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This is RefScout-Newsletter 33/2006.<br><br>
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REQUEST: [ leishmania ]<br>
(30 articles match this request. 1 article matching other requests removed)<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=16546173" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">16546173</a>
<input name="id_16546173" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16546173" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Entamoeba histolytica: Differences in phagosome acidification and degradation between attenuated and virulent strains.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Biswa Nath Mitra, Seiki Kobayashi, Yumiko Saito-Nakano, Tomoyoshi Nozaki<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Parasitology, Gunma University Graduate
School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-851, Japan.<br>
REFERENCE: Exp Parasitol 2006 Sep 114(1):57-61<br>
Phagocytosis is the important virulent determinant of the enteric
protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. We compared the kinetics of
phagosome maturation of attenuated and highly-virulent strains of E.
histolytica using video microscopy. Phagosomes of attenuated strains
were acidified rapidly within 2min after phagosome formation (at the
rate of 0.96 pH/min), persisted at pH 4.46+/-0.13, and degraded ingested
GFP-<b>Leishmania</b> very efficiently (90-94% GFP fluorescence was lost in
30min), while phagosomes of highly-virulent strains were acidified
slowly (0.69 pH/min), persisted at 5.11+/-0.23, and degraded GFP less
efficiently (60-71% decrease). These results suggest that efficiency of
phagosome maturation is most probably inversely correlated with apparent
virulence.<br>
<br><br>
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PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=16603157" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">16603157</a>
<input name="id_16603157" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16603157" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)"><b>Leishmania</b>
amazonensis: Biological and biochemical characterization of ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase activities.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Carla M Pinheiro, Erica S Martins-Duarte, Rodrigo B Ferraro,
André LuÃz Fonseca de Souza, Marta T Gomes, Angela H C S Lopes,
Marcos A Vannier-Santos, André L S Santos, José R Meyer-Fernandes<br>
AFFILIATION: Instituto de BioquÃmica Médica (IBqM), Universidade
Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS),
Bloco H, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21541-590, Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil.<br>
REFERENCE: Exp Parasitol 2006 Sep 114(1):16-25<br>
The presence of <b>Leishmania</b> amazonensis ecto-nucleoside triphosphate
triphosphohydrolase activities was demonstrated using antibodies against
different NTPDase members by Western blotting, flow cytometry, and
immunoelectron microscopy analysis. Living promastigote cells
sequentially hydrolyzed the ATP molecule generating ADP, AMP, and
adenosine, indicating that this surface enzyme may play a role in the
salvage of purines from the extracellular medium. The L. amazonensis
ecto-NTPDase activities were insensitive to Triton X-100, but they were
enhanced by divalent cations, such as Mg(2+). In addition, the ecto-
NTPDase activities decreased with time for 96h when promastigotes were
grown in vitro. On the other hand, these activities increased
considerably when measured in living amastigote forms. Furthermore, the
treatment with adenosine, a mediator of several relevant biological
phenomena, induced a decrease in the reactivity with anti-CD39 antibody
, raised against mammalian E-NTPDase, probably because of down
regulation in the L. amazonensis ecto-NTPDase expression. Also,
adenosine and anti-NTPDase antibodies induced a significant diminishing
in the interaction between promastigotes of L. amazonensis and mouse
peritoneal macrophages.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=16780497" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">16780497</a>
<input name="id_16780497" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16780497" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Comparison
between the efficacy of photodynamic therapy and topical paromomycin in
the treatment of Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis: a
placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial.</a><br>
AUTHORS: A Asilian, M Davami<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Dermatology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.<br>
REFERENCE: Clin Exp Dermatol 2006 Sep 31(5):634-7<br>
The optimal treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is not known.
Topical paromomycin is one of the many drugs that have been suggested
for the treatment of CL caused by <b>Leishmania</b> major. Recently, topical
photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been reported to be effective in the
treatment of CL. To compare the parasitological and clinical efficacy of
PDT vs. topical paromomycin in patients with Old World CL caused by L.
major in Iran. In this trial, 60 patients with the clinical and
parasitological diagnosis of CL were recruited and were randomly divided
into three treatment groups of 20 subjects each. Group 1 was treated
with weekly topical PDT, and groups 2 and 3 received twice-daily topical
paromomycin and placebo, respectively. The duration of treatment was 4
weeks for all groups. These groups were followed for 2 months after the
end of treatment. In total, 57 patients with 95 lesions completed the
study. At the end of the study, complete improvement was seen in 29 of
31 (93.5%), 14 of 34 (41.2%) and 4 of 30 lesions (13.3%) in groups 1, 2
and 3, respectively (P < 0.001). At the same time point, 100%, 64.7%
and 20% of the lesions had parasitological cure in group 1, 2 and 3,
respectively (P < 0.001). Topical PDT can be used safely as a rapid
and highly effective alternative treatment choice for Old World CL in
selected patients.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=16545807" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">16545807</a>
<input name="id_16545807" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16545807" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)"><b>Leishmania</b>
amazonensis: Metabolic adaptations induced by resistance to an ABC transporter blocker.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Claudia Machuca, Adriana RodrÃguez, Marymar Herrera, Sonia Silva, Alicia Ponte-Sucre<br>
AFFILIATION: Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Instituto de Medicina
Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela,
Caracas, Venezuela.<br>
REFERENCE: Exp Parasitol 2006 Sep 114(1):1-9<br>
We compared growth rate, cell glucose turnover and expression of ATP-
binding-cassette (ABC) transporters in <b>Leishmania</b> amazonensis (LTB0016;
LTB) versus LTB(160) selected for resistance against the ABC transporter
blocker glibenclamide. Additionally, we evaluated the influence of drug
-resistance on <b>Leishmania</b> sensitivity against 2-mercaptoacetate and 2-
deoxyglucose. Our data demonstrate that (1) LTB(160) and LTB
constitutively express ABC transporters for neutral substrates, (2)
glibenclamide resistance induces the expression of organic anion ABC
transporters, members of the drug resistance associated transporters
subfamily, (3) LTB(160) parasites use less glucose as energy substrate
and exhibit a slower glucose uptake than LTB cells, and (4) LTB(160)
parasites are less sensitive to 2-mercaptoacetate and 2-deoxyglucose
than the glibenclamide-sensitive <b>Leishmania</b> LTB. Together these and
previous results indicate that the metabolic adaptations expressed in
drug-resistant LTB(160) differ from those described for mammalian drug
resistant cells and constitute general mechanisms that underlie drug
resistance in <b>Leishmania</b> and may be helpful for identifying alternative
strategies to circumvent drug resistance in leishmaniasis.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=16843727" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">16843727</a>
<input name="id_16843727" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16843727" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Phlebotomine sand flies and
<b>Leishmania</b> parasites: friends or foes?</a><br>
AUTHORS: Shaden Kamhawi<br>
AFFILIATION: Intracellular Parasite Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.<br>
REFERENCE: Trends Parasitol 2006 Sep 22(9):439-45<br>
<b>Leishmania</b> parasites need phlebotomine sand flies to complete their life
cycle and to propagate. This review looks at <b>Leishmania</b>-sand fly
interactions as the parasites develop from amastigotes to infectious
metacyclics, highlighting recent findings concerning the evolutionary
adaptations that ensure survival of the parasites. Such adaptations
include secretion of phosphoglycans, which protect the parasite from
digestive enzymes; production of chitinases that degrade the stomodeal
valve of the sand fly; secretion of a neuropeptide that arrests midgut
and hindgut peristalsis; and attaching to the midgut to avoid expulsion.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=16894000" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">16894000</a>
<input name="id_16894000" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16894000" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Use of immunoglobulin g avidity to determine the course of disease in visceral and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis patients.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Naresh Singh Redhu, Ayan Dey, Veena Balooni, Sarman Singh<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of
Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110 029, India. <a href="mailto:sarman_singh@yahoo.com" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">sarman_singh@yahoo.com</a>.<br>
REFERENCE: Clin Vaccine Immunol 2006 Aug 13(8):969-71<br>
In the present study, anti-<b>Leishmania</b> immunoglobulin G (IgG) avidity was
used to estimate the approximate time of disease manifestation.
Significant differences (P < 0.0001) were found between the levels of
anti-rKE-16 IgG avidity in leishmaniasis patients with recent and
chronic diseases. More than 76% of patients with an illness duration of
less than 6 months had avidity of less than 70%, 94% of patients had
less than 80% avidity, and all (100%) patients with illness of more than
6 months had avidity values higher than 70%. The study showed that
avidity could successfully be used to pinpoint the duration of
leishmaniasis.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=16896131" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">16896131</a>
<input name="id_16896131" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16896131" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Pseudomonas
aeruginosa otochondritis complicating localized cutaneous
leishmaniasis: prevention of mutilation by early antibiotic therapy.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Diane VAN DER Vliet, Anne-Sophie LE Guern, Sylvie Freitag, Nicolas Gounod, Audrey Therby, Herve Darie, Pierre A Buffet<br>
AFFILIATION: Institut Pasteur Medical Center, Paris, France, Department
of Pathology, Dermatology Department, and Infectious Diseases
Department, Necker Hospital, Assistance-Publique, Hôpitaux de Paris,
Paris, France.<br>
REFERENCE: Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006 Aug 75(2):270-2<br>
A patient with an ulcerated cutaneous leishmaniasis of the pinna had
suppurative otochondritis after a first unsuccessful course of treatment
with meglumine antimoniate. Although the <b>Leishmania</b> ulceration healed
after a second course of meglumine antimoniate, and despite three oral
dicloxacillin or pristinamycin courses, the otochondritis extended and
an abscess developed. Pus from the abscess revealed a pure culture of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Five days of oral ciprofloxacin plus rifampin
led to a marked improvement. The P. aeruginosa isolate was sensitive to
ciprofloxacin but fully resistant to rifampin. Healing with minimal
mutilation was obtained at the end of a six-week course of multiple
antibiotic therapy. Pseudomonas aeruginosa otochondritis was a co-factor
of cartilage mutilation in this patient. Thus, infection with P.
aeruginosa should be promptly treated when present in tender cutaneous
or mucosal leishmaniasis lesions near cartilaginous areas.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=16785229" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">16785229</a>
<input name="id_16785229" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16785229" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Phospholipid
Translocation and Miltefosine Potency Require Both L. donovani
Miltefosine Transporter and the New Protein LdRos3 in <b>Leishmania</b> Parasites.</a><br>
AUTHORS: F Javier Pérez-Victoria, MarÃa P Sánchez-Cañete, Santiago Castanys, Francisco Gamarro<br>
AFFILIATION: Instituto de ParasitologÃa y Biomedicina "López-Neyra,"
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientÃficas, Avda. del
Conocimiento s/n 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain.<br>
REFERENCE: J Biol Chem 2006 Aug 281(33):23766-75<br>
The antitumor drug miltefosine has been recently approved as the first
oral drug active against visceral leishmaniasis. We have previously
identified the L. donovani miltefosine transporter (LdMT) as a P-type
ATPase involved in phospholipid translocation at the plasma membrane of
<b>Leishmania</b> parasites. Here we show that this protein is essential but
not sufficient for the phospholipid translocation activity and, thus,
for the potency of the drug. Based on recent findings in yeast, we have
identified the putative beta subunit of LdMT, named LdRos3, as another
protein factor required for the translocation activity. LdRos3 belongs
to the CDC50/Lem3 family, proposed as likely beta subunits for P(4)-
ATPases. The phenotype of LdRos3-defective parasites was identical to
that of the LdMT-/-, including a defect in the uptake of 7-nitrobenz-2-
oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl-amino)-phosphatidylserine, generally considered as
not affected in Lem3p-deficient yeast. Both LdMT and LdRos3 normally
localized to the plasma membrane but were retained inside the
endoplasmic reticulum in the absence of the other protein or when
inactivating point mutations were introduced in LdMT. Modulating the
expression levels of either protein independently, we show that any one
of them could behave as the protein limiting the level of flippase
activity. Thus, LdMT and LdRos3 seem to form part of the same
translocation machinery that determines flippase activity and
miltefosine sensitivity in <b>Leishmania</b>, further supporting the
consideration of CDC50/Lem3 proteins as beta subunits required for the
normal functioning of P(4)-ATPases.<br>
<br><br>
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PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=16905734" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">16905734</a>
<input name="id_16905734" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16905734" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Evaluation of a spray of permethrin and pyriproxyfen for the protection of dogs against Phlebotomus perniciosus.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: R Molina, G Miró, R Gálvez, J Nieto, M A Descalzo<br>
AFFILIATION: Servicio de ParasitologÃa, Centro Nacional de
MicrobiologÃa, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid,
Spain.<br>
REFERENCE: Vet Rec 2006 Aug 159(7):206-9<br>
Dogs are the main domestic reservoir of <b>Leishmania</b> infantum in the Old
World (<b>Leishmania</b> chagasi in the New World) a parasite responsible for
many cases of human visceral leishmaniasis in both endemic and non-
endemic regions. One strategy for the control of leishmaniasis would be
to prevent dogs from being bitten by sandflies, the vector of
leishmaniasis. This study was designed to assess the efficacy of
spraying a combination of permethrin and pyriproxyfen on to dogs
artificially exposed to sandflies. Two groups of four male dogs, one of
them treated and the other left untreated as controls, were exposed for
one hour to 100 female sandflies seven days before the treatment, on the
day of treatment and seven, 14, 21, and 28 days later. After each
exposure, sandflies were collected, counted and scored. The prevention
of sandfly bite was calculated by measuring the number of fed sandflies
(dead and alive) after treatment. In this experimental assay, the
repellent effect of the treatment against sandfly bites after 21 days
was 71.4 per cent, but the insecticidal effect was only 7.2 per cent.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=16772420" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">16772420</a>
<input name="id_16772420" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16772420" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Visceral leishmaniasis/human immunodeficiency virus co-infection in India: the focus of two epidemics.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Purva Mathur, J C Samantaray, Madhu Vajpayee, Palash Samanta<br>
AFFILIATION: Division of Parasitology and HIV/Immunology, Department of
Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar,
New Delhi - 110029, India.<br>
REFERENCE: J Med Microbiol 2006 Jul 55(Pt 7):919-22<br>
India contributes heavily to the global burden of visceral leishmaniasis
(VL, kala-azar) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS. The
prevalence of HIV seropositivity in VL patients at a tertiary care
centre in northern India, as observed during a prospective study over a
period of 2 years, is presented. Of the 104 cases of VL/post-kala-azar
dermal leishmaniasis, six (5.7 %) were found to be HIV positive,
compared to 11 (5.5 %) seropositive for HIV of 198 patients with fever
due to other causes. Four of the six (67 %) VL/HIV co-infected patients
had a chronic/relapsing course, not responding to antileishmanial
treatment. A CD4 T-cell count of < 200 mm(-3) was found in four of
the five (80 %) co-infected patients in whom the test was done. Although
the level of HIV/VL co-infection in the present study was lower than
that of Mediterranean countries, there is a trend towards rising co-
infection. The VL-endemic states of India have a huge population of
migrant labourers, who work in high-HIV-prevalence states. The reported
increase in the prevalence of HIV in the VL-endemic, populous states of
India is a cause of grave concern, and co-infection may assume epidemic
proportions in the coming decade if left unchecked.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=16791879" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">16791879</a>
<input name="id_16791879" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16791879" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Distinct roles for IL-6 and IL-12p40 in mediating protection against
<b>Leishmania</b> donovani and the expansion of IL-10(+) CD4(+) T cells.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Simona Stäger, Asher Maroof, Soombul Zubairi, Stephanie L Sanos, Manfred Kopf, Paul M Kaye<br>
AFFILIATION: Immunology and Infection Unit, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK.<br>
REFERENCE: Eur J Immunol 2006 Jul 36(7):1764-71<br>
Adoptive dendritic cell (DC) immunotherapy provides a useful
experimental tool to evaluate immunoregulation in vivo and has
previously been successfully used to enhance host resistance in a
variety of experimental models of leishmaniasis. Here, we used this
approach to identify IL-6 and IL-12p40 as critical cytokines that
cooperate to mediate host protection to <b>Leishmania</b> donovani but which
act independently to regulate expansion of IL-10(+) CD4(+) T cells,
shown here for the first time to be associated with this infection.
Adoptive transfer of LPS-activated bone marrow-derived DC (BMDC) from
wild-type mice was therapeutically beneficial and led to enhanced
resistance as measured by spleen parasite burden. In contrast, IL-6- or
IL-12p40-deficient BMDC had no protective benefit, indicating that
production of both cytokines was essential for the therapeutic efficacy
of DC. IL-10 production by CD25(-) FoxP3(-) IL-10(+) CD4(+) T cells is a
strong correlate of disease progression, and BMDC from wild-type mice
inhibited expansion of these cells. Strikingly, IL-12-deficient BMDC
could also inhibit the expansion of this T cell population whereas IL-6-
deficient BMDC could not, indicating that IL-6 played a key role in this
aspect of DC function in vivo. Breadth of cytokine production is thus
an important factor when considering strategies for DC-based
interventions.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=16892621" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">16892621</a>
<input name="id_16892621" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16892621" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Impact
of phlebotomine sand flies on U.S. Military operations at Tallil Air
Base, Iraq: 1. background, military situation, and development of a
"Leishmaniasis Control Program".</a><br>
AUTHORS: Russell E Coleman, Douglas A Burkett, John L Putnam, Van
Sherwood, Jennifer B Caci, Barton T Jennings, Lisa P Hochberg, Sharon L
Spradling, Edgar D Rowton, Keith Blount, John Ploch, Grady Hopkins,
Jo-Lynne W Raymond, Monica L O'Guinn, John S Lee, Peter J Weina<br>
AFFILIATION: 520th Theater Army Medical Laboratory, United States Army, Tallil Air Base, Iraq. <a href="mailto:russell.coleman@us.army.mil" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">russell.coleman@us.army.mil
</a><br>
REFERENCE: J Med Entomol 2006 Jul 43(4):647-62<br>
One of the most significant modern day efforts to prevent and control an
arthropod-borne disease during a military deployment occurred when a
team of U.S. military entomologists led efforts to characterize, prevent
, and control leishmaniasis at Tallil Air Base (TAB), Iraq, during
Operation Iraqi Freedom. Soon after arriving at TAB on 22 March 2003,
military entomologists determined that 1) high numbers of sand flies
were present at TAB, 2) individual soldiers were receiving many sand fly
bites in a single night, and 3) <b>Leishmania</b> parasites were present in 1.
5% of the female sand flies as determined using a real-time (fluorogenic
) <b>Leishmania</b>-generic polymerase chain reaction assay. The rapid
determination that leishmaniasis was a specific threat in this area
allowed for the establishment of a comprehensive Leishmaniasis Control
Program (LCP) over 5 mo before the first case of leishmaniasis was
confirmed in a U.S. soldier deployed to Iraq. The LCP had four
components: 1) risk assessment, 2) enhancement of use of personal
protective measures by all personnel at TAB, 3) vector and reservoir
control, and 4) education of military personnel about sand flies and
leishmaniasis. The establishment of the LCP at TAB before the onset of
any human disease conclusively demonstrated that entomologists can play
a critical role during military deployments.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=16902382" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">16902382</a>
<input name="id_16902382" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16902382" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[Outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis in military population coming back from French Guiana.]
</a><br>
AUTHORS: F Berger, P Romary, D Brachet, C Rapp, P Imbert, E Garrabé, T Debord, A Spiegel<br>
AFFILIATION: Département d'Epidémiologie et de Santé publique, Ecole
du Val-de-Grâce - Ilot Bégin, 69, avenue de Paris, 94163 Saint-Mandé
Cedex.<br>
REFERENCE: Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 2006 Jun 54(3):213-21<br>
Background: An outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis occurred among 71
soldiers who had participated in various missions during a 4-month's
period in French Guiana. The aims of this study were (i) to describe
outbreak and (ii) to determine risk factors of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
Methods: All patients were hospitalised. Cutaneous lesions were biopsied
and cultured for species identification. Individual information was
collected by a physician or a nurse, using on a standardised, anonymous
chart. Data were processed with EpiInfo 6.04 and SAStrade mark. Results
: Mean age of the 71 soldiers was about 25.9 years (19-37 years). Twelve
soldiers presented 56 lesions due to <b>Leishmania</b> (Viannia) guyanensis (
attack rate=16.9 for 100). Among 56 lesions, 13 lesions were localized
on the trunk, usually an unexposed body area. Logistic regression
highlighted military exercises in the forest during a high risk period
of leishmaniasis transmission (OR=11.2; p<0.01), and the young age (
OR=1.33; p=0.04). Vector control measures were not statistically
significant. Conclusion: Military authorities should restrict deep
forest activities during periods of high risk transmission. Vector
control measures are essential. Officers should motivate their soldiers
and supervise vector control measures. As ecotourism is developing,
tourists as well as workers staying in deep forest must be informed of
the risk and about vector control measures.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=16626930" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">16626930</a>
<input name="id_16626930" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16626930" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">The
major circulating immunosuppressive activity in American visceral
leishmaniasis patients is associated with a high-molecular weight
fraction and is not mediated by IgG, IgG immune complexes or
lipoproteins.</a><br>
AUTHORS: N M Soares, T P L Ferraz, E G Nascimento, E M Carvalho, L Pontes-de-Carvalho<br>
AFFILIATION: Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil. <a href="mailto:neci@ufba.br" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">neci@ufba.br</a><br>
REFERENCE: Microb Pathog 2006 Jun 40(6):254-60<br>
Opportunistic infections, due to disease-related immunosuppression,
constitute the major cause of death in American visceral leishmaniasis (
AVL). Sera from these patients (AVL sera) non-specifically inhibit the
in vitro proliferative response of normal human lymphocytes to lectins
or antigens. In the present work, the mediation of this inhibition by
IgG, immune complexes and low- or very low-density lipoproteins was
studied. AVL serum fractions containing proteins with the molecular
weight of IgG, and IgG, purified from AVL sera by anion exchange
chromatography, did not suppress the lymphoproliferation. Most of the
suppressive activity of AVL sera was associated with a fraction
containing molecules with molecular weights above 430 kDa. This would be
compatible with it being due to immune complexes and/or lipoproteins,
and not to soluble IL-2 receptors as reported previously. However,
neither of the two possibilities seem to be the case, as (1) depletion
of immune complexes by protein-A followed by protein-G chromatographies
did not affect the serum suppressive activity, (2) no correlation
between immune complex contents and suppressive activities in individual
sera was observed, and (3) plasma lipoproteins (VLDL and LDL), purified
from AVL patients and from healthy individuals, had the same degree of
immunosuppressive activity.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=16898121" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">16898121</a>
<input name="id_16898121" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16898121" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Virulent and attenuated lines of
<b>Leishmania</b> major: DNA karyotypes and differences in metalloproteinase GP63.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Jovana Sádlová, Petr Volf, Kathleen Victoir, Jean-Claude Dujardin, Jan Votýpka<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Vinicná 7, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic. <a href="mailto:JovanaS@seznam.cz" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">JovanaS@seznam.cz
</a><br>
REFERENCE: Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2006 Jun 53(2):81-90<br>
The <b>Leishmania</b> metalloproteinase GP63 has been reported to play
important roles mainly in resistance of promastigotes to complement-
mediated lysis and in interaction with macrophage receptors. On the
other hand, its function in insect vectors is still unclear. We compared
the structure and dosage of gp63 genes and the activity of GP63 in
<b>Leishmania</b> major Yakimoff et Schokhor strains and lines differing in
virulence for mice and ability to develop in sand flies. The results
demonstrate considerable variability in amount and proteolytical
activity of GP63 among L. major strains although genomic changes in the
gp63 locus were not found. Attenuated LV561/AV line showed low amount
and low enzymatic activity of GP63. Serial passages of attenuated
parasites through either Phlebotomus duboscqi Neveu-Lemaire or through
mice led to a recovery of GP63 proteolytical activity to the level
present in virulent LV561/V line. Overexpression of GP63 was found in
two L major strains (L119, Neal) with defective lipophosphoglycan (LPG
); both these strains were capable to cause mice infection but unable to
survive and multiply in sand flies. Differences were found also in
karyotypes and in amount of minichromosomes amplified in some lines of
the LV561 strain. The results suggest that parasite virulence is not
simply correlated with the activity of GP63; however, this enzyme plays
a significant role in association with other surface molecules,
especially LPG. Overexpression of GP63 can compensate LPG defect in the
vertebrate host but in sand flies both molecules fulfil quite different
functions and the defect in LPG is lethal for the parasite. On the other
hand, linear minichromosomes of about 200 kb found in some lines of the
LV561 strain are associated with development in vitro and in the vector
but they are not essential for the infection of the vertebrate host.<br>
<br><br>
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PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=16483783" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">16483783</a>
<input name="id_16483783" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16483783" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Indazole N-oxide derivatives as antiprotozoal agents: synthesis, biological evaluation and mechanism of action studies.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Alejandra Gerpe, Gabriela Aguirre, LucÃa Boiani, Hugo
Cerecetto, Mercedes González, Claudio Olea-Azar, Carolina Rigol, Juan
D Maya, Antonio Morello, Oscar E Piro, Vicente J Arán, Amaia Azqueta,
Adela López de Ceráin, Antonio Monge, MarÃa Antonieta Rojas, Gloria
Yaluff<br>
AFFILIATION: Departamento de QuÃmica Orgánica, Facultad de
QuÃmica-Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá
4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay.<br>
REFERENCE: Bioorg Med Chem 2006 May 14(10):3467-80<br>
A series of indazole N-oxide derivatives have been synthesized and their
antichagasic and leishmanocidal properties studied. 3-Cyano-2-(4-
iodophenyl)-2H-indazole N1-oxide exhibited interesting antichagasic
activity on the two parasitic strains and the two parasitic stages
evaluated. Furthermore, besides its trypanocidal activity, 3-cyano-2-(4-
nitrophenyl)-2H-indazole N1-oxide showed leishmanocidal activity in the
three parasitic strains evaluated. To gain insight into the mechanism of
action, electrochemical behaviour, ESR experiment, inhibition of
parasitic respiration and QSAR were performed.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=16778309" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">16778309</a>
<input name="id_16778309" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16778309" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Pathophysiology of visceral leishmaniasis - some recent concepts.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Nancy Malla, R C Mahajan<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India.<br>
REFERENCE: Indian J Med Res 2006 Mar 123(3):267-74<br>
Visceral leishmaniasis is characterized by diversity and complexity of
clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic infection to life
threatening illness. Experimental evidence and clinical studies indicate
multifaceted role of various factors leading to parasite survival and
multiplication. In early stage of infection, generation of reactive
oxygen and nitrogen intermediates play significant role in curtailing
the parasite multiplication while in later phase on one hand, hepatic
resistance is expressed by the dominant role played by nitric oxide
synthase (NOS)-2 gene regulation and on the other hand, production of
inhibitors of NOS-2 gene expression, interleukin 10 (IL-10) and
transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) correlate well with reduced
parasite killing. The hepatic infection is usually self-limiting due to
production of multiple cytokine responses including moderate level of
tumour necrosis factor (TNF) while in spleen excess TNF mediates
destructive pathology. CD8+ T cells appear to play multiple roles
comprising both cytotoxic activity and secretion of cytokines and
chemokines. Capacity to produce ThI cytokines is associated with
asymptomatic or subclinical self-healing infection. However, in
symptomatic patients, Th I cytokine production is not depressed but
there appears to be unresponsiveness to the stimuli of these cytokines.
Experimental evidences indicate genetic basis for such a phenomenon.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=16778319" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">16778319</a>
<input name="id_16778319" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16778319" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Current scenario of drug development for leishmaniasis.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Simon L Croft, Karin Seifert, Vanessa Yardley<br>
AFFILIATION: Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDi), Geneva, Switzerland. <a href="mailto:scroft@dndi.org" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">scroft@dndi.org</a><br>
REFERENCE: Indian J Med Res 2006 Mar 123(3):399-410<br>
Although three new drugs or drug formulations, liposomal amphotericin B
(AmBisome), miltefosine and paromomycin should be available for the
treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) within the next year, they all
suffer from limitations of either cost, specific toxicities or
parenteral administration. As part of research to identify better
treatments for VL and cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), alternative and
potentially cheaper formulations of amphotericin B, alklyphosphocholines
other than miltefosine and improved formulations of paromomycin for CL
have been identified. Other drugs or compounds that have demonstrated
activity in experimental rodent models of infection include licochalcone
derivatives, quinoline derivatives, bisphosphonates and a maesabalide;
further chemistry based upon these leads is warranted. The process for
discovery and development of new antileishmanials would also benefit
from improved models, for example, transfected parasites, and non
invasive methods of measuring parasite load in rodent models of
infection.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=16756660" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">16756660</a>
<input name="id_16756660" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16756660" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Comparative genomics and concerted evolution of beta-tubulin paralogs in
<b>Leishmania</b> spp.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Andrew P Jackson, Sue Vaughan, Keith Gull<br>
AFFILIATION: Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK. <a href="mailto:aj4@sanger.ac.uk" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">aj4@sanger.ac.uk
</a>.<br>
REFERENCE: BMC Genomics 2006 7():137<br>
ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Tubulin isotypes and expression patterns are
highly regulated in diverse organisms. The genome sequence of the
protozoan parasite <b>Leishmania</b> major contains three distinct beta-tubulin
loci. To investigate the diversity of beta-tubulin genes, we have
compared the published genome sequence to draft genome sequences of two
further species L. infantum and L. braziliensis. Untranscribed regions
and coding sequences for each isoform were compared within and between
species in relation to the known diversity of beta-tubulin transcripts
in <b>Leishmania</b> spp. RESULTS: All three beta-tubulin loci were present in
L. infantum and L. braziliensis, showing conserved synteny with the L.
major sequence, hence confirming that these loci are paralogous.
Flanking regions suggested that the chromosome 21 locus is an amastigote
-specific isoform and more closely related (either structurally or
functionally) to the chromosome 33 'array' locus than the chromosome 8
locus. A phylogenetic network of all isoforms indicated that paralogs
from L. braziliensis and L. mexicana were monophyletic, rather than
clustering by locus. CONCLUSION: L. braziliensis and L. mexicana
sequences appeared more similar to each other than each did to its
closest relative in another species; this indicates that these sequences
have evolved convergently in each species, perhaps through ectopic gene
conversion; a process not yet evident among the more recently derived L
. major and L. infantum isoforms. The distinctive non-coding regions of
each beta-tubulin locus showed that it is the regulatory regions of
these loci that have evolved most during the diversification of these
genes in <b>Leishmania</b>, while the coding regions have been conserved and
concerted. The various loci in <b>Leishmania</b> satisfy a need for innovative
expression of beta-tubulin, rather than elaboration of its structural
role.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=16904409" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">16904409</a>
<input name="id_16904409" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16904409" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Drug resistance in
<b>Leishmania</b>: similarities and differences to other organisms.</a><br>
AUTHORS: B Papadopoulou, C Kündig, A Singh, M Ouellette<br>
REFERENCE: Drug Resist Updat 1998 1(4):266-78<br>
The main line of defense available against parasitic protozoa is
chemotherapy. Drug resistance has emerged however, as a primary obstacle
to the successful treatment and control of parasitic diseases.
<b>Leishmania</b> spp., the causative agents of leishmaniasis, have served as a
useful model for studying mechanisms of drug resistance in vitro.
Antimonials and amphotericin B are the first line drugs to treat
<b>Leishmania</b> followed by pentamidine and a number of other drugs.
Parasites resistant against all these classes of drugs have been
selected under laboratory conditions. A multiplicity of resistance
mechanisms has been detected, the most prevalent being gene
amplification and transport mutations. With the tools now available, it
should be possible to elucidate the mechanisms that govern drug
resistance in field isolates and develop more effective chemotherapeutic
agents.<br>
<br><br>
********************************************************************************************************************<br>
The following references are revised files and are brought to you in accordance to license agreement with the NLM.<br>
********************************************************************************************************************<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=16467337" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">16467337</a>
<input name="id_16467337" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16467337" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Kinetics
and diagnostic and prognostic potential of quantitative Western blot
analysis and antigen-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in
experimental canine leishmaniasis.</a><br>
AUTHORS: D Talmi-Frank, D Strauss-Ayali, C L Jaffe, G Baneth<br>
AFFILIATION: School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel.<br>
REFERENCE: Clin Vaccine Immunol 2006 Feb 13(2):271-6<br>
Quantitative computerized Western blot analysis of antibody responses
during experimental canine <b>Leishmania</b> infantum infection distinguished
between immunodominant and nonimmunodominant protein bands. Six infected
beagles, positive by both PCR and parasite culture, were monitored over
75 weeks postinfection and during a 12-week allopurinol treatment
course. All dogs were symptomatic at the time of treatment. Of 12
antigenic bands examined, the immunodominant bands (12, 14, 24, 29, 48,
and 68 kDa) showed significantly increased intensities (P<0.01) and
higher frequencies of recognition than the nonimmunodominant bands at
all time points. Detection of the former bands at 6 weeks postinfection
preceded seroconversion by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
both on crude <b>Leishmania</b> antigen or the recombinant proteins rK39 and
HSP70. Reactivity with the 14-, 48-, and 68-kDa bands signified early
infection, whereas increased reactivity with the 14-, 24-, and 29-kDa
bands was associated with posttreatment parasite persistence and
potential unfavorable prognosis. Total lane intensity (TLI) emerged as a
sensitive marker for early infection and increased as early as 4 weeks
postinfection. TLI had a significantly higher (P<0.01) relative
increase rate than crude <b>Leishmania</b> antigen or HSP70 or rK39 ELISA at
all time points. These immunodominant antigens and TLI, as determined by
quantitative Western blotting, will be valuable for early detection and
treatment evaluation of canine leishmaniasis.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=15350508" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">15350508</a>
<input name="id_15350508" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15350508" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">An alternative immunohistochemical method for detecting
<b>Leishmania</b> amastigotes in paraffin-embedded canine tissues.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Wagner Luiz Tafuri, Renato de Lima Santos, Rosa Maria Esteves
Arantes, Ricardo Gonçalves, Maria Norma de Melo, Marilene Suzan
Marques Michalick, Washington Luiz Tafuri<br>
AFFILIATION: Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências
Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos,
6627, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG/Brasil-CEP 31270-901, Brazil.
<a href="mailto:wagner@icb.ufmg.br" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">wagner@icb.ufmg.br</a><br>
REFERENCE: J Immunol Methods 2004 Sep 292(1-2):17-23<br>
Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is a zoonosis and a chronic systemic
disease of the dog caused by a protozoan by the species <b>Leishmania</b>
infantum in the Old World and <b>Leishmania</b> chagasi in the New World.
Several methods are currently employed for the diagnosis of CVL
including microscopic detection of the parasite in bone marrow and lymph
node aspirates, demonstration of specific antibodies anti-<b>Leishmania</b> in
sera from infected animals, and isolation of the parasite by in vitro
culture or by inoculation of laboratory animals. However, a definitive
diagnosis is based on the actual detection of the parasite, which is
conventionally achieved by examining Giemsa-stained smears or
histopathological sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin. These
methods have a low sensitivity, and therefore, they are often
inconclusive. This is particularly true in canine organs that have a low
level of parasitism such as kidneys, lungs, central nervous system, and
testis, or, in some cases, the skin. The technique for
immunohistochemical detection of leishmanial amastigotes in canine
tissues has been reported previously and has proved to be undoubtedly
efficient for the diagnosis. In this paper, we describe a
straightforward and inexpensive immunohistochemical approach for
<b>Leishmania</b> detection in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded canine tissues
. Amastigote forms of <b>Leishmania</b> were easily observed within macrophages
in several organs from naturally infected dogs using the streptavidin-
biotin immunohistochemical method with canine hyperimmune serum as the
primary antibody. In addition, the secondary antibody used was not
specific to canine immunoglobulin, characterizing a cross-immune
reaction. Our results indicate that this technique could be a useful
tool for epidemiological, clinical, and histopathological studies.<br>
<br><br>
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PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=11796362" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">11796362</a>
<input name="id_11796362" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11796362" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Ultrastructural
and biochemical alterations induced by 22,26-azasterol, a
delta(24(25))-sterol methyltransferase inhibitor, on promastigote and
amastigote forms of <b>Leishmania</b> amazonensis.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Juliany C F Rodrigues, Márcia Attias, Carlos Rodriguez, Julio A Urbina, Wanderley de Souza<br>
AFFILIATION: Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer,
Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio
de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco G, Ilha do Fundão,
21949-900, Brazil.<br>
REFERENCE: Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002 Feb 46(2):487-99<br>
We report on the antiproliferative effects and the ultrastructural and
biochemical alterations induced in vitro by 22,26-azasterol, a sterol
Delta(24(25))-methyltransferase (24-SMT) inhibitor, on <b>Leishmania</b>
amazonensis. When promastigotes and amastigotes were exposed to 100 nM
22,26-azasterol, complete growth arrest and cell lysis ensued after 72 (
promastigotes) or 120 (amastigotes) h. Exposure of parasites to this
azasterol led to the complete depletion of parasite endogenous sterols (
episterol and 5-dehydroepisterol) and their replacement by 24-desalkyl
sterols (zymosterol, cholesta-5,7,24-trien-3beta-ol, and cholesta-7,24-
dien-3beta-ol), while 14-methyl-zymosterol and 4,14-dimethyl-zymosterol
accumulated as a result of simultaneous incubation of the parasites with
22,26-azasterol and ketoconazole, a known inhibitor of the parasite's
sterol C14-demethylase. These results confirmed that 24-SMT is the
primary site of action of the azasterol. Profound changes were also
observed in the phospholipid compositions of treated cells, in which a
twofold reduction in the content of phosphatidylserine was observed;
this was accompanied by a concomitant increase in the content of
phosphatidylinositol. Transmission electron microscopy showed that 22,26
-azasterol induced marked morphological changes, including mitochondrial
swelling, invaginations of the inner mitochondrial membrane, and the
appearance of large bodies containing concentric membranes. Other
modifications included increases in the numbers of acidocalcisomes,
megasomes, and lipid inclusions and the appearance of typical autophagic
structures and cell body protrusions toward the flagellar pocket. We
conclude that the dramatic alteration of the lipid composition of the
parasite's membranes induced by the drug underlies the ultrastructural
alterations that lead to the loss of cell viability and that 24-SMT
inhibitors could be useful as selective antileishmanial agents.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=7910002" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">7910002</a>
<input name="id_7910002" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=7910002" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">An
RFLP map for 2q33-q37 from multicase mycobacterial and leishmanial
disease families: no evidence for an Lsh/Ity/Bcg gene homologue
influencing susceptibility to leprosy.</a><br>
AUTHORS: M A Shaw, S Atkinson, H Dockrell, R Hussain, Z Lins-Lainson, J Shaw, F Ramos, F Silveira, S Q Mehdi, F Kaukab<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge Clinical School, UK.<br>
REFERENCE: Ann Hum Genet 1993 Oct 57(Pt 4):251-71<br>
The mycobacterial diseases leprosy and tuberculosis (TB) and the
leishmaniases are characterized by a wide spectrum of disease phenotypes
, and by the fact that the majority of individuals exposed to the
causative organisms Mycobacterium leprae, M. tuberculosis and <b>Leishmania</b>
sp. become infected but do not present with clinical disease. In order
to determine whether a human homologue to the murine macrophage
resistance gene Lsh/Ity/Bcg influences susceptibility to human disease,
multicase families for all three diseases have been collected, and
linkage analysis performed using a panel of markers in the region of
human chromosome 2q33-q37 known to be conserved with the Lsh/Ity/Bcg-
containing region of murine chromosome 1. Because of the paucity of
available polymorphic markers/linkage information for 2q33-q37, data
from 35 multicase leprosy, TB and visceral leishmaniasis families (310
individuals) were first pooled to produce a detailed RFLP map of the
region. Peak LOD scores well in excess of 3 were observed for linkage
between adjacent pairs of a more proximal (2q33-q35) set of markers
CRYGP1, MAP2, FN1, TNP1, VIL1 and DES, and between adjacent pairs of a
more distal (2q35-q37) set COL6A3, D2S55 and D2S3. These peak LOD scores
and the corresponding values for theta were used in the MAP92 program
to generate a multiple two-point map with gene order/map intervals (cM)
of: CRYGP1-4.65-MAP2-3.45-FN1-5.95-TNP1-3.41-VIL1-3. 01- DES-20.14-COL6A
-10.91-D2S55-3.67-D2S3. Although local support for the placement of loci
in this order was weak (LOD < 2, except for DES-COL6A3 where LOD = 6
.02), the map is consistent with the gene order for those loci (Cryg, Fn
-1, Tp-1, Vil, Des, Col6a3) previously mapped in the mouse. Data from 17
multicase leprosy families (149 individuals) were further analysed for
linkage between a putative disease susceptibility locus (DSL)
controlling susceptibility to leprosy per se and each of the marker loci
. Assuming 100% penetrance for the susceptibility allele, no positive
LOD score was obtained for linkage between the DSL and any of the marker
genes. Instead, the data provide convincing evidence (LOD scores < -
2) that a DSL does not fall within 10-20 cM of CRYGP1, MAP2, TNP1, VIL1
, DES or D2S55, or within 5-10 cM of FN1, COL6A3 or D2S3. This
effectively excludes a putative DSL controlling susceptibility to
leprosy per se from the entire region 2q33-q37.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT
400 WORDS)<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=1564720" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">1564720</a>
<input name="id_1564720" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=1564720" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Real-time quantitative elemental analysis and mapping: microchemical imaging in cell physiology.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: A LeFurgey, S D Davilla, D A Kopf, J R Sommer, P Ingram<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710.<br>
REFERENCE: J Microsc 1992 Feb 165(Pt 2):191-223<br>
Recent advances in widely available microcomputers have made the
acquisition and processing of digital quantitative X-ray maps of one to
several cells readily feasible. Here we describe a system which uses a
graphics-based microcomputer to acquire spectrally filtered X-ray
elemental image maps that are fitted to standards, to display the image
in real time, and to correct the post-acquisition image map with regard
to specimen drift. Both high-resolution quantitative energy-dispersive X
-ray images of freeze-dried cyrosections and low-dose quantitative
bright-field images of frozen-hydrated sections can be acquired to
obtain element and water content from the same intracellular regions.
The software programs developed, together with the associated hardware,
also allow static probe acquisition of data from selected cell regions
with spectral processing and quantification performed on-line in real
time. In addition, the unified design of the software program provides
for off-line processing and analysing by several investigators at
microcomputers remote from the microscope. The overall experimental
strategy employs computer-aided imaging, combined with static probes, as
an essential interactive tool of investigation for biological analysis
. This type of microchemical microscopy facilitates studies in cell
physiology and pathophysiology which focus on mechanisms of ionic (
elemental) compartmentation, i.e. structure-function correlation at
cellular and subcellular levels; it allows investigation of
intracellular concentration gradients, of the heterogeneity of cell
responses to stimuli, of certain fast physiological events in vivo at
ultrastructural resolution, and of events occurring with low incidence
or involving cell-to-cell interactions.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=13466290" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">13466290</a>
<input name="id_13466290" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=13466290" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[Man, a possible reservoir of the virus of
<b>Leishmania</b> donovani; primary & secondary cutaneous localizations of kala-azar.]</a><br>
AUTHORS: G LEITE<br>
REFERENCE: Rev Bras Med 1957 May 14(5):328-9<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=13325765" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">13325765</a>
<input name="id_13325765" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=13325765" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[Schizogony forms of
<b>Leishmania</b> donovani in human bone marrow.]</a><br>
AUTHORS: E APPUHN, C WEISS<br>
REFERENCE: Z Tropenmed Parasitol 1956 Feb 7(1):93-9<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=14360751" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">14360751</a>
<input name="id_14360751" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14360751" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Specific tissue alteration in leprous skin. VII. Inoculation of
<b>Leishmania</b> tropica into leprous patients.</a><br>
AUTHORS: E LIBAN, A ZUCKERMAN, F SAGHER<br>
REFERENCE: AMA Arch Derm 1955 Apr 71(4):441-50<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-33.xml&id=13183092" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">13183092</a>
<input name="id_13183092" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=13183092" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Electrophoretic patterns of the serum proteins of chinchillas and hamsters infected with
<b>Leishmania</b> donovani.</a><br>
AUTHORS: L A STAUBER, J Q OCHS, N H COY<br>
REFERENCE: Exp Parasitol 1954 Jul 3(4):325-35<br>
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