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<tr><th align="right" valign="baseline" nowrap="nowrap">Assunto:</th>
<td>Re: [Leish-l] VL Europe DDT</td>
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<tr><th align="right" valign="baseline" nowrap="nowrap">Data:</th>
<td>21-02-2017 13:46</td>
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<tr><th align="right" valign="baseline" nowrap="nowrap">De:</th>
<td>mauro.marzochi@ini.fiocruz.br</td>
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<tr><th align="right" valign="baseline" nowrap="nowrap">Para:</th>
<td>leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br</td>
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<div class="starbutton jfk-button-flat jfk-button"> Dear all,</div>
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<div class="translation">It also contains an interesting discussion about the use of organochlorine insecticides in the control of leishmaniasis in the Americas, in 2014.</div>
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<div class="translation"> Following is the PDF of our Book Chapter: Leishmaniasis of the American Continent. Marzochi MCA, Marzochi KBF, Fagundes A, Conceição-Silva F. The issue of control of leishmaniasis in Brazil. In: Conceição-Silva F & Alves CR (Org.). Leishmaniasis of the American Continent, 512 p., ISBN: 978-85-7541-439-2, Fiocruz Publishing House, 2014</div>
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<p>Em 07-02-2017 11:02, Carlos Brisola Marcondes escreveu:</p>
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<div class="gmail_default" style="font-size: xx-large;">Dear all,</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-size: xx-large;">I would recommend to read the paper on a reappraisal of DDT for the control of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil, in annex.</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-size: xx-large;"> It was written by me and Dr. Carlos Costa.</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-size: xx-large;"><span style="font-size: 12.66px;">Sincerely yours</span>
<div style="font-size: small;">
<div style="font-size: 12.66px;">prof. dr. Carlos Brisola Marcondes<br />Dept. Microbiol. Imunol. Parasitol./CCB</div>
<div style="font-size: 12.66px;">Federal University of Santa Catarina<br />Florianópolis (SC)</div>
<div><span style="font-size: 12.66px;">Brazil</span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 12.66px;">CV: </span><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="font-size: 12.66px;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4783901J2">http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4783901J2</a></span></span></span></div>
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<div class="gmail_quote">2017-02-07 10:31 GMT-02:00 Carlos Costa <span><<a href="mailto:chncosta@gmail.com">chncosta@gmail.com</a>></span>:<br />
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<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: small; color: #000000;">Dear all,</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: small; color: #000000;"> </div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: small; color: #000000;">Israel Cruz, Slavica Vaselek and Luigi Gradoni have sent amazing papers and opinions on the reduction in incidence of kala-azar in Southern Europe after WWII, with data from Spain, Yugoslavia/Serbia and Italy. </div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: small; color: #000000;"> </div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: small; color: #000000;">The papers are attached. All agree that the massive spray with DDT was the main causal factor, leading to 20-30 years impact, including India.</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: small; color: #000000;"> </div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: small; color: #000000;">However, other factors acting simultaneously such as the availability of pentavalent antimonials, herd immunity, nutrition could be ruled out as associated driving forces.</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: small; color: #000000;"> </div>
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<div class="gmail_default" style="color: #000000; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Data from other countries such as Portugal, France or Greece have not been shared yet (!). Information from the Middle East and Northern Africa would fuel more insights.</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="color: #000000; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: small;"> </div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="color: #000000; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: small;">DDT seems to have been quite important in USSR and East China. Regarding Brazil, DDT certainly was the main factor reducing the incidence in the Sobral and Jequitinhonha Valley.</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="color: #000000; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: small;"> </div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="color: #000000; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Therefore, Carlos Brisola's question remains in the game: "Time to re-evaluate DDT?" </div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="color: #000000; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: small;"> </div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="color: #000000; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: small;">I attach the article send by Israel, the two sent by Luigi, and the one by Brisola and I. Also, I share a recent more recent update about kala-azar in China.</div>
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<div class="gmail_default" style="color: #000000; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: small;">All my best,</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="color: #000000; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: small;"> </div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="color: #000000; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Carlos.</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="color: #000000; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: small;"> </div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="color: #000000; font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: small;">PS. If you are more curious, check this excellent documentary on Rachel Carson's Silent Spring, which actually "killed" DDT: <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/22/us/rachel-carson-ddt-malaria-retro-report.html">https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/22/us/rachel-carson-ddt-malaria-retro-report.html</a></div>
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<div class="gmail_quote">---------- Forwarded message ----------<br />From: <strong class="gmail_sendername">Gradoni Luigi</strong> <span><<a href="mailto:luigi.gradoni@iss.it">luigi.gradoni@iss.it</a>></span><br />Date: 2017-02-03 13:07 GMT-03:00<br />Subject: Re: [Leish-l] VL Europe<br />To: Carlos Costa <<a href="mailto:chncosta@gmail.com">chncosta@gmail.com</a>><br /><br /><br />
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<p>Hi Carlos,</p>
<p>as regards Italy, VL reduced drastically in incidence immediately after the 1947-1952 malaria eradication campaign using DDT (i.e. at the end of WWII) and remained so till early 1980s, when it increased again.</p>
<p>The transmission has always remained rural or peri-urban.</p>
<p>Attached are:</p>
<p>- a 1987 Transactions paper on VL in adults in Sicily showing the trend from 1941 through 1984;</p>
<p>- a more recent Eurosurveillance paper on all VL cases in Italy, with the trend from 1982-2012</p>
<p>Best</p>
<p>Luigi </p>
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<div id="gmail-m_-6123606497894806375m_1862238791920375735gmail-m_-2185022562193735152m_8048343573908129247gmail-m_3376674646297455895divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><strong>Da:</strong> <a href="mailto:leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br">leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br</a> <<a href="mailto:leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br">leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br</a>> per conto di Carlos Costa <<a href="mailto:chncosta@gmail.com">chncosta@gmail.com</a>><br /><strong>Inviato:</strong> martedì 24 gennaio 2017 22:34<br /><strong>A:</strong> Leish-L<br /><strong>Oggetto:</strong> [Leish-l] VL Europe</span>
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<div style="font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: small; color: #000000;">Dear colleagues,</div>
<div style="font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: small; color: #000000;"> </div>
<div style="font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: small; color: #000000;">I am always wondering in VL actually reduced the incidence in Europe after WWII.</div>
<div style="font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: small; color: #000000;"> </div>
<div style="font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: small; color: #000000;">Was the transmission rural or urban?</div>
<div style="font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: small; color: #000000;"> </div>
<div style="font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: small; color: #000000;">Does anyone know any paper/document on this?</div>
<div style="font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: small; color: #000000;"> </div>
<div style="font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: small; color: #000000;">Many thanks,</div>
<div style="font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: small; color: #000000;"> </div>
<div style="font-family: verdana,sans-serif; font-size: small; color: #000000;">Carlos.</div>
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<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana,sans-serif;">Carlos H. N. Costa, MD, DSc.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana,sans-serif;">Chefe/Head<br /> Departamento de Medicina Comunitária<br /> Centro de Ciências da Saúde<br /> Coordenador/Coordinator</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana,sans-serif;">Universidade Federal do Piauí<br /></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana,sans-serif;">Carlos H. N. Costa, MD, DSc.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana,sans-serif;">Chefe/Head<br />Departamento de Medicina Comunitária<br />Centro de Ciências da Saúde<br />Coordenador/Coordinator</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana,sans-serif;">Laboratório de Leishmanioses - LabLeish</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana,sans-serif;">Instituto de Doenças Tropicais Natan Portella<br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana,sans-serif;">Universidade Federal do Piauí<br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif;">Rua Artur de Vasconcelos 151-Sul</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana,sans-serif;">64001-450 Teresina-PI</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">Brazil</div>
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<div style="text-align: center; display: inline;">
<div style="text-align: center; display: inline;"><a href="tel:+55%2086%203221-3062">+55 86 3221-3062</a> (W), </div>
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