<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" ><tr><td valign="top" style="font: inherit;"><P class=Default style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">Historical Perspective </SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></DIV><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">Texts from the Inca period in the 15th and 16th centuries, and then during the Spanish colonization, mention the risk run by seasonal agricultural workers who returned from the Andes with skin ulcers which, in those times were attributed to <B><I>"valley sickness" </I></B>or <B><I>"Andean sickness"</I></B>. Later, disfigurements
of the nose and mouth become known as <B><I>"white leprosy" </I></B>because of their strong resemblance to the lesions caused by leprosy. In the Old World, Indian physicians applied the Sanskrit term kala azar (meaning <B><I>"black fever"</I></B>) to an ancient disease later defined as visceral leishmaniasis. In 1901, Leishman identified certain organisms in smears taken from the spleen of a patient who had died from <B><I>"dum-dum fever"</I></B>. At the time "Dum-dum", a town not far from Calcutta, was considered to be particularly unhealthy. The disease was characterized by general debility, irregular and repetitive bouts of fever, severe anemia, muscular atrophy and excessive swelling of the spleen. Initially, these organisms were considered to be trypanosomes, but in 1903 Captain Donovan described them as being new. The link between these organisms and kala azar was eventually discovered by Major </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black;
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<DIV>Narendra Kumar</DIV>
<DIV>Deputy Director,</DIV>
<DIV>Head, Division of Social Sciences,<BR>Rajendra Memorial Research Institute Of Medical Sciences(ICMR)</DIV>
<DIV>Agam Kuan,Patna - 800 007<BR>India.<BR>Tel No. 91-0612-2631565<BR>Fax No. 91-0612-2634379</DIV>
<DIV> <BR></DIV><BR><BR>--- On <B>Fri, 16/4/10, ramesh we <I><weramesh@hotmail.com></I></B> wrote:<BR>
<BLOCKQUOTE style="PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(16,16,255) 2px solid"><BR>From: ramesh we <weramesh@hotmail.com><BR>Subject: Re: [Leish-l] name<BR>To: chncosta@gmail.com, cpeacock@cyllene.uwa.edu.au<BR>Cc: leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br<BR>Date: Friday, 16 April, 2010, 7:08 AM<BR><BR>
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Kala-azar was a term coined for this fatal illness in the Garo hills of Assam before the causative organism was discovered. Literally it means 'black fever' ( kala meaning 'black' and azar from Persian meaning 'fever'). It referred to the hyperpigmentation of the face found in victims in whom the disease had become chronic. Now it is difficult to see it as people get treated and the disease does not smoulder for years.<BR>Dr. Ramesh<BR> <BR>
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Date: Wed, 7 Apr 2010 06:44:13 -0300<BR>From: chncosta@gmail.com<BR>To: cpeacock@cyllene.uwa.edu.au<BR>CC: Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br<BR>Subject: Re: [Leish-l] name<BR><BR>
<DIV>Interestingly, kala-azar has been adopted plenty in Brazil as "calazar", since the earlier scientific papers. However, it was adopted by authors from the Northeast, which is the main endemic area, like Prata and Alencar. Today, both names are normally use, but one may feel that visceral leishmaniasis could stand as more educated and kala-azar (calazar), as more informal, although, in my view both are interchangeable.</DIV>
<DIV>Carlos.<BR><BR></DIV>
<DIV class=ecxgmail_quote>2010/4/6 Christopher Peacock <SPAN dir=ltr><<A href="http://in.mc76.mail.yahoo.com/mc/compose?to=cpeacock@cyllene.uwa.edu.au" target=_blank rel=nofollow ymailto="mailto:cpeacock@cyllene.uwa.edu.au">cpeacock@cyllene.uwa.edu.au</A>></SPAN><BR>
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<P class=ecxMsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: #1f497d">Kala-azar is the Indian name for visceral leishmaniasis so used extensively in the Indian sub continent, it literally means black skin in Hindi I believe. Visceral leishmaniasis is the proper generic name for systemic leishmaniasis caused by L. donovani, L. infantum and L. (infantum) chagasi. Leishmaniasis has a vast array of names depending on the type and geographical location, there was a post on the number of names a few years ago.</SPAN></DIV>
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<P class=ecxMsoNormal><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">From:</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> <A href="http://in.mc76.mail.yahoo.com/mc/compose?to=leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br" target=_blank rel=nofollow ymailto="mailto:leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br">leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br</A> [mailto:<A href="http://in.mc76.mail.yahoo.com/mc/compose?to=leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br" target=_blank rel=nofollow ymailto="mailto:leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br">leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br</A>] <B>On Behalf Of </B>Carlos Costa<BR><B>Sent:</B> Wednesday, 24 March 2010 7:02 AM
<DIV class=ecxim><BR><B>To:</B> Leish-L<BR><B>Subject:</B> [Leish-l] name</DIV></SPAN><BR><BR></DIV>
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<P class=ecxMsoNormal><STRONG>Visceral leishmaniasis or kala-azar? Which, when, how?</STRONG> </DIV></DIV>
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<P class=ecxMsoNormal style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt">Carlos.<BR clear=all><BR>-- <BR>Carlos H. N. Costa, MD, DSc.<BR>Instituto de Doenças Tropicais Natan Portella<BR>Universidade Federal do Piauí<BR>Brazil<BR>Telephone: +55 86 3221-3413</DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV>
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</DIV></DIV></DIV></BLOCKQUOTE></DIV><BR><BR clear=all><BR>-- <BR>Carlos H. N. Costa, MD, DSc.<BR>Instituto de Doenças Tropicais Natan Portella<BR>Universidade Federal do Piauí<BR>Brazil<BR>Telephone: +55 86 3221-3413<BR><BR>As informações contidas nesta mensagem são CONFIDENCIAIS, protegidas pelo sigilo legal, por direitos autorais e destinadas exclusivamente à pessoa ou organização para a qual a mensagem foi destinada.<BR>Warning: This message is meant only for the intended recipient of the transmission. It is forbidden any unauthorized use, alteration, reproduction and distribution. If you are not the correct recipient, please notify us immediately by return e-mail and delete this message from your system. <BR><BR>
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