[Leish-l] Fwd: Articles found by RefScout 2006/03/08 2006/10
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REQUEST: [ leishmaniasis ]
(20 articles match this request)
PMID: 16406554
TITLE: Presence of anti-platelet IgM and IgG antibodies in dogs naturally
infected by Leishmania infantum.
AUTHORS: G Terrazzano, L Cortese, D Piantedosi, S Zappacosta, A Di Loria, D
Santoro, G Ruggiero, P Ciaramella
AFFILIATION: Chair of Immunology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology
and Pathology, University of Naples, Federico II, Via Pansini 5, Napoli,
Italy.
REFERENCE: Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006 Apr 110(3-4):331-7
Thirty-three dogs, naturally infected by Leishmania infantum, were
enrolled in the study and were classified as oligo-symptomatic (n. 15)
and symptomatic or markedly symptomatic (n. 18). A control group was 10
healthy dogs. A haematological profile was obtained and the dogs serum
was employed to assess the presence of platelet binding IgM and IgG
antibodies (PBIgM, PBIgG) using flow cytometry. FITC labelled goat anti-
dog IgM or IgG were used to detect PBIgM and PBIgG. Samples with a mean
fluorescence intensity (MFI) that was 100 channels higher on a log scale
for more than 30% of the platelets than seen in negative control
platelets from a healthy dog were considered positive for the presence
of anti-platelet antibodies (PBIg). Twenty-one (63.3%) dogs revealed the
presence of PBIg. Six of them were oligo-symptomatic while 15 showed
moderate or severe clinical signs of illness. All the dogs with PBIg
showed the presence of PBIgM, with nine animals showing both PBIgM and
PBIgG. Nine of 18 symptomatic or markedly symptomatic dogs showed
thrombocytopenia, while normal platelet counts were observed in all
oligo-symptomatic animals. Eight of 9 thrombocytopenic animals showed
the presence of PBIgM, while six of them showed PBIgG. One
thrombocytopenic dog was negative for PBIg. This study is the first
report documenting the presence of PBIg in natural canine leishmaniasis
implying a pathogenic association between thrombocytopenia and the
presence of antibody against platelet membrane.
PMID: 16514283
TITLE: Effects of combined therapy with thalidomide and glucantime on
leishmaniasis induced by Leishmania major in BALB/c mice.
AUTHORS: Ghassem Solgi, Amina Kariminia, Khossor Abdi, Majid Darabi, Behnaz
Ghareghozloo
AFFILIATION: Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of
Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. akariminia at institute.pasteur.ac.ir.
REFERENCE: Korean J Parasitol 2006 Mar 44(1):55-61
For treating Leishmania major infection in BALB/c mice, we used
thalidomide in conjunction with glucantime. Groups of mice were
challenged with 510(3) metacyclic promastigotes of L. major
subcutaneously. A week after the challenge, drug treatment was started
and continued for 12 days. Thalidomide was orally administrated 30 mg/kg
/day and glucantime was administrated intraperitoneally (200 mg/kg/day
). It was shown that the combined therapy is more effective than single
therapies with each one of the drugs since the foot pad swelling in the
group of mice received thalidomide and glucantime was significantly
decreased (0.9 +/- 0.2 mm) compared to mice treated with either
glucantime, thalidomide, or carrier alone (1.2 +/- 0.25, 1.4 +/- 0.3,
and 1.7 +/- 0.27 mm, respectively). Cytokine study showed that the
effect of thalidomide was not dependent on IL-12; however, it up-
regulated IFN-gamma and down-regulated IL-10 production. Conclusively,
thalidomide seems promising as a conjunctive therapy with antimony in
murine model of visceral leishmaniasis.
PMID: 16517909
TITLE: First Report of Leishmania infantum in French Guiana: Canine Visceral
Leishmaniasis Imported from the Old World.
AUTHORS: Brice Rotureau, Christophe Ravel, Christine Aznar, Bernard Carme,
Jean-Pierre Dedet
AFFILIATION: Laboratoire Hospitalo-Universitaire de Parasitologie et Mycologie
Médicale, Equipe EA 3593, UFR de Médecine de l'Université des Antilles et de
la Guyane, Campus Saint-Denis, B. P. 718, 97336 Cayenne, Guyane Française.
ufrmedag2 at wanadoo.fr.
REFERENCE: J Clin Microbiol 2006 Mar 44(3):1120-2
The first two cases of canine visceral leishmaniasis in French Guiana
are described. One infected dog was most probably imported from France.
A second dog was then infected with Leishmania infantum in French Guiana
. These observations exemplify the intercontinental transportation
theory for L. infantum.
PMID: 16413950
TITLE: Co-administration of IL-12 DNA with rORFF antigen confers long-term
protective immunity against experimental visceral leishmaniaisis.
AUTHORS: Poonam Tewary, Shailendra Saxena, Rentala Madhubala
AFFILIATION: School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi
110067, India.
REFERENCE: Vaccine 2006 Mar 24(13):2409-16
Visceral leishmaniasis, caused by the intracellular parasite Leishmania
donovani is a significant public health problem in many regions of the
world. Anti-leishmanial immune defences are primarily dependent on the
ability of the host to mount an interleukin-12 (IL-12) driven Th1 type
of responses. Thus, IL-12 plays a pivotal role in diversification of the
immune responses towards Th1 type. In this report, we investigated the
effect of IL-12 DNA as an adjuvant with leishmanial recombinant open
reading frame F (rORFF) protein. We demonstrate that an expression
plasmid encoding both p35 and p40 subunits of IL-12 when co-administered
with rORFF induces a significant protection with around 82% protection
in both liver and spleen. The protection correlated with increased
proliferative response of splenocytes and subsequent release of Th1
cytokine IFN-gamma. The levels of IFN-gamma were sustained 4 and 8 weeks
after challenge with L. donovani promastigotes. Interestingly, IL-12
DNA played a key role in modulating the antibody response towards IgG2a
isotype suggesting its use as a potential vaccine adjuvant against
intracellular infections like leishmaniasis.
PMID: 16406227
TITLE: From genome to vaccines for leishmaniasis: Screening 100 novel vaccine
candidates against murine Leishmania major infection.
AUTHORS: Carmel B Stober, Uta G Lange, Mark T M Roberts, Brian Gilmartin,
Richard Francis, Renata Almeida, Christopher S Peacock, Sharon McCann, Jenefer
M Blackwell
AFFILIATION: Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge,
Cambridge CB2 2XY, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, School
of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK.
REFERENCE: Vaccine 2006 Mar 24(14):2602-16
The genomic sequence of Leishmania major provides a rich source of
vaccine candidates. One hundred randomly selected amastigote-expressed
genes were screened as DNA vaccines, and efficacy determined following
high-dose L. major footpad challenge in BALB/c mice. Fourteen protective
novel vaccine candidates were identified; seven vaccines exacerbated
disease. There were no differences in the number of predicted MHC H-2(d
) class I or II epitopes mapping to protective versus exacerbatory
antigens. A proportion of both protective (7/14; 50%) and exacerbatory (
4/7; 57%) proteins showed short (8- to 18-mer) 100% amino acid sequence
identities to human, mouse or gut flora proteins. A high proportion of
these (4/7 protective; 3/4 exacerbatory) showed full or partial overlap
with RANKPEP-predicted H-2(d) classes I and II epitopes. Our data
suggest, therefore, that there may be little difference between antigens
/epitopes that drive regulatory versus effector CD4 T cell populations.
The best novel protective antigen was an amastin-like gene that maps to
a 17-gene tandem array on Leishmania chromosome 8 and is closely related
to 37 other amastin-like genes. Two ribosomal proteins, a V-ATPase
subunit, and a dynein light chain orthologue were the only other
protective genes with putative functions.
PMID: 16517925
TITLE: Post-Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis Due to Leishmania infantum in a Human
Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Patient.
AUTHORS: D Stark, S Pett, D Marriott, J Harkness
AFFILIATION: Department of Microbiology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst
2010 NSW, Australia. dstark at stvincents.com.au.
REFERENCE: J Clin Microbiol 2006 Mar 44(3):1178-80
We report the first case of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis due to
Leishmania infantum in a human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected
patient in Australia. Molecular characterization of the isolate was
performed using PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism targeting
both repetitive sequences from Leishmania nuclear DNA and repetitive
kinetoplast DNA minicircles for species differentiation.
PMID: 16420954
TITLE: Are there differences in clinical and laboratory parameters between
children and adults with American visceral leishmaniasis?
AUTHORS: Arlene J M Caldas, Jackson Costa, Dorlene Aquino, Antônio Augusto M
Silva, Manoel Barral-Netto, Aldina Barral
AFFILIATION: Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz
(FIOCRUZ), Salvador, BA, Brazil; Departamento de Enfermagem, Universidade
Federal do Maranhão, UFMA, São LuÃs, MA, Brazil.
REFERENCE: Acta Trop 2006 Mar 97(3):252-8
A prospective study on 23 patients with American visceral leishmaniasis
(VL), comparing clinical and laboratory parameters of 14 children (mean
age of 3.85+/-3.39 years) to nine adults (27.4+/-10.90 years) was
performed in São LuÃs, Maranhão, Brazil, between August 2000 and July
2002. Data were collected at entrance (day 0), end of treatment, as
well as 120 and 210 days after treatment using a protocol chart
containing patient identification, clinical and laboratory data. N-
Methylglucamine antimonate administered at the dose of 20mg/Sb(5+)/kg/
day for 20-30 days was successfully used in all patients. Patients were
followed for 1 year after treatment, and no relapses were observed. A
prolonged duration of the disease, lymphadenopathy and bleeding
predominated in adult patients, while hepatomegaly and skin-mucosal
pallor were more frequent in children. Disease was longer and more
severe in adults than in children. Although both groups exhibited a
trend toward normalization of hematological and biochemical parameters,
more children returned sooner to normal values than adults. Difference
in clinical or laboratory parameters between children and adults did not
indicate the need for different clinical or therapeutic approaches.
PMID: 16460654
TITLE: Altitudinal structuring of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the
High-Atlas mountains (Morocco) and its relation to the risk of leishmaniasis
transmission.
AUTHORS: S Guernaoui, A Boumezzough, A Laamrani
AFFILIATION: Geodes Unit, Institute of Research for Development (IRD), 32,
Avenue Henri Varagnat, 93143 Bondy Cedex, France; Laboratory of Animal
Terrestrial Ecology, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Marrakech, Morocco.
REFERENCE: Acta Trop 2006 Mar 97(3):346-51
This paper presents the results of entomological surveys on phlebotomine
sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the Haouz of Marrakech and High-
Atlas mountains (Morocco). Sand flies were captured with sticky traps
from 25 stations with altitudes ranging between 400 and 1400m. A total
of 2742 specimens belonging to nine phlebotomine species was collected,
Phlebotomus (Larroussius) perniciosus Newstead being the predominant
species. There was a remarkable difference in the diversity of the sand
fly fauna among the altitudes. Two associations of sand fly faunas were
determined, the first one in lower altitude and the second one in higher
altitude. The significance of the predominant species at any altitude
range was discussed in terms of the risk of transmission of
leishmaniasis.
PMID: 16464432
TITLE: Refinement of techniques for the propagation of Leishmania donovani in
hamsters.
AUTHORS: Susan Wyllie, Alan H Fairlamb
AFFILIATION: Division of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Microbiology,
Wellcome Trust Biocentre, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee
DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK.
REFERENCE: Acta Trop 2006 Mar 97(3):364-9
Improved animal models are urgently required for drug and vaccine
development against visceral leishmaniasis. Here we report refinements
to the hamster model of infection that reduce the severity of the
disease as well as the number of animals required to maintain infection
while improving parasite yields. A comparison between infection via the
intracardiac and intraperitoneal routes showed that the less commonly
used intraperitoneal route is the simpler and preferred method. The
KAtex latex agglutination test for visceral leishmaniasis accurately
detected Leishmania donovani antigen in hamster urine as early as 6
weeks post-inoculation. With modification, this assay could be an
important tool in the evaluation of experimental drugs and vaccines.
PMID: 16506936
TITLE: Autochthonous visceral leishmaniasis in dogs in North America.
REFERENCE: J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006 Mar 228(5):727
PMID: 16514281
TITLE: Identification of novel Leishmania major antigens that elicit IgG2a
response in resistant and susceptible mice.
AUTHORS: Mohammad Reza Mohammadi, Majid Zeinali, Sussan K Ardestani, Amina
Kariminia
AFFILIATION: Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran,
Tehran, Iran. ardestani at ibb.ut.ac.ir.
REFERENCE: Korean J Parasitol 2006 Mar 44(1):43-8
Experimental murine models with high, intermediate and low levels of
genetically based susceptibility to Leishmania major infection reproduce
almost entire spectrum of clinical manifestations of the human disease
. There are increasing non-comparative studies on immune responses
against isolated antigens of L. major in different murine strains. The
aim of the present study was to find out whether there is an antigen
that can induce protective immune response in resistant and susceptible
murine strains. To do that, crude antigenic extract of procyclic and
metacyclic promastigotes of L. major was prepared and subjected to SDS-
PAGE electrophoresis. Western-blotting was used to search for antigen(s
) capable of raising high antibody level of IgG2a versus IgG1 in the
sera of both infected resistant and susceptible strains. Two novel
antigens from metacyclic promastigotes of L. major (140 and 152 kDa)
were potentially able to induce specific dominant IgG2a responses in
BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. The 2 antigens also reacted with IgG antibody
of cutaneous leishmaniasis patients. We confirm that 140 and 152 kDa
proteins of L. major promastigotes are inducing IgG production in mice
and humans.
PMID: 16517989
TITLE: Monoclonal gammopathy in human leishmaniasis.
AUTHORS: M L Randi, E Ruzzon, F Tezza, F Tezza, E Pacquola, F Fabris
AFFILIATION: Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Internal Medicine,
University of Padua Medical School, Padua, Italy.
REFERENCE: Neth J Med 2006 Feb 64(2):50-1
A 64-year-old female with IgGk monoclonal components (total 45 g/l) and
30% abnormal plasma cells and plasmoblasts in bone marrow is reported.
After the identification of leishmania in the bone marrow, liposomal
amphotericin B was used and a progressive resolution of the gammopathy
was documented.
PMID: 16495850
TITLE: [Leishmania infantum/HIV co-infection: cutaneous lesions following
treatment of visceral leishmaniasis]
AUTHORS: G Catorze, J Alberto, A Afonso, R Vieira, S Cortes, L Campino
AFFILIATION: Serviço de Dermatologia, Hospital de Curry Cabral, Lisboa,
Portugal. goreticarze at iol.pt
REFERENCE: Ann Dermatol Venereol 2006 Jan 133(1):39-42
BACKGROUND: The Mediterranean basin is an endemic region of
leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum. With the advent of human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, the number of cases of visceral
leishmaniasis has dramatically increased in this area over the last
years, mainly in adults. Moreover, the presence of cutaneous lesions
infested with Leishmania has been frequently reported in these patients
. CASE-REPORT: A 35-year-old Portuguese woman, a former intravenous drug
user HIV1-positive since 1997, developed visceral leishmaniasis in 2000
, with several relapses in 2001 and 2002, treated successively with
pentavalent antimonial salts (Glucantime), liposomal amphotericin B and
Glucantime associated with itraconazole. Several weeks after therapy for
the second relapse of visceral leishmaniasis, physical examination
revealed asymptomatic erythematous papules on the face that later spread
to the trunk and upper limbs. Histopathologic studies of a skin biopsy
revealed a granulomatous infiltrate in the dermis with the presence of
Leishmania amastigotes. After culture, the parasite was identified as L
. infantum MON-1. In spite of improvement of the patient's visceral
leishmaniasis with the above-mentioned treatment, the cutaneous lesions
became increasingly numerous and infiltrated. After 2 months of therapy
with intravenous pentamidine (4 mg/kg/3 times a week) and oral dapsone (
100 mg b.i.d), the cutaneous lesions disappeared completely. Prevention
with dapsone was successfully maintained for 6 months. Several weeks
after discontinuation of treatment, further lesions appeared. The
patient improved again on reintroduction of dapsone. DISCUSSION: This
case confirmed the existence of a clinical form similar to post-kala-
azar dermal leishmaniasis in a patient co-infected with L. infantum MON-
1/HIV. The cutaneous lesions were resistant to classical antileishmanial
drugs but disappeared on treatment with dapsone.
PMID: 16495859
TITLE: [Linear cutaneous leishmaniasis: a new clinical form]
AUTHORS: A Masmoudi, N Ayedi, S Bouassida, S Marrekchi, S Boudaya, N Elleuch, H
Turki, A Zahaf
REFERENCE: Ann Dermatol Venereol 2006 Jan 133(1):70
PMID: 16444421
TITLE: Studies in a co-infection murine model of Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi
and Leishmania infantum: interferon-gamma and interleukin-4 mRNA expression.
AUTHORS: Cláudia S Marques, Nuno Rolão, Sónia Centeno-Lima, Hélder Lousada,
Carla Maia, Lenea Campino, VirgÃlio E do Rosário, Henrique Silveira
AFFILIATION: Unidade de Leishmanioses, Centro de Malária e Doenças Tropicais,
Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa.
REFERENCE: Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2005 Dec 100(8):889-92
This work aimed to study the T helper type 1/2 (Th1/Th2) cytokine
profile in a co-infection murine model of Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi
and Leishmania infantum. Expression of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and
interleukin-4 (IL-4) was analyzed, in spleen and liver of C57BL/6 mice,
by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. High levels of IFN-
gamma expression did not prevent the progression of Leishmania in co-
infected mice and Leishmania infection did not interfere with the Th1/
Th2 switch necessary for Plasmodium control. The presence of IL-4 at day
28 in co-infected mice, essential for Plasmodium elimination, was
probably a key factor on the exacerbation of the Leishmania infection.
PMID: 16517995
TITLE: Rapid & reliable diagnostic tests for visceral leishmaniasis.
AUTHORS: Poonam Salotra, Ruchi Singh
AFFILIATION: Institute of Pathology (ICMR) Safdarjung Hospital Campus New Delhi
110029, India e-mail: salotra at vsnl.com.
REFERENCE: Indian J Med Res 2005 Dec 122():464-7
PMID: 16517998
TITLE: Evaluation of a rapid immunochromatographic test for diagnosis of
kala-azar & post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis at a tertiary care centre of
north India.
AUTHORS: Purva Mathur, Jyotish Samantaray, Neeraj Kumar Chauhan
AFFILIATION: Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical
Sciences, New Delhi, India.
REFERENCE: Indian J Med Res 2005 Dec 122():485-90
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Definitive diagnosis of kala-azar requires
demonstration of parasites by diagnostic protocols based on invasive
organ aspirations. We evaluated in the present study the diagnostic
utility of an immunochromatographic test (ICT) for detection of anti- rK
-39 antibodies for the non-invasive diagnosis of kala-azar and post kala
-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) at a tertiary care centre of north
India. METHODS: The study was conducted in the Department of
Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, from
July 2003 to October 2004. Of the 120 samples tested, 57 were found to
be positive by ICT; of which, 51 were diagnosed as kala-azar and 6 as
PKDL. The controls included individuals from endemic (50) and non
endemic (19) areas with malignancies, haemolytic disorders, chronic
liver diseases, hypersplenism, portal hypertension, metabolic disorders
and sarcoidosis. In addition, 47 sera from confirmed cases of
tuberculosis, malaria, typhoid, filariasis, leptospirosis,
histoplasmosis, toxoplasmosis, invasive aspergillosis, amoebic liver
abscess, AIDS, leprosy, cryptococcosis, strongyloidiasis, cyclosporosis
, patients having collagen vascular diseases and hypergammaglobulinaemia
were also tested to check the specificity of the test. RESULTS: Of the
51 cases with kala-azar 43 were males, children accounted for 25 per
cent of these cases. All had fever of duration ranging from <1 month
to 1.5 yr (median 4.5 months). All PKDL patients (n=6, 4 males) gave a
history of having suffered from kala-azar in the past, and their slit
skin test smears were microscopically positive for Leishman-Donovan (LD
) bodies. The strip test was positive in all the cases of kala-azar and
PKDL (estimated sensitivity 100%), all control sera were negative by the
ICT (specificity 100%). INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: The rK-39 ICT
is a highly sensitive and specific test, and may be suitable for a rapid
, cost-effective and reliable field diagnosis of kala-azar and PKDL.
PMID: 16511153
TITLE: Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of Leishmania major
glyoxalase I.
AUTHORS: Antonio Ariza, Tim J Vickers, Neil Greig, Alan H Fairlamb, Charles S
Bond
AFFILIATION: Division of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Microbiology,
Wellcome Trust Biocentre, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee
DD1 5EH, Scotland.
REFERENCE: Acta Crystallograph Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2005 Aug 61(Pt
8):769-72
Glyoxalase I (GLO1) is a putative drug target for trypanosomatids, which
are pathogenic protozoa that include the causative agents of
leishmaniasis. Significant sequence and functional differences between
Leishmania major and human GLO1 suggest that it may make a suitable
template for rational inhibitor design. L. major GLO1 was crystallized
in two forms: the first is extremely disordered and does not diffract,
while the second, an orthorhombic form, produces diffraction to 2.0 A.
Molecular-replacement calculations indicate that there are three GLO1
dimers in the asymmetric unit, which take up a helical arrangement with
their molecular dyads arranged approximately perpendicular to the c axis
. Further analysis of these data are under way.
PMID: 16410918
TITLE: Risk factors for Leishmania chagasi infection in an urban area of Minas
Gerais State.
AUTHORS: Elizabeth Castro Moreno, Maria Norma Melo, Odair Genaro, José Roberto
Lambertucci, José Carlos Serufo, Antero Silva Ribeiro Andrade, Carlos Mauricio
Figueiredo Antunes, Mariângela Carneiro
AFFILIATION: Fundação Nacional de Saúde de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG,
Brazil.
REFERENCE: Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2005 Nov-Dec 38(6):456-63
In order to understand the determinants of human infection by Leishmania
chagasi in an urban area, a cross-sectional population based study was
conducted using molecular and serologic methods to identify infection.
Participants were interviewed using a pre-coded questionnaire. Two
criteria were tested to identify risk factors: Model 1--including all
participants positive in hybridization by Leishmania donovani complex
probe; Model 2--including all participants positive for hybridization
and at least one serologic test. In Model 1, the variables associated
with infection were: ownership of birds, time spent outside house
between 6:00-10:00 PM and garbage not collected. In Model 2, the
variables associated with infection were: family with knowledge of the
vector, garbage not collected, garbage not removed or buried, ownership
of birds and eroded areas in the neighborhood. The risk factors
identified were associated with household conditions, presence of
animals and the likelihood of contact with phlebotomine sandflies.
********************************************************************************************************************
The following references are revised files and are brought to you in accordance
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PMID: 11357378
TITLE: [The population structure of agamic protozoan species: Leishmania]
AUTHORS: V M Saf'ianova
AFFILIATION: Gamaleya Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and
Microbiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, 123098 Russia.
REFERENCE: Izv Akad Nauk Ser Biol 2001 Mar-Apr (2):149-56
The problem of intraspecific variability in agamic protozoans is
analyzed using Leishmania as an example on the basis of data obtained
within the last decade using modern methods of molecular biology and
biochemistry. We demonstrate local populations resulting from their
coevolutionary interaction with other members of the parasitic system:
mosquitoes (Diptera, Phlebotominae) and mammals. The existence of a
population structure substantiates the notion of species for Leishmania
genus; their properties fit within the generally accepted frames of this
taxon criterions.
REQUEST: [ leishmania ]
(27 articles match this request. 12 articles matching other requests removed)
PMID: 16442169
TITLE: The Leishmania major maxicircle divergent region is variable in different
isolates and cell types.
AUTHORS: Pavel N Flegontov, Margarita V Strelkova, Alexander A Kolesnikov
AFFILIATION: Department of Molecular Biology, Moscow State University, Vorobjevy
Gory 1, Build. 12 119992 Moscow, Russia.
REFERENCE: Mol Biochem Parasitol 2006 Apr 146(2):173-9
The maxicircle divergent region (DR) was partially sequenced in several
isolates of Leishmania major. The sequence contains various repeated
elements: two types of long GC-rich repeats alternating with clusters of
short AT-rich repeats. The arrangement of repeats appears to be similar
in the studied Leishmania species and their relative Leptomonas
seymouri. Furthermore, a conserved sequence containing putative
promoters within a palindrome was revealed in the DRs of these species.
Unexpectedly, the DR sequence proved to be dissimilar in promastigotes
and amastigotes of the same isolate perhaps through selection of
parasites with particular maxicircle variants in the course of the
promastigote-amastigote differentiation. Different number of repeats and
numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms are observed in the compared
sequences. We have also investigated the DR structure in 21 L. major
isolates by PCR and demonstrated its great variability. We suppose,
however, that different variants of the DR structure are generated by
combination of several highly conserved domains.
PMID: 16464509
TITLE: Genomic organization and expression of the expanded SCG/L/R gene family
of Leishmania major: Internal clusters and telomeric localization of SCGs
mediating species-specific LPG modifications.
AUTHORS: Deborah E Dobson, Luella D Scholtes, Peter J Myler, Salvatore J Turco,
Stephen M Beverley
AFFILIATION: Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School
of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
REFERENCE: Mol Biochem Parasitol 2006 Apr 146(2):231-41
Stage-specific modifications to the abundant surface lipophosphoglycan (
LPG) adhesin of Leishmania play critical roles in binding and release of
the parasite during its infectious cycle in the sand fly, and control
the ability of different fly species to transmit different parasite
strains and species. In Leishmania major Friedlin V1, binding to a sand
fly midgut lectin is mediated by side chain galactosyl (scGal)
modifications of the LPG phosphoglycan (PG) repeats, while release
occurs following arabinose-capping of scGals. Previously we identified a
family of six SCG genes encoding PG scbeta-galactosyltransferases, and
here we show that the extended SCG gene family (now termed SCG/L/R)
encompasses 14 members in three subfamilies (SCG, SCGL and SCGR).
Northern blot and RT-PCR analyses suggest that most of the SCG/L/R genes
are expressed, with distinct patterns during the infectious cycle. The
six SCGR subfamily genes are clustered and interspersed with the two SCA
genes responsible for developmentally regulated arabinosylation of PG
scGals; relationships amongst the SCGR revealed clear evidence of
extensive gene conversion. In contrast, the seven SCG 'core' family
members are localized adjacent to telomeres. These telomeres share
varying amounts of sequence upstream and/or downstream of the SCG ORFs,
again providing evidence of past gene conversions. Multiple SCG1-7 RNAs
were expressed simultaneously within parasite populations. Potentially,
telomeric localization of SCG genes may function primarily to facilitate
gene conversion and the elaboration of functional evolutionary
diversity in the degree of PG sc-galactosylation observed in other
strains of L. major.
PMID: 16513480
TITLE: Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) Characterization in Leishmania amazonensis
Axenic Amastigotes.
AUTHORS: Marcelo Genestra, Damiana Guedes-Silva, Wilson J S Souza, Léa
Cysne-Finkelstein, Rômulo José Soares-Bezerra, Fabiane Pereira Monteiro,
Leonor L Leon
AFFILIATION: Department of Immunology.
REFERENCE: Arch Med Res 2006 Apr 37(3):328-33
BACKGROUND: Although Leishmania virulence may be modulated by
environmental and genetic factors of their mammalian hosts and sand fly
vectors, molecular determinants of Leishmania sp. are the key elements.
This work evidences that Leishmania amazonensis axenic amastigotes
produce comparatively more NO than infective promastigotes. METHODS: A
soluble NOS was purified from L. amazonensis axenic amastigotes by
affinity chromatography (2',5'-ADP-agarose), and on SDS-PAGE the enzyme
migrates as a single protein band. RESULTS: The presence of a
constitutive NOS was detected through immunofluorescence using antibody
against neuronal NOS (nNOS) and in NADPH consumption assays. CONCLUSIONS
: The present data show that NOS is prominent in axenic amastigote
preparations, suggesting an association with the infectivity and/or an
escaping mechanism of the parasite. The relationship between the NO-
generating systems in the parasite and in their host cell warrants
further investigation.
PMID: 16417933
TITLE: C-reactive protein initiates transformation of Leishmania donovani and L.
mexicana through binding to lipophosphoglycan.
AUTHORS: Margaret Mbuchi, Paul A Bates, Thomas Ilg, John E Coe, John G Raynes
AFFILIATION: Immunology Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases,
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St., London WC1E 7HT,
UK.
REFERENCE: Mol Biochem Parasitol 2006 Apr 146(2):259-64
PMID: 16430978
TITLE: Expression profiling by whole-genome interspecies microarray
hybridization reveals differential gene expression in procyclic promastigotes,
lesion-derived amastigotes, and axenic amastigotes in Leishmania mexicana.
AUTHORS: Timothy R Holzer, W R McMaster, James D Forney
AFFILIATION: Purdue University, Department of Biochemistry, 175 S. University
St., West Lafayette, IN 47907-2063, United States.
REFERENCE: Mol Biochem Parasitol 2006 Apr 146(2):198-218
We examined the Leishmania mexicana transcriptome to identify
differentially regulated mRNAs using high-density whole-genome
oligonucleotide microarrays designed from the genome data of a closely
related species, Leishmania major. Statistical analysis on array
hybridization data representing 8156 predicted coding regions revealed
288 genes (3.5% of all genes) whose steady-state mRNA levels meet
criteria for differential regulation between promastigotes and lesion-
derived amastigotes. Interestingly, sample comparison of promastigotes
to axenic amastigotes resulted in only 17 genes (0.2%) that meet the
same statistical criteria for differential regulation. The reduced
number of regulated genes is a consequence of an increase in the
magnitude of the transcript levels in cells under axenic conditions. The
expression data for a subset of genes was validated by quantitative PCR
. Our studies show that interspecies hybridization on microarrays can be
used to analyze closely related protozoan parasites, that axenic
culture conditions may alter amastigote transcript abundance, and that
there is only a relatively modest change in abundance of a few mRNAs
between morphologically distinct promastigote and amastigote cultured
cells. Leishmania may represent an alternative paradigm for eukaryotic
differentiation with minimal contributions from changes in mRNA
abundance.
PMID: 16514280
TITLE: Production of nitric oxide by murine macrophages induced by
lipophosphoglycan of Leishmania major.
AUTHORS: Gholamreza Kavoosi, Sussan K Ardestani, Amina Kariminia, Zahra
Tavakoli
AFFILIATION: Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran,
Tehran, Iran. ardestani at ibb.ut.ac.ir.
REFERENCE: Korean J Parasitol 2006 Mar 44(1):35-41
Protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania cause a number of important
human diseases. One of the key determinants of parasite infectivity and
survival is the surface glycoconjugate lipophosphoglycan (LPG). In
addition, LPG is shown to be useful as a transmission blocking vaccine.
Since culture supernatant of parasite promastigotes is a good source of
LPG, we made attempts to characterize functions of the culture
supernatant, and membrane LPG isolated from metacyclic promastigotes of
Leishmania major. The purification scheme included anion-exchange
chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography and cold methanol
precipitation. The purity of supernatant LPG (sLPG) and membrane LPG (
mLPG) was determined by SDS-PAGE and thin layer chromatography. The
effect of mLPG and sLPG on nitric oxide (NO) production by murine
macrophages cell line (J774.1A) was studied. Both sLPG and mLPG induced
NO production in a dose dependent manner but sLPG induced significantly
higher amount of NO than mLPG. Our results show that sLPG is able to
promote NO production by murine macrophages.
PMID: 16417969
TITLE: Do any insects other than phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae)
transmit Leishmania infantum (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) from dog to
dog?
AUTHORS: Filipe Dantas-Torres
AFFILIATION: Departamento de Imunologia, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães,
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Caixa Postal 7472, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, s/n,
Campus UFPE, Recife CEP 50670-420, Pernambuco, Brazil.
REFERENCE: Vet Parasitol 2006 Mar 136(3-4):379-80
PMID: 16446114
TITLE: Leishmania proteins derived from recombinant DNA: current status and next
steps.
AUTHORS: Joanna Kubar, Konstantina Fragaki
AFFILIATION: CNRS FRE 2720, Université de Nice, Faculté de Médecine EA2675,
Avenue Valombrose, 06107 Nice Cedex 2, France.
REFERENCE: Trends Parasitol 2006 Mar 22(3):111-6
The parasite Leishmania is a major cause of disease worldwide. In the
past 15 years, many groups have analysed DNA-derived proteins from
Leishmania. Large amounts of data obtained by these groups can be
collated to direct future research into Leishmania and to find novel
immunological mechanisms and information about its metabolism.
International coordination will increase both the basic knowledge about
Leishmania and the capacity to apply this knowledge to combat
leishmaniases.
PMID: 16423430
TITLE: Vaccination with a preparation based on recombinant cysteine peptidases
and canine IL-12 does not protect dogs from infection with Leishmania
infantum.
AUTHORS: J Poot, K Spreeuwenberg, S J Sanderson, V E C J Schijns, J C Mottram, G
H Coombs, A N Vermeulen
AFFILIATION: Intervet International B.V., Parasitology R&D, Wim de Körverstraat
35, 5831AN Boxmeer, the Netherlands.
REFERENCE: Vaccine 2006 Mar 24(14):2460-8
Cysteine peptidases (CPs) have been implicated in various processes
central to the pathogenicity of Leishmania parasites, and are thought to
be key factors in the host-parasite interaction. In order to fully
evaluate the potential of the CPs as vaccine candidates, studies in
natural host species are required. In the study we report here,
recombinant L. infantum CPs CPA and CPB were used to vaccinate dogs. In
order to induce an appropriate response against the antigens,
recombinant canine IL-12 was added as an adjuvant either by itself or in
combination with Quil A. After vaccination, dogs were given an
intravenous challenge with promastigotes of L. infantum JPC strain. In
both vaccinated groups (CPs with IL-12 or CPs with IL-12 and Quil A) CP-
specific antibodies were detected after vaccination, indicating that
there was a reaction to the vaccine. However, all dogs were found
parasite-positive and all developed some degree of clinical
leishmaniosis. The observed lack of efficacy of the candidate vaccines
could be due, completely or in part, to a number of factors associated
with the vaccine antigen, the adjuvant or host-parasite interactions.
When compared to results from other studies, it seems less likely that
the molecular conformation of the rCPs or rIL-12 caused this lack of
efficacy. More plausible explanations are the dose and timing of the IL-
12 application and the potentially different effects IL-12 induces as an
adjuvant in either the murine or the canine leishmaniosis model.
PMID: 16442069
TITLE: Leishmania infantum released proteins specifically regulate cytokine
expression and production patterns by CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells.
AUTHORS: Ricardo Rosa, Cláudia Marques, Olivia Roos Rodrigues, Gabriela M
Santos-Gomes
AFFILIATION: Unidade de Leishmanioses and Centro de Malária e Outras Doenças
Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova
de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira 96, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal.
REFERENCE: Acta Trop 2006 Mar 97(3):309-17
Specific immune responses by CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, from two
infected mice strains (BALB/c and C57BL/6), induced by High, Inter and
Low protein fractions released by Leishmania infantum, were assessed
through the evaluation of IL-12, IFN-gamma and IL-10 mRNA by real-time
PCR and respective protein production by ELISA. During infection
establishment, High and Inter fractions directed both mice strains T
cells subsets to increase the production of IFN-gamma, associated to IL-
12 release. Later on, parasite replication augmented in BALB/c and
stabilised in C57BL/6 mice. Inter fraction induced CD4(+) T cells to
maintain IFN-gamma production, with the simultaneous release of IL-12 by
both cell subsets in BALB/c mice and by CD8(+) T cells in C57BL/6 mice
. These observations suggested a prophylactic potential for Inter
fraction which was able to induce Th1 response with IL-12 involvement,
required for the maintenance of memory cells, in mice strains with
different parasitic evolution.
PMID: 16511295
TITLE: Structure of Lmaj006129AAA, a hypothetical protein from Leishmania
major.
AUTHORS: Tracy Arakaki, Isolde Le Trong, Eric Phizicky, Erin Quartley, George
Detitta, Joseph Luft, Angela Lauricella, Lori Anderson, Oleksandr Kalyuzhniy,
Elizabeth Worthey, Peter J Myler, David Kim, David Baker, Wim G J Hol, Ethan A
Merritt
AFFILIATION: Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
98195-7742, USA.
REFERENCE: Acta Crystallograph Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2006 Mar 62(Pt
3):175-9
The gene product of structural genomics target Lmaj006129 from
Leishmania major codes for a 164-residue protein of unknown function.
When SeMet expression of the full-length gene product failed, several
truncation variants were created with the aid of Ginzu, a domain-
prediction method. 11 truncations were selected for expression,
purification and crystallization based upon secondary-structure elements
and disorder. The structure of one of these variants, Lmaj006129AAH,
was solved by multiple-wavelength anomalous diffraction (MAD) using
ELVES, an automatic protein crystal structure-determination system. This
model was then successfully used as a molecular-replacement probe for
the parent full-length target, Lmaj006129AAA. The final structure of
Lmaj006129AAA was refined to an R value of 0.185 (R(free) = 0.229) at 1.
60 A resolution. Structure and sequence comparisons based on
Lmaj006129AAA suggest that proteins belonging to Pfam sequence families
PF04543 and PF01878 may share a common ligand-binding motif.
PMID: 16511802
TITLE: Nasal and oral masses in a dog.
AUTHORS: Esther Levy, Mathios E Mylonakis, Manolis N Saridomichelakis, Zoe S
Polizopoulou, Vassilios Psychogios, Alexander F Koutinas
AFFILIATION: Veterinary Center of Thessaloniki, Clinic of Companion Animal
Medicine, and Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Clinical Pathology, School
of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle Univiersity of Thessaloniki, Greece.
sanimed at vet.auth.gr.
REFERENCE: Vet Clin Pathol 2006 Mar 35(1):115-8
A 5-year-old, intact male, stray dog was presented in poor body
condition, with pallor, muzzle deformity, multiple oozing fistulas with
grass awns, bilateral sanguinopurulent nasal discharge and a fleshy
friable mass occupying part of the hard palate. A friable mass occupying
both nasal cavities was found on rhinoscopy. The dog had moderate
nonregenerative normochromic-microcytic anemia, thrombocytopenia,
hyperglobulinemia, and hypoalbuminemia. Cytologic preparations of the
nasal and oral masses contained a neoplastic population of round cells
with intracytoplasmic and extracellular vacuoles. Leishmania amastigotes
also were observed, in the cytoplasm of macrophages and, occasionally,
within neoplastic cells. A diagnosis of transmissible venereal tumor and
concurrent leishmaniosis was made. Treatment with vincristine and
allopurinol resulted in complete resolution of clinical signs and
disappearance of the masses. The presence of amastigotes in neoplastic
TVT cells may suggest an alternative mode of transmission of canine
leishmaniosis where these diseases co-exist.
PMID: 16419122
TITLE: Bioactive properties of plant species ingested by chimpanzees (Pan
troglodytes schweinfurthii) in the Kibale National Park, Uganda.
AUTHORS: Sabrina Krief, Michael A Huffman, Thierry Sévenet, Claude-Marcel
Hladik, Philippe Grellier, Philippe M Loiseau, Richard W Wrangham
AFFILIATION: ICSN, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France. krief at mnhn.fr
REFERENCE: Am J Primatol 2006 Jan 68(1):51-71
We measured the biological activities of a selected sample (84 crude
extracts) of 24 species eaten by wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes
schweinfurthii) in the Kibale National Park, western Uganda, to assess
their potential chemotherapeutic values. Antibacterial, antimalarial,
and/or antileishmania activities were observed in some crude extracts,
and five of these extracts showed a significant cytotoxicity against
human tumor cells. Active compounds isolated from three plant parts
occasionally ingested by chimpanzees (Diospyros abyssinica (Ebenaceae)
bark, Uvariopsis congensis (Annonaceae) leaves, and Trichilia rubescens
(Meliaceae) leaves) showed highly significant medicinal properties. Two
novel antiparasitic limonoids were isolated from Trichilia rubescens
and their molecular structures were determined. In addition to
elucidating the natural equilibrium maintained between hosts and
pathogens, our investigation of the diet of wild chimpanzees may serve
as a guideline to discovering plants with bioactive properties that
should be preserved from destruction because of their health maintenance
value for great ape populations.
PMID: 16488884
TITLE: Differential induction of Leishmania donovani bi-subunit topoisomerase
I-DNA cleavage complex by selected flavones and camptothecin: activity of
flavones against camptothecin-resistant topoisomerase I.
AUTHORS: Benu Brata Das, Nilkantha Sen, Amit Roy, Somdeb Bose Dasgupta, Agneyo
Ganguly, Bikash Chandra Mohanta, Biswanath Dinda, Hemanta K Majumder
AFFILIATION: Department of Molecular Parasitology, Indian Institute of Chemical
Biology, 4, Raja S.C Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India.
REFERENCE: Nucleic Acids Res 2006 34(4):1121-32
Emergence of the bi-subunit topoisomerase I in the kinetoplastid family
(Trypanosoma and Leishmania) has brought a new twist in topoisomerase
research related to evolution, functional conservation and preferential
sensitivities to the specific inhibitors of type IB topoisomerase family
. In the present study, we describe that naturally occurring flavones
baicalein, luteolin and quercetin are potent inhibitors of the
recombinant Leishmania donovani topoisomerase I. These compounds bind to
the free enzyme and also intercalate into the DNA at a very high
concentration (300 microM) without binding to the minor grove. Here, we
show that inhibition of topoisomerase I by these flavones is due to
stabilization of topoisomerase I-DNA cleavage complexes, which
subsequently inhibit the religation step. Their ability to stabilize the
covalent topoisomerase I-DNA complex in vitro and in living cells is
similar to that of the known topoisomerase I inhibitor camptothecin (CPT
). However, in contrast to CPT, baicalein and luteolin failed to inhibit
the religation step when the drugs were added to pre-formed enzyme
substrate binary complex. This differential mechanism to induce the
stabilization of cleavable complex with topoisomerase I and DNA by these
selected flavones and CPT led us to investigate the effect of baicalein
and luteolin on CPT-resistant mutant enzyme LdTOP1Delta39LS lacking 1-
39 amino acids of the large subunit [B. B. Das, N. Sen, S. B. Dasgupta,
A. Ganguly and H. K. Majumder (2005) J. Biol. Chem. 280, 16335-16344].
Baicalein and luteolin stabilize duplex oligonucleotide cleavage with
LdTOP1Delta39LS. This observation was further supported by the
stabilization of in vivo cleavable complex by baicalein and luteolin
with highly CPT-resistant L.donovani strain. Taken together, our data
suggest that the interacting amino acid residues of topoisomerase I may
be partially overlapping or different for flavones and CPT. This study
illuminates new properties of the flavones and provide additional
insights into the ligand binding properties of L.donovani topoisomerase
I.
PMID: 16425718
TITLE: [Penile sporotrichoid cutaneous leishmaniasis]
AUTHORS: A Masmoudi, S Boudaya, L Bouzid, F Frigui, T J Meziou, F Akrout, H
Turki, A Zahaf
AFFILIATION: Service de dermatologie, EPS Hédi Chaker 3029 Sfax, Tunisie.
masmoudiabd at yahoo.fr
REFERENCE: Bull Soc Pathol Exot 2005 Dec 98(5):380-1
The localisation of the cutaneous leishmaniasis of L. major at the penis
level is rare, we report here a new observation. Mr K. R aged of 41,
without known pathological background presented for 20 days a nodular
lesion of the anterior face of the neck, 2 juxtaposed ulcerated nodular
lesions of the left wrist. He presented also subcutaneous nodules ranged
linearly and extended to the root of the penis. Theses lesions were
covered by an erythematous or ulcerated skin. The smear made from the
genital lesions of the penis confirmed the diagnosis of a cutaneous
leishmaniasis. The evolution was favourable after a 21 days treatment by
doxycyclin after an interval of one week. Our observation was specific
by the localisation of the cutaneous leishmaniasis and by the clinical
form. This shows that in our region cutaneous leishmaniasis is
characterised by different clinical symptoms.
REQUEST: [ sand fly ]
(4 articles match this request. 3 articles matching other requests removed)
PMID: 16506445
TITLE: Repellent and deterrent effects of SS220, Ppicaridin, and Deet suppress
human blood feeding by Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi, and Phlebotomus
papatasi.
AUTHORS: Jerome A Klun, Ashot Khrimian, Mustapha Debboun
AFFILIATION: USDA-ARS, BA, PSI, Chemical Affecting Insect Behavior Laboratory,
Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
REFERENCE: J Med Entomol 2006 Jan 43(1):34-9
A series of behavioral tests with Aedes aegypti (L.), Anopheles
stephensi Liston, mosquitoes, and the sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi
Scopoli in the presence of Deet, SS220, and Picaridin topically applied
to the skin of human volunteers showed that the insects were deterred
from feeding on and repelled from surfaces emanating the compounds. When
offered a 12- or 24-cm2 area of skin, one-half treated with compound
and one-half untreated, the insects fed almost exclusively on untreated
skin. The sand flies and mosquitoes did not at any time physically
contact chemically treated surfaces. When treated and untreated skin
areas were covered with cloth, insects contacted, landed, and bit only
through cloth covering untreated skin. These observations provided
evidence that the compounds deterred feeding and repelled insects from
treated surfaces primarily as a result of olfactory sensing. When cloth
, one-half untreated and one-half treated with chemical, was placed over
untreated skin, insects only touched and specifically bit through the
untreated cloth. This showed that the activity of the chemicals does not
involve a chemical x skin interaction. In the presence of any of the
three chemicals, no matter how they were presented to the insects,
overall population biting activity was reduced by about one-half
relative to controls. This reduction showed a true repellent effect for
the compounds. Results clearly showed that Deet, SS220, and Picaridin
exert repellent and deterrent effects upon the behavior of mosquitoes
and sand flies. Heretofore, the combined behavioral effects of these
compounds upon mosquito and sand fly behavior were unknown. Moreover,
protection afforded by Deet, SS220, and Picaridin against the feeding of
these three disease vectors on humans is mechanistically a consequence
of the two chemical effects.
REQUEST: [ sandfly ]
(0 articles match this request)
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