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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Dear all<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">I don’t think it is as simple as saying that there was an introduction of L. donovani in India from East Africa or vice-versa.
Genetically, the two are quite distinct, and although the Indian focus is quite homogeneous, phylogenetically it doesn’t emerge from the East African strains.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">It is more likely that they have evolved separately. Older populations may have become extinct, and it’s not clear what
is the origin of the Indian (actually East Indian) strains (MON-2). Their ancestral populations may well have disappeared. The surviving branch could have been the best adapted to the local sand fly population.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">In any case, when talking about East Africa, one must distinguish between the Sudan/Ethiopia region and the Kenyan region.
They are genetically distinct, as well, and do not form a homogeneous group. <o:p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">A PNAS paper that analysed a large amount of genetic marker data for selected strains suggests that the Indian strains
belong to an early branching group from a larger population that migrated through central Asia.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/104/22/9375.full.pdf"><span lang="EN-US">http://www.pnas.org/content/104/22/9375.full.pdf</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">All the best<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Isabel Mauricio<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">De:</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""> Kandan Ilango [mailto:kilangozsi@gmail.com]
<br>
<b>Enviada:</b> 13 de novembro de 2013 05:45<br>
<b>Para:</b> Lawyer, Phillip (NIH/NIAID) [E]<br>
<b>Cc:</b> Leish-L@lineu.icb.usp.br<br>
<b>Assunto:</b> Re: [Leish-l] why is Leishmania donovani restricted to humans in Indian subcontinent?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Dear all,<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Phil comment tempts me to respond on the origin of L. donvani from India to E. Africa. I think Carlos remarks in some sense was right because co-cladogensis events of L. donvani sensu lato and its associated vectors ie. the members of P.
(Euphlebotomus) argentipes in India and P. (<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Symphlebotomus) martini + others in East Africa. Although the exact age of separation of Euphlebotomus from Anaphlebotomus (visa-vice) together with their Gondwanaland
and Afrotropical continents remains speculative but the recent publication (of El-naiem et at (2011): </span>A possible role for Phlebotomus (Anaphlebotomus) rodhaini (Parrot, 1930) in transmission of<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Leishmania donovani) attributes that host shift could be a potential factor with respect to infection of L. donvani in P.martini + others and P. rodhaini.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">With best wishes,<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">K. Ilango. <span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> </span> <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:#3333FF">Dr K. Ilango,</span><span style="color:#3333FF">
</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:7.5pt;color:#3333FF">M Sc, PhD (London), Dip LSHTM</span></strong><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:#3333FF">Dy. Director & Officer-in-Charge </span></strong><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:#3333FF">Zoological Survey of India
</span></strong><b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:#3333FF"><br>
<strong>(Government of India)</strong></span></b><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:#3333FF">Southern Regional Centre
</span></strong><b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:#3333FF"><br>
<strong>130 Santhome High Road</strong></span></b><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><strong><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:#3333FF">Chennai-600 028, INDIA
</span></strong><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:#3333FF">Phone/Fax No. +91 (0) 44 24642898</span></strong><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><strong><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:#3333FF">Alternate e-mail:
</span><a href="mailto:ilangokaniyan@yahoo.in" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:#3333FF">ilangokaniyan@yahoo.co.in</span></a></strong><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">On Mon, Sep 16, 2013 at 9:07 AM, Lawyer, Phillip (NIH/NIAID) [E] <<a href="mailto:PhillipL@niaid.nih.gov" target="_blank">PhillipL@niaid.nih.gov</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Dear Carlos,<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
For what it's worth, I believe it most likely happened the other way around: Leishmania donovani was probably introduced to East Africa from India during the late 1800s when laborers were brought from India to work in the Kenya building the railroad from Mombasa
to Uganda and on other infrastructure projects. Leishmania donovani in East Africa is manifest as kala azar and is anthroponotic, the same as in India. The main vector in Kenya is Phlebotmus martini, which tends to breed in termite mounds, often associated
with human dwellings. Other Symphlebotomus species, Ph. vansomerenae and Ph. celiae have also been implicated in L. donovani transmission.<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
Regards,<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
Phil Lawyer<br>
<br>
________________________________<br>
From: Carlos Brisola Marcondes [<a href="mailto:cbrisolamarcondes@gmail.com">cbrisolamarcondes@gmail.com</a>]<br>
Sent: Friday, August 30, 2013 8:41 AM<br>
To: Leish-L; <a href="mailto:leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br">leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br</a><br>
Subject: [Leish-l] why is Leishmania donovani restricted to humans in Indian subcontinent?<br>
<br>
Dear all,<br>
Leishmania donovani seems to have been introduced from East Africa to Indian subcontinent, where it has infected mostly humans, differently from East African foci.<br>
Why does this occur? Is this caused by feeding preferences of Phlebotomus argentipes, which bites mostly ruminants and humans and is associated to houses? Or are dogs rarer in that region than in Brazil, where these animals are important reservoirs of Leishmania
infantum and frequently bitten by Lutzomyia longipalpis?<o:p></o:p></p>
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Sincerely yours<br>
prof. dr. Carlos Brisola Marcondes<br>
Dept. Microbiol. Imunol. Parasitol./CCB<br>
Federal University of Santa Catarina<br>
Florianópolis (SC)<br>
CV: <a href="http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4783901J2" target="_blank">
http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4783901J2</a><br>
blog: <a href="http://entomomedica.blogspot.com.br/" target="_blank">http://entomomedica.blogspot.com.br/</a><br>
<br>
<br>
--<o:p></o:p></p>
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