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This is RefScout-Newsletter 29/2006 for user Jeff155960.<br><br>
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REQUEST: [ leishmania ]<br>
(16 articles match this request)<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-29.xml&id=16750864" title="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-29.xml&id=16750864" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
16750864</a>
<input name="id_16750864" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16750864" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16750864" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
Functional characterization and subcellular localization of the three malate dehydrogenase isozymes in <b>Leishmania</b> spp.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Alejandro Leroux, Ximena Fleming-Canepa, Alejandro Aranda,
Dante Maugeri, Juan J Cazzulo, Marco A Sánchez, Cristina Nowicki<br>
AFFILIATION: Instituto de QuÃmica y FisicoquÃmica Biológica
IQUIFIB-CONICET, Facultad de Farmacia y BioquÃmica, Universidad de
Buenos Aires, JunÃn 956, CP1113 Buenos Aires, Argentina.<br>
REFERENCE: Mol Biochem Parasitol 2006 Sep 149(1):74-85<br>
As part of a study on the malate dehydrogenase isozymes (MDHs) from
Trypanosomatids, three different fractions with MDH activity were
obtained from crude extracts of <b>Leishmania</b> mexicana promastigotes
combining two different chromatographic steps. Gel filtration
chromatography in native conditions showed that most of the MDH activity
present in the crude extracts eluted in a single peak, which
corresponded to a lower apparent molecular mass ( congruent with57kDa)
than the value expected for typical MDHs. To further characterize the
leishmanial isozymes, three putative MDH genes, presumably corresponding
to the mitochondrial, glycosomal and cytosolic isoforms were amplified
by PCR, cloned into bacterial expression vectors, and the recombinant
enzymes purified. Digitonin extraction of intact L. mexicana
promastigotes and immunofluorescence microscopy of L. major
promastigotes confirmed the subcellular compartmentation of each of the
three isozymes. Western blot analysis showed that the three MDHs are
developmentally regulated. At the protein level, these isozymes are
remarkably more abundant in amastigotes than in promastigotes of L.
mexicana. Altogether our results demonstrate the presence of three MDH
isoforms with slightly distinct biochemical properties and different
subcellular localization in <b>Leishmania</b> spp. Presumably the functional
and biochemical features of these isozymes reflect the metabolic
adaptation to the different nutrient sources these parasites have to
face along their life cycle. These results also emphasize the
differences among Trypanosomatids in this area of metabolism, since in
the case of Trypanosoma brucei the cMDH is the only isoform expressed in
bloodstream trypomastigotes, whereas in Trypanosoma cruzi cMDH is
absent.<br>
<br><br>
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PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-29.xml&id=16765464" title="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-29.xml&id=16765464" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
16765464</a>
<input name="id_16765464" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16765464" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16765464" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
Mapping the functional synthetase domain of trypanothione synthetase from <b>Leishmania</b> major.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Sandra L Oza, Susan Wyllie, Alan H Fairlamb<br>
AFFILIATION: School of Life Sciences, The Wellcome Trust Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK.<br>
REFERENCE: Mol Biochem Parasitol 2006 Sep 149(1):117-20<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-29.xml&id=16845637" title="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-29.xml&id=16845637" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
16845637</a>
<input name="id_16845637" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16845637" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16845637" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
IL6 -174 G/C Promoter Polymorphism Influences Susceptibility to Mucosal but Not Localized Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Brazil.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Lea Castellucci, Eliane Menezes, Joyce Oliveira, Andrea
Magalhaes, Luiz Henrique Guimaraes, Marcus Lessa, Silvana Ribeiro,
Jeancarlo Reale, Elza Ferreira Noronha, Mary E Wilson, Priya Duggal,
Terri H Beaty, Selma Jeronimo, Sarra E Jamieson, Ashlee Bales, Jenefer
M Blackwell, Amelia Ribeiro de Jesus, Edgar M Carvalho<br>
AFFILIATION: Servico de Imunologia, Hospital Universitario Professor
Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil.<br>
REFERENCE: J Infect Dis 2006 Aug 194(4):519-27<br>
Background. Mucosal leishmaniasis (ML) is associated with exaggerated
tumor necrosis factor- alpha and interferon- gamma responses and tissue
destruction. ML follows localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by
<b>Leishmania</b> braziliensis infection. Interleukin (IL)-6 down-regulates T
helper (Th) cell type 1 differentiation and drives Th2 cell
differentiation. The IL6 -174 G/C polymorphism is associated with
proinflammatory diseases and IL-6 regulation.Methods. The -174 G/C
polymorphism was genotyped in population samples and families with CL
and ML from Brazil. Genotype frequencies were compared among patients
with ML, patients with CL, and 2 control groups by logistic regression
and family-based association test (FBAT) analysis. IL-6 levels were
measured in macrophages.Results. The C allele was more common in
patients with ML than in patients with CL (odds ratio [OR], 2.55 [95%
confidence interval {CI}, 1.32-4.91]; P=.005), than in patients who were
leishmanin skin-test positive (OR, 2.23 [95% CI, 1.23-4.05]; P=.009),
and than in neighborhood control subjects (OR, 2.47 [95% CI, 1.24-4.90
]; P=.01). FBAT analysis confirmed an association between allele C and
ML under both additive (z=4.295; P=.000017) and dominant (z=4.325; P=.
000015) models. Significantly lower levels of IL-6 were measured in
unstimulated macrophages from CC individuals than from GG individuals (P
=.003) as well as after stimulation with soluble <b>leishmania</b> antigen (P=.
009).Conclusions. IL-6 may regulate type 1 proinflammatory responses,
putting individuals with low macrophage IL-6 levels at increased risk
for ML.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-29.xml&id=16846801" title="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-29.xml&id=16846801" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
16846801</a>
<input name="id_16846801" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16846801" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16846801" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
Targeting atypical trypanosomatid DNA topoisomerase I.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Rafael Balaña-Fouce, Carmen M Redondo, Yolanda Pérez-Pertejo, Rosario DÃaz-González, Rosa M Reguera<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of León, Campus de Vegazana s/n 24071 León, Spain.<br>
REFERENCE: Drug Discov Today 2006 Aug 11(15-16):733-40<br>
Tropical diseases produced by kinetoplastid protozoa are among humanity'
s costliest banes, owing to high mortality and the economic burden
resulting from morbidity. Drug resistant strains of parasites, together
with insecticide-resistant vectors, are contributing to their increased
prevalence in the developing world. Their extension now threatens
industrialized countries because of opportunistic infections in immuno-
compromised individuals. Current chemotherapy is expensive, has
undesirable side effects and, in many patients, is only marginally
effective. Based on the clinical success of camptothecin derivatives as
anticancer agents, DNA topoisomerases have been identified as targets
for drug development. The substantial differences in homology between
trypanosome and <b>leishmania</b> DNA topoisomerase IB compared with the human
form provides a new lead in the study of the structural determinants
that can be targeted.<br>
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PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-29.xml&id=16838205" title="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-29.xml&id=16838205" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
16838205</a>
<input name="id_16838205" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16838205" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16838205" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
Diagnosis
of canine leishmaniasis in the endemic area of belo horizonte, minas
gerais, Brazil by parasite, antibody and DNA detection assays.</a><br>
AUTHORS: E S da Silva, W F van der Meide, G J Schoone, C M F Gontijo, H D F H Schallig, R P Brazil<br>
AFFILIATION: Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou-Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.<br>
REFERENCE: Vet Res Commun 2006 Aug 30(6):637-43<br>
Canine leishmaniasis caused by <b>Leishmania</b> chagasi (L. infantum) is found
throughout the South American continent, including Brazil, and dogs are
considered to be the main reservoir host for this parasite. To support
the implementation of a diagnostic protocol for surveillance of the
disease in the region of Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais, Brazil) we have
compared the sensitivity and specificity of two serological tests,
indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and direct agglutination
test (DAT), with the combination of direct microscopy-culture-PCR as
the gold standard, using samples obtained from 103 dogs in the city of
Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. The currently used standard serodiagnostic
test, IFAT, had a sensitivity of 100% and its specificity was 74%
compared to the gold standard of the study. The sensitivity and
specificity of the DAT were 100% and 91%, respectively. On the basis of
this study it is recommended to change from the IFAT to DAT for the
serodiagnosis of canine leishmaniasis because of the superior
specificity of the test combined with its user-friendliness.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-29.xml&id=16842583" title="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-29.xml&id=16842583" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
16842583</a>
<input name="id_16842583" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16842583" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16842583" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
<b>Leishmania</b> identification by PCR of Giemsa-stained lesion imprint slides stored for up to 36 years.</a><br>
AUTHORS: A C Volpini, M J Marques, S Lopes Dos Santos, G L Machado-Coelho, W Mayrink, A J Romanha<br>
AFFILIATION: Laboratório de Pesquisas em Leishmanioses, Departamento de Imunologia, IOC-FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.<br>
REFERENCE: Clin Microbiol Infect 2006 Aug 12(8):815-8<br>
This study examined the ability of PCR to amplify <b>Leishmania</b> DNA, stored
on Giemsa-stained slides, from American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL)
patients. In total, 475 slides stored for up to 36 years were obtained
from an outpatient clinic in a Brazilian ACL-endemic region, and
<b>Leishmania</b> DNA was amplified from 395 (83.2%) of the DNA samples using
primers specific for the minicircle kinetoplast DNA. Restriction
fragment length polymorphism analysis of these amplicons demonstrated
that <b>Leishmania</b> (Viannia) braziliensis was the only species present in
these samples. The results demonstrated that archived Giemsa-stained
slides can provide a <b>Leishmania</b> DNA source for performing clinical and
epidemiological studies of leishmaniasis.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-29.xml&id=16845636" title="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-29.xml&id=16845636" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
16845636</a>
<input name="id_16845636" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16845636" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16845636" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
Synthetic Glycovaccine Protects against the Bite of <b>Leishmania</b>-Infected Sand Flies.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Matthew E Rogers, Olga V Sizova, Michael A J Ferguson, Andrei V Nikolaev, Paul A Bates<br>
AFFILIATION: Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, University of Liverpool, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom.<br>
REFERENCE: J Infect Dis 2006 Aug 194(4):512-8<br>
Leishmaniasis is a vectorborne disease transmitted to human and other
mammalian hosts by sand fly bite. In the present study, we show that
immunization with <b>Leishmania</b> mexicana promastigote secretory gel (PSG)
or with a chemically defined synthetic glycovaccine containing the
glycans found in L. mexicana PSG can provide significant protection
against challenge by the bite of infected sand flies. Only the glycan
from L. mexicana was protective; those from other species did not
protect against L. mexicana infection. Furthermore, neither PSG nor the
glycovaccine protected against artificial needle challenge, which is
traditionally used in antileishmanial vaccine development. Conversely,
an antigen preparation that was effective against needle challenge
offered no protection against sand fly bite. These findings provide a
new target for <b>Leishmania</b> vaccine development and demonstrate the
critical role that the vector plays in the evaluation of candidate
vaccines for leishmaniasis and other vectorborne diseases.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-29.xml&id=16845635" title="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-29.xml&id=16845635" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
16845635</a>
<input name="id_16845635" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16845635" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16845635" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
Evidence for <b>leishmania</b> (viannia) parasites in the skin and blood of patients before and after treatment.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Carolina Vergel, Ricardo Palacios, Horacio Cadena, Claudia
Jimena Posso, Liliana Valderrama, Mauricio Perez, John Walker, Bruno
Luis Travi, Nancy Gore Saravia<br>
AFFILIATION: Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Medicas, Cali, Valle, Colombia.<br>
REFERENCE: J Infect Dis 2006 Aug 194(4):503-11<br>
Background. American cutaneous leishmaniasis is considered to be a
zoonotic disease transmitted by sand flies that feed on infected
sylvatic mammals. However, the "domestication" of transmission
and the increase in treatment failure with antimonial drugs have raised
the suspicion of anthroponotic transmission of American cutaneous
leishmaniasis.Methods. The objective of the present study was to explore
the potential of humans as a source of infection for sand flies.
Biological (xenodiagnosis and culture) and molecular (polymerase chain
reaction/Southern blot) detection methods were used to evaluate
peripheral-blood monocytes and tissue fluids from sites accessible to
sand flies from 59 adult patients with parasitologically confirmed
American cutaneous leishmaniasis.Results. Overall, 44.1% of patients (26
/59) presented biological and/or molecular evidence of <b>Leishmania</b>
parasites in normal skin, peripheral-blood monocytes, lesion scars, or
lesion border (by xenodiagnosis) before (18/59 [30.5%]) or after (10/27
[37.0%]) treatment. <b>Leishmania</b> parasites were cultured from the
unaffected skin of 2 (3.6%) of 55 patients, and xenodiagnosis gave
positive results for 5 (8.8%) of 57 patients before treatment.
Conclusions. The presence of <b>Leishmania</b> parasites in the unaffected skin
and peripheral-blood monocytes of a high proportion of patients even
after treatment and the acquisition of infection by sand flies support
the plausibility of anthroponotic transmission of American cutaneous
leishmaniasis.<br>
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PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-29.xml&id=16814802" title="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-29.xml&id=16814802" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
16814802</a>
<input name="id_16814802" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16814802" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16814802" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
The
Intradermal Leishmanin Reaction Induces Antigen-specific Maturation of
Canine Dendritic Cells with Up-regulation of MHCII Synthesis and
Expression.</a><br>
AUTHORS: L Sacchi, L E Calvi, L H Kramer, E Ferroglio, G Grandi, E Clementi, S Corona<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Animal Biology, University of Pavia.<br>
REFERENCE: J Comp Pathol 2006 Jul 135(1):17-24<br>
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells that
reside in many tissues, including the skin. This study showed that
intradermal injection of leishmanin in <b>Leishmania</b> infantum-infected dogs
induced the "up-regulation" of surface MHCII expression,
associated with progressive ultrastrucutural changes characteristic of
DC maturation, including the formation of multilaminar MHC class II-
containing compartments and arrays of tubulo-vesicular structures. These
changes were not observed in control dogs from L. infantum non-endemic
areas. The results indicated that canine DCs were effector cells in
delayed-type hypersensitivity, that the leishmanin reaction was specific
for a cell-mediated reaction to L. infantum in infected dogs, and that
canine DCs possessed ultrastructural organelles reminiscent of those in
activated human DCs.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-29.xml&id=16819964" title="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-29.xml&id=16819964" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
16819964</a>
<input name="id_16819964" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16819964" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16819964" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
Role of caveolae in <b>Leishmania</b> chagasi phagocytosis and intracellular survival in macrophages.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Nilda E RodrÃguez, Upasna Gaur, Mary E Wilson<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.<br>
REFERENCE: Cell Microbiol 2006 Jul 8(7):1106-20<br>
Caveolae are membrane microdomains enriched in cholesterol, ganglioside
M1 (GM1) and caveolin-1. We explored whether caveolae facilitate the
entry of <b>Leishmania</b> chagasi into murine macrophages. Transient depletion
of macrophage membrane cholesterol by 1 h exposure to methyl-beta-
cyclodextrin (MbetaCD) impaired the phagocytosis of non-opsonized and
serum-opsonized virulent L. chagasi. In contrast, MbetaCD did not affect
the phagocytosis of opsonized attenuated L. chagasi. As early as 5 min
after phagocytosis, virulent L. chagasi colocalized with the caveolae
markers GM1 and caveolin-1, and colocalization continued for over 48 h.
We explored the kinetics of lysosome fusion. Whereas fluorescent-
labelled dextran entered macrophage lysosomes by 30 min after addition,
localization of L. chagasi in lysosomes was delayed for 24-48 h after
phagocytosis. However, after transient depletion of cholesterol from
macrophage membrane with MbetaCD, the proportion of L. chagasi-
containing phagosomes that fused with lysosomes increased significantly
. Furthermore, intracellular replication was impaired in parasites
entering after transient cholesterol depletion, even though lipid
microdomains were restored by 4 h after treatment. These observations
suggest that virulent L. chagasi localize in caveolae during
phagocytosis by host macrophages, and that cholesterol-containing
macrophage membrane domains, such as caveolae, target parasites to a
pathway that promotes delay of lysosome fusion and intracellular
survival.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-29.xml&id=16707495" title="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-29.xml&id=16707495" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
16707495</a>
<input name="id_16707495" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16707495" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16707495" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
Metabolic Changes in Glucose Transporter-deficient <b>Leishmania</b> mexicana and Parasite Virulence.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Dayana RodrÃguez-Contreras, Scott M Landfear<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology,
Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239.<br>
REFERENCE: J Biol Chem 2006 Jul 281(29):20068-76<br>
<b>Leishmania</b> mexicana are parasitic protozoa that express a variety of
glycoconjugates that play important roles in their biology as well as
the storage carbohydrate beta-mannan, which is an essential virulence
factor for survival of intracellular amastigote forms in the mammalian
host. Glucose transporter null mutants, which are viable as insect form
promastigotes but not as amastigotes, do not take up glucose and other
hexoses but are still able to synthesize these glycoconjugates and beta-
mannan, although at reduced levels. Synthesis of these carbohydrate-
containing macromolecules could be accounted for by incorporation of non
-carbohydrate precursors into carbohydrates by gluconeogenesis. However
, the significantly reduced level of the virulence factor beta-mannan in
the glucose transporter null mutants compared with wild-type parasites
may contribute to the non-viability of these null mutants in the disease
-causing amastigote stage of the life cycle.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-29.xml&id=16842269" title="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-29.xml&id=16842269" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
16842269</a>
<input name="id_16842269" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16842269" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16842269" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
Immunology of canine leishmaniasis.</a><br>
AUTHORS: C L Barbiéri<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology,
Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, São
Paulo, SP, Brazil.<br>
REFERENCE: Parasite Immunol 2006 Jul 28(7):329-37<br>
The role of dogs as the main reservoir of visceral leishmaniasis has led
to an increased interest in the immune responses and in <b>Leishmania</b>
antigens implicated in protective cellular immunity in canine visceral
leishmaniasis. The primary goal is to control the prevalence of human
disease. Immune responses in canine visceral leishmaniasis are reviewed
. Cellular immune responses toward a Th1 subset mediated by IFN-gamma
and TNF-alpha predominate in asymptomatic dogs exhibiting apparent
resistance to visceral leishmaniasis. On the other hand, while the role
of Th2 cytokines, such as IL-4 and IL-10, in symptomatic animals is
still controversial, there is increasing evidence for a correlation of
these cytokines with progressive disease. CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells seem
also likely to be involved in resistance to visceral leishmaniasis.
Several <b>Leishmania</b> antigens implicated in protective immune responses
are described and some pivotal points for development of an effective
vaccine against canine visceral leishmaniasis are discussed.<br>
<br><br>
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PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-29.xml&id=16722944" title="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-29.xml&id=16722944" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
16722944</a>
<input name="id_16722944" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16722944" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16722944" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
Burkitt lymphoma and Leishmaniasis in the same tissue sample in an AIDS patient.</a><br>
AUTHORS: N Boutros, D Hawkins, M Nelson, I A Lampert, K N Naresh<br>
REFERENCE: Histopathology 2006 Jun 48(7):880-1<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-29.xml&id=16572270" title="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-29.xml&id=16572270" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
16572270</a>
<input name="id_16572270" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16572270" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16572270" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
Temporins, anti-infective peptides with expanding properties.</a><br>
AUTHORS: M L Mangoni<br>
AFFILIATION: Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento
di Scienze Biochimiche A. Rossi Fanelli, Università La Sapienza,
Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy. <a href="mailto:marialuisa.mangoni@uniroma1.it" title="mailto:marialuisa.mangoni@uniroma1.it" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">marialuisa.mangoni@uniroma1.it
</a><br>
REFERENCE: Cell Mol Life Sci 2006 May 63(9):1060-9<br>
Antimicrobial peptides are effector molecules of the innate immune
response of all pluricellular organisms, providing them with first-line
defence against pathogens. Amphibian skin secretions represent one of
the richest natural sources for such peptide antibiotics, and temporins
, a large family of antimicrobial peptides from frog skin, are among the
smallest ones found in nature to date. Their functional role and modes
of action have been described, along with their interesting and unique
properties. These properties make temporins good molecules for an in-
depth understanding of host defence peptides in general. Furthermore,
they are attractive templates for the future design of new therapeutics
against infectious diseases with new modes of action, urgently needed
due to the increasing resistance of microorganisms to the available
drugs.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-29.xml&id=16847504" title="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-29.xml&id=16847504" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
16847504</a>
<input name="id_16847504" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16847504" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16847504" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
Reproduction of <b>Leishmania</b> (<b>Leishmania</b> ) infantum chagasi in conditioned cell culture growth medium.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Yeda L Nogueira, Eunice A B Galati<br>
AFFILIATION: Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde
Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Avc. Dr. Arnaldo 715, 01246-902
São Paulo, SP, Brasil. <a href="mailto:ynogueir@usp.br" title="mailto:ynogueir@usp.br" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">ynogueir@usp.br</a><br>
REFERENCE: Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2006 May-Jun 48(3):147-50<br>
Leishmanias can be produced by inoculation in conditioned McCoy cell
culture growth medium (CGM). <b>Leishmania</b> (<b>Leishmania</b>) infantum chagasi (
100 parasites) grown in NNN medium was inoculated in 2.5 mL CGM, kept in
plates (24 wells) and its multiplication was observed for five days (
120 hours). After day 5, the medium was saturated with the flagellate
forms of the parasite (promastigotes). The reproduction of the
leishmanias was observed every 24 hours and the number of parasites was
calculated by counting the parasites in a drop of 10 microL and
photomicrographed. So the number of Leishmanias was adjusted to 1 mL
volume. The advantage of the technique by isolation of <b>Leishmania</b> in CGM
demonstrated in this study is its low cost and high efficacy even with
a small quantity of parasites (10(2) promastigotes) used as inoculum.
Additionally, isolation of the <b>leishmania</b> can be obtained together with
an increase in their density (180 times) as observed by growth kinetics
, within a shorter time. These results justify the use of this low-cost
technique for the isolation and investigation of the behavior and
multiplication of <b>Leishmania</b> both in vertebrates and invertebrates,
besides offering means of obtaining antigens, whether whole antigens (
leishmanias) or the soluble antigens produced by the parasites which may
be useful for the production of new diagnostic kits.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-29.xml&id=16838621" title="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2006-29.xml&id=16838621" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
16838621</a>
<input name="id_16838621" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16838621" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16838621" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
[Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) as reservoir of parasites and source of zoonosis]</a><br>
AUTHORS: Anna Okulewicz, Joanna Hildebrand, Jerzy Okulewicz, Agnieszka Perec<br>
AFFILIATION: Zakład Parazytologii, Instytut Genetyki i Mikrobiologii,
Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. Przybyszewskiego 63, 51-148 Wrocław.<br>
REFERENCE: Wiad Parazytol 2005 51(2):125-32<br>
Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) as reservoir of parasites and source of zoonosis
. This review presents data from Europe and Poland on the prevalence of
helminth and protozoan parasites in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes). The most
common nematodes were geohelminths: Uncinaria stenocephala, Toxocara
canis and Toxocara leonina. As concerning Trichinella genus T. britovi
was found more often than T. spiralis. Among tapeworms the following
species were recorded: Mesocestoides lineatus, Taenia sp., and
Echinococcus multilocularis. Detected cases of E. multilocularis
together with an increase of fox population during last few years create
a potential human risk of infection. The results of many studies
indicate rare presence of trematodes (Alaria alata) and protozoan
parasites (Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, <b>Leishmania</b> spp., Eimeria
spp.) in red foxes.<br>
<br><br>
REQUEST: [ sand fly NOT culicoides ]<br>
(1 article matches this request. 1 article matching other requests removed)<br><br>
REQUEST: [ sandfly NOT culicoides ]<br>
(0 articles match this request)<br><br>
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