[Leish-l] Articles found by RefScout 2006/07/21

[jeffreyj at usp.br]

Date: Fri, 21 Jul 2006 00:36:45
Subject: Articles found by RefScout for your requests

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  This is RefScout-Newsletter 29/2006 for user Jeff155960.

  REQUEST: [ leishmania ]
(16 articles match this request)

PMID:
16750864<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-29.xml&id=16750864>
TITLE: Functional characterization and subcellular localization of the three
malate dehydrogenase isozymes in *Leishmania*
spp.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16750864>
AUTHORS: Alejandro Leroux, Ximena Fleming-Canepa, Alejandro Aranda, Dante
Maugeri, Juan J Cazzulo, Marco A Sánchez, Cristina Nowicki
AFFILIATION: Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológica
IQUIFIB-CONICET, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos
Aires, Junín 956, CP1113 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
REFERENCE: Mol Biochem Parasitol 2006 Sep 149(1):74-85
As part of a study on the malate dehydrogenase isozymes (MDHs) from
Trypanosomatids, three different fractions with MDH activity were obtained
from crude extracts of *Leishmania* mexicana promastigotes combining two
different chromatographic steps. Gel filtration chromatography in native
conditions showed that most of the MDH activity present in the crude
extracts eluted in a single peak, which corresponded to a lower apparent
molecular mass ( congruent with57kDa) than the value expected for typical
MDHs. To further characterize the leishmanial isozymes, three putative MDH
genes, presumably corresponding to the mitochondrial, glycosomal and
cytosolic isoforms were amplified by PCR, cloned into bacterial expression
vectors, and the recombinant enzymes purified. Digitonin extraction of
intact L. mexicana promastigotes and immunofluorescence microscopy of L.
major promastigotes confirmed the subcellular compartmentation of each of
the three isozymes. Western blot analysis showed that the three MDHs are
developmentally regulated. At the protein level, these isozymes are
remarkably more abundant in amastigotes than in promastigotes of L.
mexicana. Altogether our results demonstrate the presence of three MDH
isoforms with slightly distinct biochemical properties and different
subcellular localization in *Leishmania* spp. Presumably the functional and
biochemical features of these isozymes reflect the metabolic adaptation to
the different nutrient sources these parasites have to face along their life
cycle. These results also emphasize the differences among Trypanosomatids in
this area of metabolism, since in the case of Trypanosoma brucei the cMDH is
the only isoform expressed in bloodstream trypomastigotes, whereas in
Trypanosoma cruzi cMDH is absent.


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PMID:
16765464<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-29.xml&id=16765464>
TITLE: Mapping the functional synthetase domain of trypanothione synthetase
from *Leishmania*
major.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16765464>
AUTHORS: Sandra L Oza, Susan Wyllie, Alan H Fairlamb
AFFILIATION: School of Life Sciences, The Wellcome Trust Biocentre,
University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK.
REFERENCE: Mol Biochem Parasitol 2006 Sep 149(1):117-20


PMID:
16845637<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-29.xml&id=16845637>
TITLE: IL6 -174 G/C Promoter Polymorphism Influences Susceptibility to
Mucosal but Not Localized Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in
Brazil.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16845637>
AUTHORS: Lea Castellucci, Eliane Menezes, Joyce Oliveira, Andrea Magalhaes,
Luiz Henrique Guimaraes, Marcus Lessa, Silvana Ribeiro, Jeancarlo Reale,
Elza Ferreira Noronha, Mary E Wilson, Priya Duggal, Terri H Beaty, Selma
Jeronimo, Sarra E Jamieson, Ashlee Bales, Jenefer M Blackwell, Amelia
Ribeiro de Jesus, Edgar M Carvalho
AFFILIATION: Servico de Imunologia, Hospital Universitario Professor Edgard
Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
REFERENCE: J Infect Dis 2006 Aug 194(4):519-27
Background. Mucosal leishmaniasis (ML) is associated with exaggerated tumor
necrosis factor- alpha and interferon- gamma responses and tissue
destruction. ML follows localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by *
Leishmania* braziliensis infection. Interleukin (IL)-6 down-regulates T
helper (Th) cell type 1 differentiation and drives Th2 cell differentiation.
The IL6 -174 G/C polymorphism is associated with proinflammatory diseases
and IL-6 regulation.Methods. The -174 G/C polymorphism was genotyped in
population samples and families with CL and ML from Brazil. Genotype
frequencies were compared among patients with ML, patients with CL, and 2
control groups by logistic regression and family-based association test
(FBAT) analysis. IL-6 levels were measured in macrophages.Results. The C
allele was more common in patients with ML than in patients with CL (odds
ratio [OR], 2.55 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.32-4.91]; P=.005), than in
patients who were leishmanin skin-test positive (OR, 2.23 [95% CI, 1.23-4.05];
P=.009), and than in neighborhood control subjects (OR, 2.47 [95% CI,
1.24-4.90 ]; P=.01). FBAT analysis confirmed an association between allele C
and ML under both additive (z=4.295; P=.000017) and dominant (z=4.325; P=.
000015) models. Significantly lower levels of IL-6 were measured in
unstimulated macrophages from CC individuals than from GG individuals (P
=.003) as well as after stimulation with soluble *leishmania* antigen (P=.
009).Conclusions. IL-6 may regulate type 1 proinflammatory responses,
putting individuals with low macrophage IL-6 levels at increased risk for
ML.


PMID:
16846801<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-29.xml&id=16846801>
TITLE: Targeting atypical trypanosomatid DNA topoisomerase
I.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16846801>
AUTHORS: Rafael Balaña-Fouce, Carmen M Redondo, Yolanda PÃ(c)rez-Pertejo,
Rosario Díaz-González, Rosa M Reguera
AFFILIATION: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of León,
Campus de Vegazana s/n 24071 León, Spain.
REFERENCE: Drug Discov Today 2006 Aug 11(15-16):733-40
Tropical diseases produced by kinetoplastid protozoa are among humanity' s
costliest banes, owing to high mortality and the economic burden resulting
from morbidity. Drug resistant strains of parasites, together with
insecticide-resistant vectors, are contributing to their increased
prevalence in the developing world. Their extension now threatens
industrialized countries because of opportunistic infections in immuno-
compromised individuals. Current chemotherapy is expensive, has undesirable
side effects and, in many patients, is only marginally effective. Based on
the clinical success of camptothecin derivatives as anticancer agents, DNA
topoisomerases have been identified as targets for drug development. The
substantial differences in homology between trypanosome and *leishmania* DNA
topoisomerase IB compared with the human form provides a new lead in the
study of the structural determinants that can be targeted.


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PMID:
16838205<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-29.xml&id=16838205>
TITLE: Diagnosis of canine leishmaniasis in the endemic area of belo
horizonte, minas gerais, Brazil by parasite, antibody and DNA detection
assays.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16838205>
AUTHORS: E S da Silva, W F van der Meide, G J Schoone, C M F Gontijo, H D F
H Schallig, R P Brazil
AFFILIATION: Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas RenÃ(c)
Rachou-Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
REFERENCE: Vet Res Commun 2006 Aug 30(6):637-43
Canine leishmaniasis caused by *Leishmania* chagasi (L. infantum) is found
throughout the South American continent, including Brazil, and dogs are
considered to be the main reservoir host for this parasite. To support the
implementation of a diagnostic protocol for surveillance of the disease in
the region of Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais, Brazil) we have compared the
sensitivity and specificity of two serological tests, indirect
immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and direct agglutination test (DAT),
with the combination of direct microscopy-culture-PCR as the gold standard,
using samples obtained from 103 dogs in the city of Belo Horizonte, Minas
Gerais. The currently used standard serodiagnostic test, IFAT, had a
sensitivity of 100% and its specificity was 74% compared to the gold
standard of the study. The sensitivity and specificity of the DAT were 100%
and 91%, respectively. On the basis of this study it is recommended to
change from the IFAT to DAT for the serodiagnosis of canine leishmaniasis
because of the superior specificity of the test combined with its
user-friendliness.


PMID:
16842583<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-29.xml&id=16842583>
TITLE: *Leishmania* identification by PCR of Giemsa-stained lesion imprint
slides stored for up to 36
years.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16842583>
AUTHORS: A C Volpini, M J Marques, S Lopes Dos Santos, G L Machado-Coelho, W
Mayrink, A J Romanha
AFFILIATION: Laboratório de Pesquisas em Leishmanioses, Departamento de
Imunologia, IOC-FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
REFERENCE: Clin Microbiol Infect 2006 Aug 12(8):815-8
This study examined the ability of PCR to amplify *Leishmania* DNA, stored
on Giemsa-stained slides, from American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL)
patients. In total, 475 slides stored for up to 36 years were obtained from
an outpatient clinic in a Brazilian ACL-endemic region, and *Leishmania* DNA
was amplified from 395 (83.2%) of the DNA samples using primers specific for
the minicircle kinetoplast DNA. Restriction fragment length polymorphism
analysis of these amplicons demonstrated that *Leishmania* (Viannia)
braziliensis was the only species present in these samples. The results
demonstrated that archived Giemsa-stained slides can provide a
*Leishmania*DNA source for performing clinical and epidemiological
studies of
leishmaniasis.


PMID:
16845636<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-29.xml&id=16845636>
TITLE: Synthetic Glycovaccine Protects against the Bite of
*Leishmania*-Infected
Sand
Flies.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16845636>
AUTHORS: Matthew E Rogers, Olga V Sizova, Michael A J Ferguson, Andrei V
Nikolaev, Paul A Bates
AFFILIATION: Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, University of Liverpool,
Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom.
REFERENCE: J Infect Dis 2006 Aug 194(4):512-8
Leishmaniasis is a vectorborne disease transmitted to human and other
mammalian hosts by sand fly bite. In the present study, we show that
immunization with *Leishmania* mexicana promastigote secretory gel (PSG) or
with a chemically defined synthetic glycovaccine containing the glycans
found in L. mexicana PSG can provide significant protection against
challenge by the bite of infected sand flies. Only the glycan from L.
mexicana was protective; those from other species did not protect against L.
mexicana infection. Furthermore, neither PSG nor the glycovaccine protected
against artificial needle challenge, which is traditionally used in
antileishmanial vaccine development. Conversely, an antigen preparation that
was effective against needle challenge offered no protection against sand
fly bite. These findings provide a new target for *Leishmania* vaccine
development and demonstrate the critical role that the vector plays in the
evaluation of candidate vaccines for leishmaniasis and other vectorborne
diseases.


PMID:
16845635<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-29.xml&id=16845635>
TITLE: Evidence for *leishmania* (viannia) parasites in the skin and blood
of patients before and after
treatment.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16845635>
AUTHORS: Carolina Vergel, Ricardo Palacios, Horacio Cadena, Claudia Jimena
Posso, Liliana Valderrama, Mauricio Perez, John Walker, Bruno Luis Travi,
Nancy Gore Saravia
AFFILIATION: Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones
Medicas, Cali, Valle, Colombia.
REFERENCE: J Infect Dis 2006 Aug 194(4):503-11
Background. American cutaneous leishmaniasis is considered to be a zoonotic
disease transmitted by sand flies that feed on infected sylvatic mammals.
However, the "domestication" of transmission and the increase in treatment
failure with antimonial drugs have raised the suspicion of anthroponotic
transmission of American cutaneous leishmaniasis.Methods. The objective of
the present study was to explore the potential of humans as a source of
infection for sand flies. Biological (xenodiagnosis and culture) and
molecular (polymerase chain reaction/Southern blot) detection methods were
used to evaluate peripheral-blood monocytes and tissue fluids from sites
accessible to sand flies from 59 adult patients with parasitologically
confirmed American cutaneous leishmaniasis.Results. Overall, 44.1% of
patients (26 /59) presented biological and/or molecular evidence of *
Leishmania* parasites in normal skin, peripheral-blood monocytes, lesion
scars, or lesion border (by xenodiagnosis) before (18/59 [30.5%]) or after
(10/27 [37.0%]) treatment. *Leishmania* parasites were cultured from the
unaffected skin of 2 (3.6%) of 55 patients, and xenodiagnosis gave positive
results for 5 (8.8%) of 57 patients before treatment. Conclusions. The
presence of *Leishmania* parasites in the unaffected skin and
peripheral-blood monocytes of a high proportion of patients even after
treatment and the acquisition of infection by sand flies support the
plausibility of anthroponotic transmission of American cutaneous
leishmaniasis.


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PMID:
16814802<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-29.xml&id=16814802>
TITLE: The Intradermal Leishmanin Reaction Induces Antigen-specific
Maturation of Canine Dendritic Cells with Up-regulation of MHCII Synthesis
and
Expression.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16814802>
AUTHORS: L Sacchi, L E Calvi, L H Kramer, E Ferroglio, G Grandi, E Clementi,
S Corona
AFFILIATION: Department of Animal Biology, University of Pavia.
REFERENCE: J Comp Pathol 2006 Jul 135(1):17-24
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells that reside
in many tissues, including the skin. This study showed that intradermal
injection of leishmanin in *Leishmania* infantum-infected dogs induced the
"up-regulation" of surface MHCII expression, associated with progressive
ultrastrucutural changes characteristic of DC maturation, including the
formation of multilaminar MHC class II- containing compartments and arrays
of tubulo-vesicular structures. These changes were not observed in control
dogs from L. infantum non-endemic areas. The results indicated that canine
DCs were effector cells in delayed-type hypersensitivity, that the
leishmanin reaction was specific for a cell-mediated reaction to L. infantum
in infected dogs, and that canine DCs possessed ultrastructural organelles
reminiscent of those in activated human DCs.


PMID:
16819964<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-29.xml&id=16819964>
TITLE: Role of caveolae in *Leishmania* chagasi phagocytosis and
intracellular survival in
macrophages.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16819964>
AUTHORS: Nilda E Rodríguez, Upasna Gaur, Mary E Wilson
AFFILIATION: Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
52242, USA.
REFERENCE: Cell Microbiol 2006 Jul 8(7):1106-20
Caveolae are membrane microdomains enriched in cholesterol, ganglioside M1
(GM1) and caveolin-1. We explored whether caveolae facilitate the entry of *
Leishmania* chagasi into murine macrophages. Transient depletion of
macrophage membrane cholesterol by 1 h exposure to methyl-beta- cyclodextrin
(MbetaCD) impaired the phagocytosis of non-opsonized and serum-opsonized
virulent L. chagasi. In contrast, MbetaCD did not affect the phagocytosis of
opsonized attenuated L. chagasi. As early as 5 min after phagocytosis,
virulent L. chagasi colocalized with the caveolae markers GM1 and
caveolin-1, and colocalization continued for over 48 h. We explored the
kinetics of lysosome fusion. Whereas fluorescent- labelled dextran entered
macrophage lysosomes by 30 min after addition, localization of L. chagasi in
lysosomes was delayed for 24-48 h after phagocytosis. However, after
transient depletion of cholesterol from macrophage membrane with MbetaCD,
the proportion of L. chagasi- containing phagosomes that fused with
lysosomes increased significantly . Furthermore, intracellular replication
was impaired in parasites entering after transient cholesterol depletion,
even though lipid microdomains were restored by 4 h after treatment. These
observations suggest that virulent L. chagasi localize in caveolae during
phagocytosis by host macrophages, and that cholesterol-containing macrophage
membrane domains, such as caveolae, target parasites to a pathway that
promotes delay of lysosome fusion and intracellular survival.


PMID:
16707495<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-29.xml&id=16707495>
TITLE: Metabolic Changes in Glucose Transporter-deficient
*Leishmania*mexicana and Parasite
Virulence.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16707495>
AUTHORS: Dayana Rodríguez-Contreras, Scott M Landfear
AFFILIATION: Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon
Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239.
REFERENCE: J Biol Chem 2006 Jul 281(29):20068-76
*Leishmania* mexicana are parasitic protozoa that express a variety of
glycoconjugates that play important roles in their biology as well as the
storage carbohydrate beta-mannan, which is an essential virulence factor for
survival of intracellular amastigote forms in the mammalian host. Glucose
transporter null mutants, which are viable as insect form promastigotes but
not as amastigotes, do not take up glucose and other hexoses but are still
able to synthesize these glycoconjugates and beta- mannan, although at
reduced levels. Synthesis of these carbohydrate- containing macromolecules
could be accounted for by incorporation of non -carbohydrate precursors into
carbohydrates by gluconeogenesis. However , the significantly reduced level
of the virulence factor beta-mannan in the glucose transporter null mutants
compared with wild-type parasites may contribute to the non-viability of
these null mutants in the disease -causing amastigote stage of the life
cycle.


PMID:
16842269<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-29.xml&id=16842269>
TITLE: Immunology of canine
leishmaniasis.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16842269>
AUTHORS: C L BarbiÃ(c)ri
AFFILIATION: Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology,
Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo,
SP, Brazil.
REFERENCE: Parasite Immunol 2006 Jul 28(7):329-37
The role of dogs as the main reservoir of visceral leishmaniasis has led to
an increased interest in the immune responses and in *Leishmania* antigens
implicated in protective cellular immunity in canine visceral leishmaniasis.
The primary goal is to control the prevalence of human disease. Immune
responses in canine visceral leishmaniasis are reviewed . Cellular immune
responses toward a Th1 subset mediated by IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha
predominate in asymptomatic dogs exhibiting apparent resistance to visceral
leishmaniasis. On the other hand, while the role of Th2 cytokines, such as
IL-4 and IL-10, in symptomatic animals is still controversial, there is
increasing evidence for a correlation of these cytokines with progressive
disease. CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells seem also likely to be involved in
resistance to visceral leishmaniasis. Several *Leishmania* antigens
implicated in protective immune responses are described and some pivotal
points for development of an effective vaccine against canine visceral
leishmaniasis are discussed.


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PMID:
16722944<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-29.xml&id=16722944>
TITLE: Burkitt lymphoma and Leishmaniasis in the same tissue sample in an
AIDS
patient.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16722944>
AUTHORS: N Boutros, D Hawkins, M Nelson, I A Lampert, K N Naresh
REFERENCE: Histopathology 2006 Jun 48(7):880-1


PMID:
16572270<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-29.xml&id=16572270>
TITLE: Temporins, anti-infective peptides with expanding
properties.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16572270>
AUTHORS: M L Mangoni
AFFILIATION: Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di
Scienze Biochimiche A. Rossi Fanelli, Università La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo
Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy. marialuisa.mangoni at uniroma1.it
REFERENCE: Cell Mol Life Sci 2006 May 63(9):1060-9
Antimicrobial peptides are effector molecules of the innate immune response
of all pluricellular organisms, providing them with first-line defence
against pathogens. Amphibian skin secretions represent one of the richest
natural sources for such peptide antibiotics, and temporins , a large family
of antimicrobial peptides from frog skin, are among the smallest ones found
in nature to date. Their functional role and modes of action have been
described, along with their interesting and unique properties. These
properties make temporins good molecules for an in- depth understanding of
host defence peptides in general. Furthermore, they are attractive templates
for the future design of new therapeutics against infectious diseases with
new modes of action, urgently needed due to the increasing resistance of
microorganisms to the available drugs.


PMID:
16847504<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-29.xml&id=16847504>
TITLE: Reproduction of *Leishmania* (*Leishmania* ) infantum chagasi in
conditioned cell culture growth
medium.<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16847504>
AUTHORS: Yeda L Nogueira, Eunice A B Galati
AFFILIATION: Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública,
Universidade de São Paulo, Avc. Dr. Arnaldo 715, 01246-902 São Paulo, SP,
Brasil. ynogueir at usp.br
REFERENCE: Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2006 May-Jun 48(3):147-50
Leishmanias can be produced by inoculation in conditioned McCoy cell culture
growth medium (CGM). *Leishmania* (*Leishmania*) infantum chagasi ( 100
parasites) grown in NNN medium was inoculated in 2.5 mL CGM, kept in plates
(24 wells) and its multiplication was observed for five days ( 120 hours).
After day 5, the medium was saturated with the flagellate forms of the
parasite (promastigotes). The reproduction of the leishmanias was observed
every 24 hours and the number of parasites was calculated by counting the
parasites in a drop of 10 microL and photomicrographed. So the number of
Leishmanias was adjusted to 1 mL volume. The advantage of the technique by
isolation of *Leishmania* in CGM demonstrated in this study is its low cost
and high efficacy even with a small quantity of parasites (10(2)
promastigotes) used as inoculum. Additionally, isolation of the
*leishmania*can be obtained together with an increase in their density
(180 times) as
observed by growth kinetics , within a shorter time. These results justify
the use of this low-cost technique for the isolation and investigation of
the behavior and multiplication of *Leishmania* both in vertebrates and
invertebrates, besides offering means of obtaining antigens, whether whole
antigens ( leishmanias) or the soluble antigens produced by the parasites
which may be useful for the production of new diagnostic kits.


PMID:
16838621<http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-29.xml&id=16838621>
TITLE: [Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) as reservoir of parasites and source of
zoonosis]<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16838621>
AUTHORS: Anna Okulewicz, Joanna Hildebrand, Jerzy Okulewicz, Agnieszka Perec
AFFILIATION: Zakład Parazytologii, Instytut Genetyki i Mikrobiologii,
Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. Przybyszewskiego 63, 51-148 Wrocław.
REFERENCE: Wiad Parazytol 2005 51(2):125-32
Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) as reservoir of parasites and source of zoonosis .
This review presents data from Europe and Poland on the prevalence of
helminth and protozoan parasites in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes). The most
common nematodes were geohelminths: Uncinaria stenocephala, Toxocara canis
and Toxocara leonina. As concerning Trichinella genus T. britovi was found
more often than T. spiralis. Among tapeworms the following species were
recorded: Mesocestoides lineatus, Taenia sp., and Echinococcus
multilocularis. Detected cases of E. multilocularis together with an
increase of fox population during last few years create a potential human
risk of infection. The results of many studies indicate rare presence of
trematodes (Alaria alata) and protozoan parasites (Toxoplasma gondii,
Neospora caninum, *Leishmania* spp., Eimeria spp.) in red foxes.


REQUEST: [ sand fly NOT culicoides ]
(1 article matches this request. 1 article matching other requests removed)

REQUEST: [ sandfly NOT culicoides ]
(0 articles match this request)

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