[Leish-l] Fwd: Articles found by RefScout 2006/08/16

Jeffrey Shaw jayusp at gmail.com
Sun Sep 3 09:45:06 BRT 2006


From: info at refscout.com <info at refscout.com>
Date: Wed, 16 Aug 2006 06:20:51
Subject: Articles found by RefScout for your requests


  *New!* Have a look at our new tool, the RefScout's PDF-Manager
(PDFM)<http://refscout.com/pdfm_intro.html>!
The RefScout's PDFM <http://refscout.com/pdfm_intro.html> will revolutionize
your life with PDF files!
Simply let your PDF files be organized by the RefScout's
PDFM<http://refscout.com/pdfm_intro.html>in a table and get direct
link to your local copy. In addition, the
RefScout's PDFM <http://refscout.com/pdfm_intro.html> will alert you each
time the NLM PubMed updates information concerning your specific reference!
Get your free 2 months trial version now at RefScout's
PDF-Manager<http://refscout.com/pdfm_download.html>.
  This is RefScout-Newsletter 33/2006.

  REQUEST: [ leishmania ]
(30 articles match this request. 1 article matching other requests removed)

PMID: 16546173<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=16546173>
TITLE: Entamoeba histolytica: Differences in phagosome acidification and
degradation between attenuated and virulent
strains.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16546173>
AUTHORS: Biswa Nath Mitra, Seiki Kobayashi, Yumiko Saito-Nakano, Tomoyoshi
Nozaki
AFFILIATION: Department of Parasitology, Gunma University Graduate School of
Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-851, Japan.
REFERENCE: Exp Parasitol 2006 Sep 114(1):57-61
Phagocytosis is the important virulent determinant of the enteric protozoan
parasite Entamoeba histolytica. We compared the kinetics of phagosome
maturation of attenuated and highly-virulent strains of E. histolytica using
video microscopy. Phagosomes of attenuated strains were acidified rapidly
within 2min after phagosome formation (at the rate of 0.96 pH/min),
persisted at pH 4.46+/-0.13, and degraded ingested GFP-*Leishmania* very
efficiently (90-94% GFP fluorescence was lost in 30min), while phagosomes of
highly-virulent strains were acidified slowly (0.69 pH/min), persisted at
5.11+/-0.23, and degraded GFP less efficiently (60-71% decrease). These
results suggest that efficiency of phagosome maturation is most probably
inversely correlated with apparent virulence.


[image: Shop at Amazon.com]

PMID: 16603157<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=16603157>
TITLE: *Leishmania* amazonensis: Biological and biochemical characterization
of ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase
activities.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16603157>
AUTHORS: Carla M Pinheiro, Erica S Martins-Duarte, Rodrigo B Ferraro, AndrÃ(c)
Luíz Fonseca de Souza, Marta T Gomes, Angela H C S Lopes, Marcos A
Vannier-Santos, AndrÃ(c) L S Santos, JosÃ(c) R Meyer-Fernandes
AFFILIATION: Instituto de Bioquímica MÃ(c)dica (IBqM), Universidade Federal
do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Bloco H,
Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21541-590, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
REFERENCE: Exp Parasitol 2006 Sep 114(1):16-25
The presence of *Leishmania* amazonensis ecto-nucleoside triphosphate
triphosphohydrolase activities was demonstrated using antibodies against
different NTPDase members by Western blotting, flow cytometry, and
immunoelectron microscopy analysis. Living promastigote cells sequentially
hydrolyzed the ATP molecule generating ADP, AMP, and adenosine, indicating
that this surface enzyme may play a role in the salvage of purines from the
extracellular medium. The L. amazonensis ecto-NTPDase activities were
insensitive to Triton X-100, but they were enhanced by divalent cations,
such as Mg(2+). In addition, the ecto- NTPDase activities decreased with
time for 96h when promastigotes were grown in vitro. On the other hand,
these activities increased considerably when measured in living amastigote
forms. Furthermore, the treatment with adenosine, a mediator of several
relevant biological phenomena, induced a decrease in the reactivity with
anti-CD39 antibody , raised against mammalian E-NTPDase, probably because of
down regulation in the L. amazonensis ecto-NTPDase expression. Also,
adenosine and anti-NTPDase antibodies induced a significant diminishing in
the interaction between promastigotes of L. amazonensis and mouse peritoneal
macrophages.


PMID: 16780497<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=16780497>
TITLE: Comparison between the efficacy of photodynamic therapy and topical
paromomycin in the treatment of Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis: a
placebo-controlled, randomized clinical
trial.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16780497>
AUTHORS: A Asilian, M Davami
AFFILIATION: Department of Dermatology, Isfahan University of Medical
Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
REFERENCE: Clin Exp Dermatol 2006 Sep 31(5):634-7
The optimal treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is not known. Topical
paromomycin is one of the many drugs that have been suggested for the
treatment of CL caused by *Leishmania* major. Recently, topical photodynamic
therapy (PDT) has been reported to be effective in the treatment of CL. To
compare the parasitological and clinical efficacy of PDT vs. topical
paromomycin in patients with Old World CL caused by L. major in Iran. In
this trial, 60 patients with the clinical and parasitological diagnosis of
CL were recruited and were randomly divided into three treatment groups of
20 subjects each. Group 1 was treated with weekly topical PDT, and groups 2
and 3 received twice-daily topical paromomycin and placebo, respectively.
The duration of treatment was 4 weeks for all groups. These groups were
followed for 2 months after the end of treatment. In total, 57 patients with
95 lesions completed the study. At the end of the study, complete
improvement was seen in 29 of 31 (93.5%), 14 of 34 (41.2%) and 4 of 30
lesions (13.3%) in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively (P < 0.001). At the same
time point, 100%, 64.7% and 20% of the lesions had parasitological cure in
group 1, 2 and 3, respectively (P < 0.001). Topical PDT can be used safely
as a rapid and highly effective alternative treatment choice for Old World
CL in selected patients.


PMID: 16545807<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=16545807>
TITLE: *Leishmania* amazonensis: Metabolic adaptations induced by resistance
to an ABC transporter
blocker.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16545807>
AUTHORS: Claudia Machuca, Adriana Rodríguez, Marymar Herrera, Sonia Silva,
Alicia Ponte-Sucre
AFFILIATION: Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Instituto de Medicina
Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela,
Caracas, Venezuela.
REFERENCE: Exp Parasitol 2006 Sep 114(1):1-9
We compared growth rate, cell glucose turnover and expression of ATP-
binding-cassette (ABC) transporters in *Leishmania* amazonensis (LTB0016;
LTB) versus LTB(160) selected for resistance against the ABC transporter
blocker glibenclamide. Additionally, we evaluated the influence of drug
-resistance on *Leishmania* sensitivity against 2-mercaptoacetate and 2-
deoxyglucose. Our data demonstrate that (1) LTB(160) and LTB constitutively
express ABC transporters for neutral substrates, (2) glibenclamide
resistance induces the expression of organic anion ABC transporters, members
of the drug resistance associated transporters subfamily, (3) LTB(160)
parasites use less glucose as energy substrate and exhibit a slower glucose
uptake than LTB cells, and (4) LTB(160) parasites are less sensitive to
2-mercaptoacetate and 2-deoxyglucose than the glibenclamide-sensitive *
Leishmania* LTB. Together these and previous results indicate that the
metabolic adaptations expressed in drug-resistant LTB(160) differ from those
described for mammalian drug resistant cells and constitute general
mechanisms that underlie drug resistance in *Leishmania* and may be helpful
for identifying alternative strategies to circumvent drug resistance in
leishmaniasis.


PMID: 16843727<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=16843727>
TITLE: Phlebotomine sand flies and *Leishmania* parasites: friends or
foes?<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16843727>
AUTHORS: Shaden Kamhawi
AFFILIATION: Intracellular Parasite Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic
Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
REFERENCE: Trends Parasitol 2006 Sep 22(9):439-45
*Leishmania* parasites need phlebotomine sand flies to complete their life
cycle and to propagate. This review looks at *Leishmania*-sand fly
interactions as the parasites develop from amastigotes to infectious
metacyclics, highlighting recent findings concerning the evolutionary
adaptations that ensure survival of the parasites. Such adaptations include
secretion of phosphoglycans, which protect the parasite from digestive
enzymes; production of chitinases that degrade the stomodeal valve of the
sand fly; secretion of a neuropeptide that arrests midgut and hindgut
peristalsis; and attaching to the midgut to avoid expulsion.


PMID: 16894000<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=16894000>
TITLE: Use of immunoglobulin g avidity to determine the course of disease in
visceral and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis
patients.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16894000>
AUTHORS: Naresh Singh Redhu, Ayan Dey, Veena Balooni, Sarman Singh
AFFILIATION: Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of
Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110 029, India.
sarman_singh at yahoo.com.
REFERENCE: Clin Vaccine Immunol 2006 Aug 13(8):969-71
In the present study, anti-*Leishmania* immunoglobulin G (IgG) avidity was
used to estimate the approximate time of disease manifestation. Significant
differences (P < 0.0001) were found between the levels of anti-rKE-16 IgG
avidity in leishmaniasis patients with recent and chronic diseases. More
than 76% of patients with an illness duration of less than 6 months had
avidity of less than 70%, 94% of patients had less than 80% avidity, and all
(100%) patients with illness of more than 6 months had avidity values higher
than 70%. The study showed that avidity could successfully be used to
pinpoint the duration of leishmaniasis.


PMID: 16896131<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=16896131>
TITLE: Pseudomonas aeruginosa otochondritis complicating localized cutaneous
leishmaniasis: prevention of mutilation by early antibiotic
therapy.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16896131>
AUTHORS: Diane VAN DER Vliet, Anne-Sophie LE Guern, Sylvie Freitag, Nicolas
Gounod, Audrey Therby, Herve Darie, Pierre A Buffet
AFFILIATION: Institut Pasteur Medical Center, Paris, France, Department of
Pathology, Dermatology Department, and Infectious Diseases Department,
Necker Hospital, Assistance-Publique, Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.
REFERENCE: Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006 Aug 75(2):270-2
A patient with an ulcerated cutaneous leishmaniasis of the pinna had
suppurative otochondritis after a first unsuccessful course of treatment
with meglumine antimoniate. Although the *Leishmania* ulceration healed
after a second course of meglumine antimoniate, and despite three oral
dicloxacillin or pristinamycin courses, the otochondritis extended and an
abscess developed. Pus from the abscess revealed a pure culture of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Five days of oral ciprofloxacin plus rifampin led to
a marked improvement. The P. aeruginosa isolate was sensitive to
ciprofloxacin but fully resistant to rifampin. Healing with minimal
mutilation was obtained at the end of a six-week course of multiple
antibiotic therapy. Pseudomonas aeruginosa otochondritis was a co-factor of
cartilage mutilation in this patient. Thus, infection with P. aeruginosa
should be promptly treated when present in tender cutaneous or mucosal
leishmaniasis lesions near cartilaginous areas.


PMID: 16785229<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=16785229>
TITLE: Phospholipid Translocation and Miltefosine Potency Require Both L.
donovani Miltefosine Transporter and the New Protein LdRos3 in
*Leishmania*Parasites.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16785229>
AUTHORS: F Javier PÃ(c)rez-Victoria, María P Sánchez-Cañete, Santiago
Castanys, Francisco Gamarro
AFFILIATION: Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra,"
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n
18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain.
REFERENCE: J Biol Chem 2006 Aug 281(33):23766-75
The antitumor drug miltefosine has been recently approved as the first oral
drug active against visceral leishmaniasis. We have previously identified
the L. donovani miltefosine transporter (LdMT) as a P-type ATPase involved
in phospholipid translocation at the plasma membrane of
*Leishmania*parasites. Here we show that this protein is essential but
not sufficient
for the phospholipid translocation activity and, thus, for the potency of
the drug. Based on recent findings in yeast, we have identified the putative
beta subunit of LdMT, named LdRos3, as another protein factor required for
the translocation activity. LdRos3 belongs to the CDC50/Lem3 family,
proposed as likely beta subunits for P(4)- ATPases. The phenotype of
LdRos3-defective parasites was identical to that of the LdMT-/-, including a
defect in the uptake of 7-nitrobenz-2-
oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl-amino)-phosphatidylserine, generally considered as not
affected in Lem3p-deficient yeast. Both LdMT and LdRos3 normally localized
to the plasma membrane but were retained inside the endoplasmic reticulum in
the absence of the other protein or when inactivating point mutations were
introduced in LdMT. Modulating the expression levels of either protein
independently, we show that any one of them could behave as the protein
limiting the level of flippase activity. Thus, LdMT and LdRos3 seem to form
part of the same translocation machinery that determines flippase activity
and miltefosine sensitivity in *Leishmania*, further supporting the
consideration of CDC50/Lem3 proteins as beta subunits required for the
normal functioning of P(4)-ATPases.


[image: Shop at Amazon.com]

PMID: 16905734<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=16905734>
TITLE: Evaluation of a spray of permethrin and pyriproxyfen for the
protection of dogs against Phlebotomus
perniciosus.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16905734>
AUTHORS: R Molina, G Miró, R Gálvez, J Nieto, M A Descalzo
AFFILIATION: Servicio de Parasitología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología,
Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
REFERENCE: Vet Rec 2006 Aug 159(7):206-9
Dogs are the main domestic reservoir of *Leishmania* infantum in the Old
World (*Leishmania* chagasi in the New World) a parasite responsible for
many cases of human visceral leishmaniasis in both endemic and non- endemic
regions. One strategy for the control of leishmaniasis would be to prevent
dogs from being bitten by sandflies, the vector of leishmaniasis. This study
was designed to assess the efficacy of spraying a combination of permethrin
and pyriproxyfen on to dogs artificially exposed to sandflies. Two groups of
four male dogs, one of them treated and the other left untreated as
controls, were exposed for one hour to 100 female sandflies seven days
before the treatment, on the day of treatment and seven, 14, 21, and 28 days
later. After each exposure, sandflies were collected, counted and scored.
The prevention of sandfly bite was calculated by measuring the number of fed
sandflies (dead and alive) after treatment. In this experimental assay, the
repellent effect of the treatment against sandfly bites after 21 days was
71.4 per cent, but the insecticidal effect was only 7.2 per cent.


PMID: 16772420<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=16772420>
TITLE: Visceral leishmaniasis/human immunodeficiency virus co-infection in
India: the focus of two
epidemics.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16772420>
AUTHORS: Purva Mathur, J C Samantaray, Madhu Vajpayee, Palash Samanta
AFFILIATION: Division of Parasitology and HIV/Immunology, Department of
Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New
Delhi - 110029, India.
REFERENCE: J Med Microbiol 2006 Jul 55(Pt 7):919-22
India contributes heavily to the global burden of visceral leishmaniasis
(VL, kala-azar) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS. The prevalence
of HIV seropositivity in VL patients at a tertiary care centre in northern
India, as observed during a prospective study over a period of 2 years, is
presented. Of the 104 cases of VL/post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis, six (
5.7 %) were found to be HIV positive, compared to 11 (5.5 %) seropositive
for HIV of 198 patients with fever due to other causes. Four of the six (67
%) VL/HIV co-infected patients had a chronic/relapsing course, not
responding to antileishmanial treatment. A CD4 T-cell count of < 200 mm(-3)
was found in four of the five (80 %) co-infected patients in whom the test
was done. Although the level of HIV/VL co-infection in the present study was
lower than that of Mediterranean countries, there is a trend towards rising
co- infection. The VL-endemic states of India have a huge population of
migrant labourers, who work in high-HIV-prevalence states. The reported
increase in the prevalence of HIV in the VL-endemic, populous states of
India is a cause of grave concern, and co-infection may assume epidemic
proportions in the coming decade if left unchecked.


PMID: 16791879<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=16791879>
TITLE: Distinct roles for IL-6 and IL-12p40 in mediating protection against
*Leishmania* donovani and the expansion of IL-10(+) CD4(+) T
cells.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16791879>
AUTHORS: Simona Stäger, Asher Maroof, Soombul Zubairi, Stephanie L Sanos,
Manfred Kopf, Paul M Kaye
AFFILIATION: Immunology and Infection Unit, Hull York Medical School and
Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK.
REFERENCE: Eur J Immunol 2006 Jul 36(7):1764-71
Adoptive dendritic cell (DC) immunotherapy provides a useful experimental
tool to evaluate immunoregulation in vivo and has previously been
successfully used to enhance host resistance in a variety of experimental
models of leishmaniasis. Here, we used this approach to identify IL-6 and
IL-12p40 as critical cytokines that cooperate to mediate host protection to
*Leishmania* donovani but which act independently to regulate expansion of
IL-10(+) CD4(+) T cells, shown here for the first time to be associated with
this infection. Adoptive transfer of LPS-activated bone marrow-derived DC
(BMDC) from wild-type mice was therapeutically beneficial and led to
enhanced resistance as measured by spleen parasite burden. In contrast,
IL-6- or IL-12p40-deficient BMDC had no protective benefit, indicating that
production of both cytokines was essential for the therapeutic efficacy of
DC. IL-10 production by CD25(-) FoxP3(-) IL-10(+) CD4(+) T cells is a strong
correlate of disease progression, and BMDC from wild-type mice inhibited
expansion of these cells. Strikingly, IL-12-deficient BMDC could also
inhibit the expansion of this T cell population whereas IL-6- deficient BMDC
could not, indicating that IL-6 played a key role in this aspect of DC
function in vivo. Breadth of cytokine production is thus an important factor
when considering strategies for DC-based interventions.


PMID: 16892621<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=16892621>
TITLE: Impact of phlebotomine sand flies on U.S. Military operations at
Tallil Air Base, Iraq: 1. background, military situation, and development of
a "Leishmaniasis Control
Program".<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16892621>
AUTHORS: Russell E Coleman, Douglas A Burkett, John L Putnam, Van Sherwood,
Jennifer B Caci, Barton T Jennings, Lisa P Hochberg, Sharon L Spradling,
Edgar D Rowton, Keith Blount, John Ploch, Grady Hopkins, Jo-Lynne W Raymond,
Monica L O'Guinn, John S Lee, Peter J Weina
AFFILIATION: 520th Theater Army Medical Laboratory, United States Army,
Tallil Air Base, Iraq. russell.coleman at us.army.mil
REFERENCE: J Med Entomol 2006 Jul 43(4):647-62
One of the most significant modern day efforts to prevent and control an
arthropod-borne disease during a military deployment occurred when a team of
U.S. military entomologists led efforts to characterize, prevent , and
control leishmaniasis at Tallil Air Base (TAB), Iraq, during Operation Iraqi
Freedom. Soon after arriving at TAB on 22 March 2003, military entomologists
determined that 1) high numbers of sand flies were present at TAB, 2)
individual soldiers were receiving many sand fly bites in a single night,
and 3) *Leishmania* parasites were present in 1. 5% of the female sand flies
as determined using a real-time (fluorogenic ) *Leishmania*-generic
polymerase chain reaction assay. The rapid determination that leishmaniasis
was a specific threat in this area allowed for the establishment of a
comprehensive Leishmaniasis Control Program (LCP) over 5 mo before the first
case of leishmaniasis was confirmed in a U.S. soldier deployed to Iraq. The
LCP had four components: 1) risk assessment, 2) enhancement of use of
personal protective measures by all personnel at TAB, 3) vector and
reservoir control, and 4) education of military personnel about sand flies
and leishmaniasis. The establishment of the LCP at TAB before the onset of
any human disease conclusively demonstrated that entomologists can play a
critical role during military deployments.


PMID: 16902382<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=16902382>
TITLE: [Outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis in military population coming
back from French
Guiana.]<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16902382>
AUTHORS: F Berger, P Romary, D Brachet, C Rapp, P Imbert, E GarrabÃ(c), T
Debord, A Spiegel
AFFILIATION: DÃ(c)partement d'EpidÃ(c)miologie et de SantÃ(c)
publique, Ecole du
Val-de-Grâce - Ilot BÃ(c)gin, 69, avenue de Paris, 94163 Saint-MandÃ(c) Cedex.
REFERENCE: Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 2006 Jun 54(3):213-21
Background: An outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis occurred among 71
soldiers who had participated in various missions during a 4-month's period
in French Guiana. The aims of this study were (i) to describe outbreak and
(ii) to determine risk factors of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Methods: All
patients were hospitalised. Cutaneous lesions were biopsied and cultured for
species identification. Individual information was collected by a physician
or a nurse, using on a standardised, anonymous chart. Data were processed
with EpiInfo 6.04 and SAStrade mark. Results : Mean age of the 71 soldiers
was about 25.9 years (19-37 years). Twelve soldiers presented 56 lesions due
to *Leishmania* (Viannia) guyanensis ( attack rate=16.9 for 100). Among 56
lesions, 13 lesions were localized on the trunk, usually an unexposed body
area. Logistic regression highlighted military exercises in the forest
during a high risk period of leishmaniasis transmission (OR=11.2; p<0.01),
and the young age ( OR=1.33; p=0.04). Vector control measures were not
statistically significant. Conclusion: Military authorities should restrict
deep forest activities during periods of high risk transmission. Vector
control measures are essential. Officers should motivate their soldiers and
supervise vector control measures. As ecotourism is developing, tourists as
well as workers staying in deep forest must be informed of the risk and
about vector control measures.


PMID: 16626930<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=16626930>
TITLE: The major circulating immunosuppressive activity in American visceral
leishmaniasis patients is associated with a high-molecular weight fraction
and is not mediated by IgG, IgG immune complexes or
lipoproteins.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16626930>
AUTHORS: N M Soares, T P L Ferraz, E G Nascimento, E M Carvalho, L
Pontes-de-Carvalho
AFFILIATION: Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz,
Salvador, Brazil. neci at ufba.br
REFERENCE: Microb Pathog 2006 Jun 40(6):254-60
Opportunistic infections, due to disease-related immunosuppression,
constitute the major cause of death in American visceral leishmaniasis (
AVL). Sera from these patients (AVL sera) non-specifically inhibit the in
vitro proliferative response of normal human lymphocytes to lectins or
antigens. In the present work, the mediation of this inhibition by IgG,
immune complexes and low- or very low-density lipoproteins was studied. AVL
serum fractions containing proteins with the molecular weight of IgG, and
IgG, purified from AVL sera by anion exchange chromatography, did not
suppress the lymphoproliferation. Most of the suppressive activity of AVL
sera was associated with a fraction containing molecules with molecular
weights above 430 kDa. This would be compatible with it being due to immune
complexes and/or lipoproteins, and not to soluble IL-2 receptors as reported
previously. However, neither of the two possibilities seem to be the case,
as (1) depletion of immune complexes by protein-A followed by protein-G
chromatographies did not affect the serum suppressive activity, (2) no
correlation between immune complex contents and suppressive activities in
individual sera was observed, and (3) plasma lipoproteins (VLDL and LDL),
purified from AVL patients and from healthy individuals, had the same degree
of immunosuppressive activity.


PMID: 16898121<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=16898121>
TITLE: Virulent and attenuated lines of *Leishmania* major: DNA karyotypes
and differences in metalloproteinase
GP63.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16898121>
AUTHORS: Jovana Sádlová, Petr Volf, Kathleen Victoir, Jean-Claude
Dujardin, Jan Votýpka
AFFILIATION: Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Vinicná 7, 128
44 Prague 2, Czech Republic. JovanaS at seznam.cz
REFERENCE: Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2006 Jun 53(2):81-90
The *Leishmania* metalloproteinase GP63 has been reported to play important
roles mainly in resistance of promastigotes to complement- mediated lysis
and in interaction with macrophage receptors. On the other hand, its
function in insect vectors is still unclear. We compared the structure and
dosage of gp63 genes and the activity of GP63 in *Leishmania* major Yakimoff
et Schokhor strains and lines differing in virulence for mice and ability to
develop in sand flies. The results demonstrate considerable variability in
amount and proteolytical activity of GP63 among L. major strains although
genomic changes in the gp63 locus were not found. Attenuated LV561/AV line
showed low amount and low enzymatic activity of GP63. Serial passages of
attenuated parasites through either Phlebotomus duboscqi Neveu-Lemaire or
through mice led to a recovery of GP63 proteolytical activity to the level
present in virulent LV561/V line. Overexpression of GP63 was found in two L
major strains (L119, Neal) with defective lipophosphoglycan (LPG ); both
these strains were capable to cause mice infection but unable to survive and
multiply in sand flies. Differences were found also in karyotypes and in
amount of minichromosomes amplified in some lines of the LV561 strain. The
results suggest that parasite virulence is not simply correlated with the
activity of GP63; however, this enzyme plays a significant role in
association with other surface molecules, especially LPG. Overexpression of
GP63 can compensate LPG defect in the vertebrate host but in sand flies both
molecules fulfil quite different functions and the defect in LPG is lethal
for the parasite. On the other hand, linear minichromosomes of about 200 kb
found in some lines of the LV561 strain are associated with development in
vitro and in the vector but they are not essential for the infection of the
vertebrate host.


[image: Shop at Amazon.com]

PMID: 16483783<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=16483783>
TITLE: Indazole N-oxide derivatives as antiprotozoal agents: synthesis,
biological evaluation and mechanism of action
studies.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16483783>
AUTHORS: Alejandra Gerpe, Gabriela Aguirre, Lucía Boiani, Hugo Cerecetto,
Mercedes González, Claudio Olea-Azar, Carolina Rigol, Juan D Maya, Antonio
Morello, Oscar E Piro, Vicente J Arán, Amaia Azqueta, Adela López de
Ceráin, Antonio Monge, María Antonieta Rojas, Gloria Yaluff
AFFILIATION: Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de
Química-Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225,
Montevideo 11400, Uruguay.
REFERENCE: Bioorg Med Chem 2006 May 14(10):3467-80
A series of indazole N-oxide derivatives have been synthesized and their
antichagasic and leishmanocidal properties studied. 3-Cyano-2-(4-
iodophenyl)-2H-indazole N1-oxide exhibited interesting antichagasic activity
on the two parasitic strains and the two parasitic stages evaluated.
Furthermore, besides its trypanocidal activity, 3-cyano-2-(4-
nitrophenyl)-2H-indazole N1-oxide showed leishmanocidal activity in the
three parasitic strains evaluated. To gain insight into the mechanism of
action, electrochemical behaviour, ESR experiment, inhibition of parasitic
respiration and QSAR were performed.


PMID: 16778309<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=16778309>
TITLE: Pathophysiology of visceral leishmaniasis - some recent
concepts.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16778309>
AUTHORS: Nancy Malla, R C Mahajan
AFFILIATION: Department of Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical
Education & Research, Chandigarh, India.
REFERENCE: Indian J Med Res 2006 Mar 123(3):267-74
Visceral leishmaniasis is characterized by diversity and complexity of
clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic infection to life
threatening illness. Experimental evidence and clinical studies indicate
multifaceted role of various factors leading to parasite survival and
multiplication. In early stage of infection, generation of reactive oxygen
and nitrogen intermediates play significant role in curtailing the parasite
multiplication while in later phase on one hand, hepatic resistance is
expressed by the dominant role played by nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-2 gene
regulation and on the other hand, production of inhibitors of NOS-2 gene
expression, interleukin 10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor beta
(TGFbeta) correlate well with reduced parasite killing. The hepatic
infection is usually self-limiting due to production of multiple cytokine
responses including moderate level of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) while in
spleen excess TNF mediates destructive pathology. CD8+ T cells appear to
play multiple roles comprising both cytotoxic activity and secretion of
cytokines and chemokines. Capacity to produce ThI cytokines is associated
with asymptomatic or subclinical self-healing infection. However, in
symptomatic patients, Th I cytokine production is not depressed but there
appears to be unresponsiveness to the stimuli of these cytokines.
Experimental evidences indicate genetic basis for such a phenomenon.


PMID: 16778319<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=16778319>
TITLE: Current scenario of drug development for
leishmaniasis.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16778319>
AUTHORS: Simon L Croft, Karin Seifert, Vanessa Yardley
AFFILIATION: Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDi), Geneva,
Switzerland. scroft at dndi.org
REFERENCE: Indian J Med Res 2006 Mar 123(3):399-410
Although three new drugs or drug formulations, liposomal amphotericin B
(AmBisome), miltefosine and paromomycin should be available for the
treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) within the next year, they all
suffer from limitations of either cost, specific toxicities or parenteral
administration. As part of research to identify better treatments for VL and
cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), alternative and potentially cheaper
formulations of amphotericin B, alklyphosphocholines other than miltefosine
and improved formulations of paromomycin for CL have been identified. Other
drugs or compounds that have demonstrated activity in experimental rodent
models of infection include licochalcone derivatives, quinoline derivatives,
bisphosphonates and a maesabalide; further chemistry based upon these leads
is warranted. The process for discovery and development of new
antileishmanials would also benefit from improved models, for example,
transfected parasites, and non invasive methods of measuring parasite load
in rodent models of infection.


PMID: 16756660<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=16756660>
TITLE: Comparative genomics and concerted evolution of beta-tubulin paralogs
in *Leishmania*
spp.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16756660>
AUTHORS: Andrew P Jackson, Sue Vaughan, Keith Gull
AFFILIATION: Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford,
South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK. aj4 at sanger.ac.uk.
REFERENCE: BMC Genomics 2006 7():137
ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Tubulin isotypes and expression patterns are highly
regulated in diverse organisms. The genome sequence of the protozoan
parasite *Leishmania* major contains three distinct beta-tubulin loci. To
investigate the diversity of beta-tubulin genes, we have compared the
published genome sequence to draft genome sequences of two further species
L. infantum and L. braziliensis. Untranscribed regions and coding sequences
for each isoform were compared within and between species in relation to the
known diversity of beta-tubulin transcripts in *Leishmania* spp. RESULTS:
All three beta-tubulin loci were present in L. infantum and L. braziliensis,
showing conserved synteny with the L. major sequence, hence confirming that
these loci are paralogous. Flanking regions suggested that the chromosome 21
locus is an amastigote -specific isoform and more closely related (either
structurally or functionally) to the chromosome 33 'array' locus than the
chromosome 8 locus. A phylogenetic network of all isoforms indicated that
paralogs from L. braziliensis and L. mexicana were monophyletic, rather than
clustering by locus. CONCLUSION: L. braziliensis and L. mexicana sequences
appeared more similar to each other than each did to its closest relative in
another species; this indicates that these sequences have evolved
convergently in each species, perhaps through ectopic gene conversion; a
process not yet evident among the more recently derived L . major and L.
infantum isoforms. The distinctive non-coding regions of each beta-tubulin
locus showed that it is the regulatory regions of these loci that have
evolved most during the diversification of these genes in *Leishmania*,
while the coding regions have been conserved and concerted. The various loci
in *Leishmania* satisfy a need for innovative expression of beta-tubulin,
rather than elaboration of its structural role.


PMID: 16904409<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=16904409>
TITLE: Drug resistance in *Leishmania*: similarities and differences to
other organisms.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16904409>
AUTHORS: B Papadopoulou, C Kündig, A Singh, M Ouellette
REFERENCE: Drug Resist Updat 1998 1(4):266-78
The main line of defense available against parasitic protozoa is
chemotherapy. Drug resistance has emerged however, as a primary obstacle to
the successful treatment and control of parasitic diseases.
*Leishmania*spp., the causative agents of leishmaniasis, have served
as a useful model
for studying mechanisms of drug resistance in vitro. Antimonials and
amphotericin B are the first line drugs to treat *Leishmania* followed by
pentamidine and a number of other drugs. Parasites resistant against all
these classes of drugs have been selected under laboratory conditions. A
multiplicity of resistance mechanisms has been detected, the most prevalent
being gene amplification and transport mutations. With the tools now
available, it should be possible to elucidate the mechanisms that govern
drug resistance in field isolates and develop more effective
chemotherapeutic agents.


********************************************************************************************************************
The following references are revised files and are brought to you in
accordance to license agreement with the NLM.
********************************************************************************************************************

PMID: 16467337<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=16467337>
TITLE: Kinetics and diagnostic and prognostic potential of quantitative
Western blot analysis and antigen-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
in experimental canine
leishmaniasis.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16467337>
AUTHORS: D Talmi-Frank, D Strauss-Ayali, C L Jaffe, G Baneth
AFFILIATION: School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of
Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
REFERENCE: Clin Vaccine Immunol 2006 Feb 13(2):271-6
Quantitative computerized Western blot analysis of antibody responses during
experimental canine *Leishmania* infantum infection distinguished between
immunodominant and nonimmunodominant protein bands. Six infected beagles,
positive by both PCR and parasite culture, were monitored over 75 weeks
postinfection and during a 12-week allopurinol treatment course. All dogs
were symptomatic at the time of treatment. Of 12 antigenic bands examined,
the immunodominant bands (12, 14, 24, 29, 48, and 68 kDa) showed
significantly increased intensities (P<0.01) and higher frequencies of
recognition than the nonimmunodominant bands at all time points. Detection
of the former bands at 6 weeks postinfection preceded seroconversion by
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) both on crude *Leishmania* antigen
or the recombinant proteins rK39 and HSP70. Reactivity with the 14-, 48-,
and 68-kDa bands signified early infection, whereas increased reactivity
with the 14-, 24-, and 29-kDa bands was associated with posttreatment
parasite persistence and potential unfavorable prognosis. Total lane
intensity (TLI) emerged as a sensitive marker for early infection and
increased as early as 4 weeks postinfection. TLI had a significantly higher
(P<0.01) relative increase rate than crude *Leishmania* antigen or HSP70 or
rK39 ELISA at all time points. These immunodominant antigens and TLI, as
determined by quantitative Western blotting, will be valuable for early
detection and treatment evaluation of canine leishmaniasis.


PMID: 15350508<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=15350508>
TITLE: An alternative immunohistochemical method for detecting
*Leishmania*amastigotes in paraffin-embedded canine
tissues.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15350508>
AUTHORS: Wagner Luiz Tafuri, Renato de Lima Santos, Rosa Maria Esteves
Arantes, Ricardo Gonçalves, Maria Norma de Melo, Marilene Suzan Marques
Michalick, Washington Luiz Tafuri
AFFILIATION: Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências
Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos,
6627, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG/Brasil-CEP 31270-901, Brazil.
wagner at icb.ufmg.br
REFERENCE: J Immunol Methods 2004 Sep 292(1-2):17-23
Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is a zoonosis and a chronic systemic
disease of the dog caused by a protozoan by the species
*Leishmania*infantum in the Old World and
*Leishmania* chagasi in the New World. Several methods are currently
employed for the diagnosis of CVL including microscopic detection of the
parasite in bone marrow and lymph node aspirates, demonstration of specific
antibodies anti-*Leishmania* in sera from infected animals, and isolation of
the parasite by in vitro culture or by inoculation of laboratory animals.
However, a definitive diagnosis is based on the actual detection of the
parasite, which is conventionally achieved by examining Giemsa-stained
smears or histopathological sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin.
These methods have a low sensitivity, and therefore, they are often
inconclusive. This is particularly true in canine organs that have a low
level of parasitism such as kidneys, lungs, central nervous system, and
testis, or, in some cases, the skin. The technique for immunohistochemical
detection of leishmanial amastigotes in canine tissues has been reported
previously and has proved to be undoubtedly efficient for the diagnosis. In
this paper, we describe a straightforward and inexpensive
immunohistochemical approach for *Leishmania* detection in formalin-fixed
paraffin-embedded canine tissues . Amastigote forms of *Leishmania* were
easily observed within macrophages in several organs from naturally infected
dogs using the streptavidin- biotin immunohistochemical method with canine
hyperimmune serum as the primary antibody. In addition, the secondary
antibody used was not specific to canine immunoglobulin, characterizing a
cross-immune reaction. Our results indicate that this technique could be a
useful tool for epidemiological, clinical, and histopathological studies.


[image: Shop at Amazon.com]

PMID: 11796362<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=11796362>
TITLE: Ultrastructural and biochemical alterations induced by
22,26-azasterol, a delta(24(25))-sterol methyltransferase inhibitor, on
promastigote and amastigote forms of *Leishmania*
amazonensis.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11796362>
AUTHORS: Juliany C F Rodrigues, Márcia Attias, Carlos Rodriguez, Julio A
Urbina, Wanderley de Souza
AFFILIATION: Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto
de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro,
Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco G, Ilha do Fundão, 21949-900, Brazil.
REFERENCE: Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002 Feb 46(2):487-99
We report on the antiproliferative effects and the ultrastructural and
biochemical alterations induced in vitro by 22,26-azasterol, a sterol
Delta(24(25))-methyltransferase (24-SMT) inhibitor, on
*Leishmania*amazonensis. When promastigotes and amastigotes were
exposed to 100 nM
22,26-azasterol, complete growth arrest and cell lysis ensued after 72 (
promastigotes) or 120 (amastigotes) h. Exposure of parasites to this
azasterol led to the complete depletion of parasite endogenous sterols (
episterol and 5-dehydroepisterol) and their replacement by 24-desalkyl
sterols (zymosterol, cholesta-5,7,24-trien-3beta-ol, and cholesta-7,24-
dien-3beta-ol), while 14-methyl-zymosterol and 4,14-dimethyl-zymosterol
accumulated as a result of simultaneous incubation of the parasites with
22,26-azasterol and ketoconazole, a known inhibitor of the parasite's sterol
C14-demethylase. These results confirmed that 24-SMT is the primary site of
action of the azasterol. Profound changes were also observed in the
phospholipid compositions of treated cells, in which a twofold reduction in
the content of phosphatidylserine was observed; this was accompanied by a
concomitant increase in the content of phosphatidylinositol. Transmission
electron microscopy showed that 22,26 -azasterol induced marked
morphological changes, including mitochondrial swelling, invaginations of
the inner mitochondrial membrane, and the appearance of large bodies
containing concentric membranes. Other modifications included increases in
the numbers of acidocalcisomes, megasomes, and lipid inclusions and the
appearance of typical autophagic structures and cell body protrusions toward
the flagellar pocket. We conclude that the dramatic alteration of the lipid
composition of the parasite's membranes induced by the drug underlies the
ultrastructural alterations that lead to the loss of cell viability and that
24-SMT inhibitors could be useful as selective antileishmanial agents.


PMID: 7910002<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=7910002>
TITLE: An RFLP map for 2q33-q37 from multicase mycobacterial and leishmanial
disease families: no evidence for an Lsh/Ity/Bcg gene homologue influencing
susceptibility to
leprosy.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=7910002>
AUTHORS: M A Shaw, S Atkinson, H Dockrell, R Hussain, Z Lins-Lainson, J
Shaw, F Ramos, F Silveira, S Q Mehdi, F Kaukab
AFFILIATION: Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge Clinical
School, UK.
REFERENCE: Ann Hum Genet 1993 Oct 57(Pt 4):251-71
The mycobacterial diseases leprosy and tuberculosis (TB) and the
leishmaniases are characterized by a wide spectrum of disease phenotypes ,
and by the fact that the majority of individuals exposed to the causative
organisms Mycobacterium leprae, M. tuberculosis and *Leishmania* sp. become
infected but do not present with clinical disease. In order to determine
whether a human homologue to the murine macrophage resistance gene
Lsh/Ity/Bcg influences susceptibility to human disease, multicase families
for all three diseases have been collected, and linkage analysis performed
using a panel of markers in the region of human chromosome 2q33-q37 known to
be conserved with the Lsh/Ity/Bcg- containing region of murine chromosome 1.
Because of the paucity of available polymorphic markers/linkage information
for 2q33-q37, data from 35 multicase leprosy, TB and visceral leishmaniasis
families (310 individuals) were first pooled to produce a detailed RFLP map
of the region. Peak LOD scores well in excess of 3 were observed for linkage
between adjacent pairs of a more proximal (2q33-q35) set of markers CRYGP1,
MAP2, FN1, TNP1, VIL1 and DES, and between adjacent pairs of a more distal
(2q35-q37) set COL6A3, D2S55 and D2S3. These peak LOD scores and the
corresponding values for theta were used in the MAP92 program to generate a
multiple two-point map with gene order/map intervals (cM) of:
CRYGP1-4.65-MAP2-3.45-FN1-5.95-TNP1-3.41-VIL1-3. 01- DES-20.14-COL6A -
10.91-D2S55-3.67-D2S3. Although local support for the placement of loci in
this order was weak (LOD < 2, except for DES-COL6A3 where LOD = 6 .02), the
map is consistent with the gene order for those loci (Cryg, Fn -1, Tp-1,
Vil, Des, Col6a3) previously mapped in the mouse. Data from 17 multicase
leprosy families (149 individuals) were further analysed for linkage between
a putative disease susceptibility locus (DSL) controlling susceptibility to
leprosy per se and each of the marker loci . Assuming 100% penetrance for
the susceptibility allele, no positive LOD score was obtained for linkage
between the DSL and any of the marker genes. Instead, the data provide
convincing evidence (LOD scores < - 2) that a DSL does not fall within 10-20
cM of CRYGP1, MAP2, TNP1, VIL1 , DES or D2S55, or within 5-10 cM of FN1,
COL6A3 or D2S3. This effectively excludes a putative DSL controlling
susceptibility to leprosy per se from the entire region 2q33-q37.(ABSTRACT
TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)


PMID: 1564720<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=1564720>
TITLE: Real-time quantitative elemental analysis and mapping: microchemical
imaging in cell
physiology.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=1564720>
AUTHORS: A LeFurgey, S D Davilla, D A Kopf, J R Sommer, P Ingram
AFFILIATION: Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Duke
University, Durham, NC 27710.
REFERENCE: J Microsc 1992 Feb 165(Pt 2):191-223
Recent advances in widely available microcomputers have made the acquisition
and processing of digital quantitative X-ray maps of one to several cells
readily feasible. Here we describe a system which uses a graphics-based
microcomputer to acquire spectrally filtered X-ray elemental image maps that
are fitted to standards, to display the image in real time, and to correct
the post-acquisition image map with regard to specimen drift. Both
high-resolution quantitative energy-dispersive X -ray images of freeze-dried
cyrosections and low-dose quantitative bright-field images of
frozen-hydrated sections can be acquired to obtain element and water content
from the same intracellular regions. The software programs developed,
together with the associated hardware, also allow static probe acquisition
of data from selected cell regions with spectral processing and
quantification performed on-line in real time. In addition, the unified
design of the software program provides for off-line processing and
analysing by several investigators at microcomputers remote from the
microscope. The overall experimental strategy employs computer-aided
imaging, combined with static probes, as an essential interactive tool of
investigation for biological analysis . This type of microchemical
microscopy facilitates studies in cell physiology and pathophysiology which
focus on mechanisms of ionic ( elemental) compartmentation, i.e.
structure-function correlation at cellular and subcellular levels; it allows
investigation of intracellular concentration gradients, of the heterogeneity
of cell responses to stimuli, of certain fast physiological events in vivo
at ultrastructural resolution, and of events occurring with low incidence or
involving cell-to-cell interactions.


PMID: 13466290<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=13466290>
TITLE: [Man, a possible reservoir of the virus of *Leishmania* donovani;
primary & secondary cutaneous localizations of
kala-azar.]<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=13466290>
AUTHORS: G LEITE
REFERENCE: Rev Bras Med 1957 May 14(5):328-9


PMID: 13325765<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=13325765>
TITLE: [Schizogony forms of *Leishmania* donovani in human bone
marrow.]<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=13325765>
AUTHORS: E APPUHN, C WEISS
REFERENCE: Z Tropenmed Parasitol 1956 Feb 7(1):93-9


PMID: 14360751<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=14360751>
TITLE: Specific tissue alteration in leprous skin. VII. Inoculation of *
Leishmania* tropica into leprous
patients.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14360751>
AUTHORS: E LIBAN, A ZUCKERMAN, F SAGHER
REFERENCE: AMA Arch Derm 1955 Apr 71(4):441-50


PMID: 13183092<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=13183092>
TITLE: Electrophoretic patterns of the serum proteins of chinchillas and
hamsters infected with *Leishmania*
donovani.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=13183092>
AUTHORS: L A STAUBER, J Q OCHS, N H COY
REFERENCE: Exp Parasitol 1954 Jul 3(4):325-35


REQUEST: [ sand fly NOT culicoides ]
(2 articles match this request. 2 articles matching other requests removed)

REQUEST: [ sandfly NOT culicoides ]
(1 article matches this request. 1 article matching other requests removed)

[image: Shop at Amazon.com]



You receive this email because you requested RefScout(r)'s literature update.
If you would like to change or add requests, please go to your user
profile<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/user.pl?ACTION=showUser>
.
If you can't read our newsletter, please resend newsletter back to us to
info at refscout.com, including information about your operating system and
mail client software you use, and we will do our best to solve the problem.
If you would like to be removed from RefScout(r)'s literature service, please
press the remove button<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/user.pl?ACTION=deleteUser>.


DISCLAIMER <http://refscout.com/disclaim.html>
-------------- next part --------------
An HTML attachment was scrubbed...
URL: http://lineu.icb.usp.br/pipermail/leish-l/attachments/20060903/166ca180/attachment-0001.html


More information about the Leish-l mailing list