and are brought to you in
accordance to license agreement with the NLM.
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PMID: 16081295<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-35.xml&id=16081295>
TITLE: Synthesis and antileishmanial activities of 4,5-di-substituted
acridines as compared to their 4-mono-substituted
homologues.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16081295>
AUTHORS: Di Giorgio Carole, De MÃ(c)o Michel, Chiron Julien, Delmas Florence,
Nikoyan Anna, Jean SÃ(c)verine, Dumenil GÃ(c)rard, Timon-David Pierre, Galy
Jean-Pierre
AFFILIATION: Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Hygiène et Zoologie, FacultÃ(c) de
Pharmacie, 27 Bd. Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France.
carole.digiorgio at pharmacie.univ-mrs.fr
REFERENCE: Bioorg Med Chem 2005 Oct 13(19):5560-8
Newly synthesized 4,5-di-substituted acridines were assessed for in vitro
antileishmanial activities as compared to those of their 4-mono- substituted
homologues. Mono-substituted acridines exhibited a weak specificity for *
Leishmania* parasites. Di-substituted acridines, on the contrary, displayed
interesting amastigote-specific activities through a mechanism of action
that might not involve intercalation to DNA. This antileishmanial property,
associated with a low antiproliferative activity towards human cells, led to
the identification of a new class of promising acridine derivatives such as
4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)acridine with a nonclassical mechanism of action based
on the inhibition of *Leishmania* internalization within macrophages. In the
meantime, the effects of experimental lighting on the biological properties
of acridines were assessed: experimental lighting did not significantly
improve the antileishmanial activity of the compounds since it produced a
greater toxicity against human cells.


PMID: 8447601<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-35.xml&id=8447601>
TITLE: Hazards of bacterial contamination of blood
products.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8447601>
AUTHORS: T Gottlieb
AFFILIATION: Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases,
Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, New South Wales, Australia.
REFERENCE: Anaesth Intensive Care 1993 Feb 21(1):20-3
Post-transfusion bacterial sepsis is infrequent. It is, however, associated
with a high mortality due to septic shock. This reflects the release of
endotoxin from gram negative bacteria. Lesser transfusion reactions are
usually under-reported. These are frequently caused by gram positive
bacteria. Gram positive species such as staphylococci and other skin surface
organisms may be cultured from platelets stored at room temperature.
Typically, gram negative "psychrophyllic" species which survive storage at 4
degrees C are cultured from stored refrigerated blood implicated in
transfusion reactions. These include Yersinia enterocolitica, Pseudomonas
fluorescens etc. Bacterial contamination of the blood supply can occur via
an endogenous or an exogenous source. Endogenous donor bacteraemia due to
Y.enterocolitica may be asymptomatic or may follow an episode of
gastroenteritis. Exogenous infections occur through some defect in the usual
collection practice. Transfusion-acquired syphilis is now extremely
uncommon. In the third world, beside the need for effective screening for
viral pathogens, infections with protozoa, in particular plasmodia,
trypanosoma and *leishmania* remain a major obstacle to ensuring safe blood
supplies. Prevention of transfusion reactions demands rigorous attention to
details of collection, storage, reissuing and infusion of blood products, as
well as prompt treatment, testing and reporting of suspected reactions.


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REQUEST: [ sandfly NOT culicoides ]
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