[Leish-l] Fwd: Articles found by RefScout 2006/02/22 2006/08
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REQUEST: [ leishmaniasis ]
(15 articles match this request. 4 articles matching other requests removed)
PMID: 16477557
TITLE: Development of a Genetic Assay to Distinguish between Leishmania viannia
Species on the Basis of Isoenzyme Differences.
AUTHORS: Wen-Wei Zhang, Cesar Miranda-Verastegui, Jorge Arevalo, Momar Ndao,
Brian Ward, Alejandro Llanos-Cuentas, Greg Matlashewski
AFFILIATION: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University,
Montreal, Canada. greg.matlashewski at mcgill.ca.
REFERENCE: Clin Infect Dis 2006 Mar 42(6):801-9
Background. Tegumentary leishmaniasis in Latin America is caused mainly
by Leishmania viannia braziliensis complex parasites. L. braziliensis
and Leishmania viannia peruviana are the 2 predominant Leishmania
species in Peru. L. braziliensis is more virulent, because it can cause
mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, known as espundia, that results in severe
facial destruction. Early identification of the species that causes the
initial cutaneous infection would greatly help to prevent mucocutaneous
leishmaniasis, because it would allow more aggressive treatment and
follow-up. However, because of the close genetic similarity of L.
braziliensis and L. peruviana, there currently exists no simple assay to
distinguish between these species.Methods. We cloned the mannose
phosphate isomerase gene from both L. braziliensis and L. peruviana. It
is the only known isoenzyme capable of differentiating between L.
braziliensis and L. peruviana in multilocus enzyme electrophoresis.
Interestingly, only a single nucleotide polymorphism was found between
the mannose phosphate isomerase genes from L. braziliensis and L.
peruviana, resulting in an amino acid change from threonine to arginine
at amino acid 361. A polymerase chain reaction assay was developed to
distinguish the single nucleotide polymorphism of the mannose phosphate
isomerase gene to allow for the specific identification of L.
braziliensis or L. peruviana.Results. This assay was validated with 31
reference strains that were previously typed by multilocus enzyme
electrophoresis, successfully applied to patient biopsy samples, and
adapted to a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay.Conclusions. This
innovative approach combines new genetic knowledge with traditional
biochemical fundamentals of multilocus enzyme electrophoresis to better
manage leishmaniasis in Latin America.
PMID: 16475491
TITLE: Cutaneous lupoid leishmaniasis: a case report.
AUTHORS: Ayten Ferahbaş, Selçuk Mistik, Serap Utaş, Ozan Yaman, Ozlem Canoz,
Mehmet Doganay, Ozcan Aşçioglu
AFFILIATION: Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
REFERENCE: Cutis 2006 Jan 77(1):25-8
Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a disease transmitted by the sandfly. During
the course of the disease, all classical stages of the development of
leishmaniasis from small erythematous papules to nodules to ulcerative
lesions can be seen. We report a case of lupoid leishmaniasis (LL)
treated with daily intramuscular injections of meglumine antimoniate for
20 days with marked improvement of clinical features.
PMID: 16481709
TITLE: Chronic zosteriform cutaneous leishmaniasis.
AUTHORS: M Omidian, M A Mapar
AFFILIATION: Department of Dermatology, Imam Hospital, Ahwaz Jundishapour
University of Medical Sciences, Ahwaz, Iran. momidian at yahoo.com.
REFERENCE: Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2006 Jan-Feb 72(1):41-2
Cutaneous leishmanasis (CL) may present with unusual clinical variants
such as acute paronychial, annular, palmoplantar, zosteriform,
erysipeloid, and sporotrichoid. The zosteriform variant has rarely been
reported. Unusual lesions may be morphologically attributed to an
altered host response or owing to an atypical strain of parasites in
these lesions. We report a patient with CL in a multidermatomal pattern
on the back and buttock of a man in Khozestan province in the south of
Iran. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of
multidermatomal zosteriform CL. It was resistant to conventional
treatment but responded well to a combination of meglumine antimoniate,
allopurinol, and cryotherapy.
PMID: 16483442
TITLE: Isolated laryngeal leishmaniasis in an immunocompetent patient in India.
AUTHORS: Sandeep R Mathur, Ruma Ray, K K Handa
AFFILIATION: Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences,
Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110 029, India.
REFERENCE: Trop Doct 2006 Jan 36(1):55-6
PMID: 16475941
TITLE: Progresses in the field of drug design to combat tropical protozoan
parasitic diseases.
AUTHORS: Guadalupe E GarcÃa Liñares, Esteban L Ravaschino, Juan B Rodriguez
AFFILIATION: Departamento de QuÃmica Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y
Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria,
C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina. JBR at qo.fcen.uba.ar.
REFERENCE: Curr Med Chem 2006 13(3):335-60
The progresses made in the field of drug design to combat tropical
protozoan parasitic diseases, such as Chagas' disease, leishmaniasis,
and sleeping sickness are discussed. This article is focused on
different approaches based on unique aspects of parasites biochemistry
and physiology, selecting the more promising molecular targets for drug
design. In spite of the enormous amount of work on the above features,
the chemotherapy for all of these diseases remains unsolved. It is based
on old and fairly not specific drugs associated, in several cases, with
long-term treatments and severe side effects. Drug resistance and
different strains susceptibility are further drawbacks of the existing
chemotherapy. In this review article, a thorough analysis of selected
molecular targets, mainly those that are significantly different
compared with the mammalian host or, even, are not present in mammals
would be described in terms of their potencial usefulness for drug
design. Therefore, this article covers rational approaches to the
chemotherapeutic control of these parasitic infections, such as the
progresses in the search for novel metabolic pathways in parasites that
may be essential for parasites survival but with no counterpart in the
host. Ergosterol biosynthesis is a very interesting example. There are
many enzymes involved in this biosynthetic pathway such us squalene
synthase, farnesylpyrophosphate synthase, and other enzymes that are
able to deplete endogenous sterols will be treated in this article. The
enzymes involved in trypanothione biosynthesis, glutathionyl spermidine
synthetase and trypanothione synthetase do not have an equivalent in
mammals, and therefore it can be predicted low toxicity for compounds
that are able to produce highly selective inhibition. Trypanothione
reductase (TR), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, dihydrofolate
reductase, prenyltransferases, ornithine decarboxylase, etc, will be
thoroughly analyzed. The design of specific inhibitors of such metabolic
activities as possible means of controlling the parasites without
damaging the hosts will be presented. The recent advances in the
biochemistry of pathogenic parasites including the discovery of novel
organelles will be discussed.
PMID: 16481706
TITLE: Correlation of clinical, histopathological, and microbiological findings
in 60 cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
AUTHORS: Arfan Ul Bari, Simeen Ber Rahman
AFFILIATION: Combined Military Hospital, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan.
albariul at yahoo.com, albariul at gmail.com.
REFERENCE: Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2006 Jan-Feb 72(1):28-32
BACKGROUND: In an endemic area, cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is largely
diagnosed by its clinical appearance. Diagnostic challenge arises when
the lesions appear in nonendemic area, when clinical picture is
distorted, or any atypical variant is seen even in endemic regious. In
developing countries like ours, the laboratory aid is not widely
available and dermatologists mostly have to rely on clinical experience
. AIM: The study was aimed to see the correlation of clinical,
histological, and microbiological findings in clinically diagnosed cases
of CL. METHODS: It was an observational and descriptive study and was
conducted over a period of 2 years in two dermatology centers in the
country. Seventy-seven patients with clinically suspicious lesions of CL
were screened and 60 of these were diagnosed as true clinical cases on
the basis of criteria for clinical diagnosis. These cases were then
subjected to slit skin smear and histopathological examination.
Parasitologically positive and suggestive cases were recorded and
descriptive statistics were used to evaluate the findings. RESULTS: Out
of 60 registered cases, 36 (60%) were smear-positive and 30 (50%)
demonstrated Leishman Donovan (LD) bodies in histological sections.
Twenty-six of the remaining (parasite-negative) cases showed one of the
recognizable histological patterns seen in CL, 3 did not reveal any
suggestive histology but responded to antimonial compound, and 1 turned
out to be a case of deep mycosis. CONCLUSION: Considering the magnitude
of the problem and limited resources of a developing country like ours,
clinical diagnosis alone may be reliable enough in endemic areas.
PMID: 16476287
TITLE: [Long-standing scrofuloderma.]
AUTHORS: Elena Roche, MarÃa L GarcÃa-Melgares, Juan J Vilata, José M Fortea
AFFILIATION: Hospital General Universitario de Valencia. España.
REFERENCE: Actas Dermosifiliogr 2005 Oct 96(8):522-4
We present the case of a 26-year-old Ecuadorian woman who presented with
multiple hypertrophic scars along the lower left limb, secondary to a
cutaneous process that she had had for 11 years, previously diagnosed
and treated in her country as cutaneous leishmaniasis. It had been
clinically worsening for 9 months with suppuration through the scars in
the groin and thigh, associated with local pain and systemic symptoms.
As we suspected cutaneous tuberculosis, we performed a number of
complementary examinations to confirm the diagnosis and rule out bone
involvement. Finally, a lymph node culture confirmed that it was
scrofuloderma.
PMID: 16479727
TITLE: Short-term exogenous glucocorticosteroidal effect on iron and copper
status in canine leishmaniasis (Leishmania infantum).
AUTHORS: K K Adamama-Moraitou, M N Saridomichelakis, Z Polizopoulou, M
Kritsepi,
A Tsompanakou, A F Koutinas
AFFILIATION: Clinic of Companion Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Stavrou Voutyra 11, GR-54627
Thessaloniki, Greece. kadamama at vet.auth.gr
REFERENCE: Can J Vet Res 2005 Oct 69(4):287-92
Prednisolone was administered as an anti-inflammatory for 7 consecutive
days in 11 dogs with leishmaniasis (CL group) and 5 clinically normal
dogs (control group). After a 15-day wash-out phase, the same medication
was given as an immunosuppressive for another 7-day period. In both
animal groups and experimental periods an overall significant increase
of serum iron and transferrin saturation was noted. Serum copper showed
a significant increase during the anti-inflammatory period in the
control group and a significant decrease during the immunosuppressive
period in the CL group. No differences or changes of any kind regarding
bone marrow hemosiderin were found between the 2 groups either before or
after the end of both experimental periods. The only change noticed in
the hematocrit values was a significant decrease in the control group
after the end of the anti-inflammatory period. Based on these findings
the use of prednisolone cannot be recommended and, if contemplated,
should be carefully monitored, especially at an immunosuppressive dosage
, because it may promote parasite replication through the induction of
increased serum iron levels and hypocupremia.
PMID: 16476327
TITLE: [Cutaneous leishmaniasis.]
AUTHORS: Domingo GarcÃa-Almagro
AFFILIATION: Servicio de DermatologÃa. Hospital Virgen de la Salud. Toledo.
España.
REFERENCE: Actas Dermosifiliogr 2005 Jan-Feb 96(1):1-24
Leishmaniases are diseases caused by infection by protozoa of the genus
Leishmania. Cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum is
frequent in Spain, especially in certain geographic areas. Diagnosis of
cutaneous leishmaniasis is difficult because of the varied symptoms and
because making cultures of this parasite is complicated. There are also
different therapeutic, medical and surgical options, none of which is
fully satisfactory. We review the most significant agents of cutaneous
leishmaniasis in Spain.
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PMID: 15687028
TITLE: Control of human host immunity to mycobacteria.
AUTHORS: Tom H M Ottenhoff, Frank A W Verreck, Marieke A Hoeve, Esther van de
Vosse
AFFILIATION: Department Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden
University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
T.H.M.Ottenhoff at lumc.nl
REFERENCE: Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2005 Jan-Mar 85(1-2):53-64
Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis results in disease in 5-10% of
exposed individuals, whereas the remainder controls infection
effectively. Similar inter-individual differences in disease
susceptibility are characteristic features of leprosy, typhoid fever,
leishmaniasis and other chronic infectious diseases, including viral
infections. Although the outcome of infection is influenced by many
factors, it is clear that genetic host factors play an important role in
controlling disease susceptibility to intracellular pathogens.
Knowledge of the genes involved and their downstream cellular pathways
will provide new insights for the design of improved and rationalized
strategies to enhance host-resistance, e.g. by vaccination. In addition
, this knowledge will aid in identifying better biomarkers of protection
and disease, which are essential tools for the monitoring of
vaccination and other intervention trials. The recent identification of
patients with deleterious mutations in genes that encode major proteins
in the type-1 cytokine (IL-12/IL23-IFN-gamma) axis, that suffered from
severe infections due to otherwise poorly pathogenic mycobacteria (non-
tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) or M. bovis Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG
)) or Salmonella species has revealed the major role of this system in
innate and adaptive immunity to mycobacteria and salmonellae. Clinical
tuberculosis has now been described in a number of patients with IL-12/
IL23-IFN-gamma system defects. Moreover, unusual mycobacterial
infections were reported in several patients with genetic defects in
NEMO, a key regulatory molecule in the NFkappaB pathway. These new
findings will be discussed since they provide further insights into the
role of type-1 cytokines in immunity to mycobacteria, including M.
tuberculosis.
PMID: 3716539
TITLE: Serum protein from Leishmania brasiliensis infected hamster that
suppress
lymphocyte response of normal hamster lymphocytes.
AUTHORS: J A O'Daly, Z Cabrera
REFERENCE: Z Parasitenkd 1986 72(3):293-8
Immunosuppression in Leishmania brasiliensis (LB) or L. donovani (LD)
infected hamsters is correlated with the appearance of two serum protein
bands found at 21, 60, 68 and 76 days post LB-infection and with eight
bands at 21 days post-LD-infection probably of host origin. A protein
band from LB-infected hamster serum isolated by electrofocusing,
suppressed the blastogenic response of normal lymphocytes to T and B
cell mitogens.
REQUEST: [ leishmania ]
(8 articles match this request. 6 articles matching other requests removed)
PMID: 16272216
TITLE: Demonstration by heterologous expression that the Leishmania SCA1 gene
encodes an arabinopyranosyltransferase.
AUTHORS: Mamta Goswami, Deborah E Dobson, Stephen M Beverley, Salvatore J Turco
AFFILIATION: Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School
of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110.
REFERENCE: Glycobiology 2006 Mar 16(3):230-6
In part of the life cycle within their sand fly vector, Leishmania major
parasites first attach to the fly's midgut through their main surface
adhesin lipophosphoglycan (LPG) and later resynthesize a structurally
distinct LPG that results in detachment and eventual transmission. One
of these structural modifications requires the addition of alpha1,2-d-
arabinopyranose caps to beta1,3-galactose side chains in the
phosphoglycan repeat unit domain of LPG. We had previously identified
two side chain arabinose genes (SCA1/2) that were involved in the alpha1
,2-d-Ara(p) capping. SCA1/2 exhibit canonical glycosyltransferase motifs
, and overexpression of either gene leads to elevated microsomal alpha1,
2-d-Ara(p)T activity, resulting in arabinopyranosylation of beta1,3-Gal
side chains in LPG (hereafter called side chain d-
arabinopyranosyltransferase [sc-d-Ara(p)T]). Heterologous expression in
a null arabinose background was used to determine whether the SCA1 gene
encodes the actual sc-d-Ara(p)T. SCA1 expression constructs introduced
into both mammalian COS-7 cells and the baculovirus-sf9 cell system
exhibited considerable expression of the protein. However, functional sc
-d-Ara(p)T activity was observed only in the latter. In in vitro assays
incubated with guanidine 59-diphosphate (GDP)-d-[(3)H]Ara(p) as the
sugar donor and utilizing exogenous LPG as an acceptor, significant sc-d
-Ara(p)T activity was observed when microsomes from the baculovirus-sf9
cells were incubated in presence of the LPG acceptor. No activity was
observed in the absence of LPG. These results demonstrate that SCA1
encodes a sc-d-Ara(p)T and provide the first example of heterologous
expression of a d-Ara(p)T gene.
PMID: 16455798
TITLE: The wild-derived inbred mouse strain SPRET/Ei is resistant to LPS and
defective in IFN-beta production.
AUTHORS: Tina Mahieu, Jin Mo Park, Hilde Revets, Bastian Pasche, Andreas
Lengeling, Jan Staelens, Andy Wullaert, Ineke Vanlaere, Tino Hochepied, Frans
van Roy, Michael Karin, Claude Libert
AFFILIATION: *Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, Flanders
Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology and Ghent University,
Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
REFERENCE: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006 Feb 103(7):2292-7
Although activation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-positive cells is
essential for eliminating Gram-negative bacteria, overactivation of
these cells by the TLR4 ligand LPS initiates a systemic inflammatory
reaction and shock. Here we demonstrate that SPRET/Ei mice, derived from
Mus spretus, exhibit a dominant resistance against LPS-induced
lethality. This resistance is mediated by bone marrow-derived cells.
Macrophages from these mice exhibit normal signaling and gene expression
responses that depend on the myeloid differentiation factor 88 adaptor
protein, but they are impaired in IFN-beta production. The defect
appears to be specific for IFN-beta, although the SPRET/Ei IFN-beta
promoter is normal. In vivo IFN-beta induction by LPS or influenza virus
is very low in SPRET/Ei mice, but IFN-beta-treatment restores the
sensitivity to LPS, and IFN type 1 receptor-deficient mice are also
resistant to LPS. Because of the defective induction of IFN-beta, these
mice are completely resistant to Listeria monocytogenes and highly
sensitive to Leishmania major infection. Stimulation of SPRET/Ei
macrophages leads to rapid down-regulation of IFN type 1 receptor mRNA
expression, which is reflected in poor induction of IFN-beta-dependent
genes. This finding indicates that the resistance of SPRET/Ei mice to
LPS is due to disruption of a positive-feedback loop that amplifies IFN-
beta production. In contrast to TLR4-deficient mice, SPRET/Ei mice
resist both LPS and sepsis induced with Klebsiella pneumoniae.
REQUEST: [ sand fly ]
(1 article matches this request. 1 article matching other requests removed)
REQUEST: [ sandfly ]
(1 article matches this request. 1 article matching other requests removed)
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