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<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN
lang=EN-GB
style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">I’m
sure Jake expected me to rise to the bait in the debate on the terminology of
leishmaniae in the sand fly (he knows me well!). After looking at the
developmental forms of four species of <I
style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Leishmania </I><SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>in different species of sand (<I
style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">space</I>) flies by both the light and
electron microscope for over thirty years, it would be surprising if I didn’t
have an opinion.<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns =
"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 35.4pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN
lang=EN-GB
style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">One
advantage of being an old leishmaniac is that one remembers old work that is
seldom cited. (Nowadays anything published more than ten years ago can be safely
ignored and, as long as the referee isn’t in his dotage, there’s a good chance
he’ll think the paper he’s refereeing is original!). <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 35.4pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN
lang=EN-GB
style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">I
remember the pre-mastigote days when we talked about Leishman-Donovan bodies,
leptomonads, crithidia etc. Then, in 1966, came the paper by Hoare and
Wallace </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB
style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>(Developmental stages of trypansomatid
flagellates: a new terminology.<I> Nature,London </I>212:1385-1386, 1966)
</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB
style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">putting
the case for abandoning these terms (including leptomonad) and replacing them
with new words (based on ‘mastigote’) that made sense and avoided confusion.
They were terms for forms of <EM>all trypanosomatids</EM>, not just genus
<I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Leishmania</I>. This was like a breath of
fresh air. But there was then an epidemic of ---mastigotes that John Baker felt
was getting out of hand. In 1970, I was inspired to write a poem about this that
was distributed to the few dozen workers on leishmaniasis of that time in a
short-lived Newsletter on leishmaniasis issued from <?xml:namespace prefix = st1
ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:City
w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Jerusalem</st1:place></st1:City>. It is
attached.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN
lang=EN-GB
style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1">
</SPAN>A bit of history. David Molyneux, Dick Ashford and I were the first to
see the fine structure of <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Leishmania</I>
with the electron microscope 35 years ago in a paper that is seldom cited
(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB
style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Killick-Kendrick, R.,
Molyneux, D.H., and Ashford, R.W. <I>Leishmania</I> in phlebotomine sandflies.
I. Modifications of the flagellum associated with attachment to the mid-gut and
oesophageal valve of the sandfly.<I> Proceedings of the Royal Society,B
</I>187:409-419, 1974.) </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB
style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">We
adopted the terms nectomonad and haptomonad to describe the promastigotes we
saw. That is the origin of the use of these words for stages of <I
style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Leishmania</I> in the alimentary tract of
sand flies – not later publications by other workers. Perhaps this qualifies me
to say something about the terminology? We didn’t invent these words. The term
nectomonad was first used by Minchin & Thompson (1915) and haptomonad by
Woodcock (1914). We defined them thus: <I
style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">“We use the term nectomonad for slender
promastogotes which are electron-dense, and haptomonad for broad promastogotes
which are electron-lucid.”</I> We did not define them as dividing or
non-dividing, nor did we stipulate where they were or whether they were attached
or not. (In fact, the nectomonads were in the abdominal midgut, mostly attached
to the microvilli, and the haptomonads were attached to the stomodaeal valve by
so-called hemidesmosomes – seen for the first time in this study. ) Later
workers have modified the definitions and the terms now mean different things to
different people. Hence our current problem. (Whatever we do, I hope the term
leptomonad will not gain general acceptance: Hoare and Wallace made a good case
for abandoning it as a term to describe the morphology of
trypanosomatids.)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN
lang=EN-GB
style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1">
</SPAN>The term metacyclic promastigote was first used to describe slender,
non-dividing, unattached promastigotes with a very long flagellum as seen in he
probosces of numerous combinations of parasite and vector (see figure in
</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB
style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Killick-Kendrick, R. The
tranmission of leishmaniasis by the bite of the sandfly.<EM> Journal of the
Royal Army Medical</EM> Corps 132:134-140, 1986.) </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB
style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">and
shown elegantly by Sacks and colleagues to be the infective forms. (David and I
met at the <SPAN>33<SUP>rd</SUP> Annual Meeting of the American Society of
Tropical Medicine and Hygiene in Philadelphia in December 1984 and
agreed the term was the right one to describe these forms.) </SPAN>Later
studies by several different workers showed their unique characteristics that
enable them to escape destruction by macrophages (reviewed by. </SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-GB
style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Killick-Kendrick, R. The
life -cycle of <I><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Leishmania</I> in
the sandfly with special reference to the form infective to the vertebrate
host.<I> Annales de Parasitologie humaine et comparée </I>65:37-42, 1990.) The
fine structure of a metacyclic promastigote in the proboscis of a sand fly was
illustrated by Killick-Kendrick, R., Wallbanks, K.R., Molyneux, D.H., and Lavin,
D.R. (The ultrastructure of <I>Leishmania major</I> in the foregut and proboscis
of <I>Phlebotomus papatasi</I>.<I> Parasitology Research </I>74:586-590, 1988.)
<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN
lang=EN-GB style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1">
</SPAN>When Molyneux and I first saw the fine structure of parasites in the
<U>pharynx</U>, (Molyneux, D.H., Killick-Kendrick, R., and Ashford, R.W.
<I>Leishmania</I> in phlebotomid sandflies. III. The ultrastructure of
<I>Leishmania mexicana amazonensis</I> in <I>Lutzomyia longipalpis</I>.<I>
Proceedings of the Royal Society,B </I>190:341-357, 1975) we realised their
morphology did not fit the description of promastigotes by Hoare and Wallace.
The kinetoplast was not anterior to the nucleus: it was at its side. We did not
want to create a new term for these forms, so we adopted paramastigote to
describe them (used by other workers before us). (Strangely, the parasites in
the pharynx of sand flies are now ignored. Where do they fit?) Later, we saw
paramastigotes in electron microscope pictures of <I
style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Le. braziliensis</I> in the pylorus and hind
gut of infected flies (Killick-Kendrick, R., Molyneux, D.H., Hommel, M., Leaney,
A.J., and Robertson, E.S. <I>Leishmania</I> in phlebotomid sandflies. V. The
nature and significance of infections of the pylorus and ileum of the sandfly by
leishmaniae of the <I>braziliensis</I> complex.<I> Proceedings of the Royal
Society,B </I>198:191-199, 1977.) <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN
lang=EN-GB style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1">
</SPAN>I accept promastigote, nectomonad, haptomonad, metacyclic promastigote
and paramastigote. At the moment; I don’t feel an urgent need to use other
terms.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN
lang=EN-GB style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1">
</SPAN>I apologise for referring to so many publications that were published
before some of you were born! Perhaps they may be of some use when somebody
writes the history of <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Leishmania</I> in
the fly!</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN
lang=EN-GB style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"></SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-GB
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 10pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN
lang=EN-GB
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><o:p> <FONT
size=3>Bob K-K</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial">----- Original Message ----- </DIV>
<DIV
style="BACKGROUND: #e4e4e4; FONT: 10pt arial; font-color: black"><B>From:</B>
<A title=volf@cesnet.cz href="mailto:volf@cesnet.cz">volf@cesnet.cz</A> </DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>To:</B> <A title=leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br
href="mailto:leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br">leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br</A> </DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Sent:</B> Tuesday, April 07, 2009 10:12
AM</DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Subject:</B> [Leish-l] Fwd: Re: sandfly,
mosquito ..</DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>The sequence of forms described by Paul we saw in many
parasite-vector<BR>pairs. However, we try to be more precise as concerns the
terminology of<BR>forms.<BR><BR>Haptomonad is any form which is attached.
Nectomonad is any form which is<BR>freely moving in the midgut lumen.
Therefore one word only is not<BR>suitable do define the parasite stage. Good
terminology of forms was<BR>invented in 20th century already. Detailed
description with all<BR>measurements are given for example by Walters et al,
1989 and Walters<BR>1993, and Cihakova and Volf, 1997.<BR><BR>Very long forms
originating from procyclics should be called "Long<BR>nectomonads". These
occur in partially digested bloodmeal and escape to<BR>ectoperitrophic space
of the midgut. Next form prevailing in defecated<BR>females is short and
small. Paul Bates and Mattew Rogers gave them a name<BR>"Leptomonad", however,
it is a synonym of previously used "Short<BR>promastigotes" or "Short
nectomonads" by Walters (and us). Long or short<BR>nectomonads can attach and
become haptomonads.<BR><BR>In our terminology the sequence of nectomonad forms
is:<BR>Procyclics (oval, short flagellum, within the bloodmeal)<BR>Long
nectomonads (see above)<BR>Short nectomonads (or leptomonads if you
wish)<BR>Metacyclics (highly motile, with long flagellum, different LPG
etc)<BR><BR>Best wishes<BR>Petr Volf<BR><BR><BR>----- Forwarded message from
jacobsr@cc.huji.ac.il -----<BR> Date: Mon, 06 Apr 2009
12:08:07 +0300<BR> From: Jake Jacobson
<jacobsr@cc.huji.ac.il><BR>Reply-To: Jake Jacobson
<jacobsr@cc.huji.ac.il><BR> Subject: Re: [Leish-l] sandfly,
mosquito ..<BR> To:
leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br<BR><BR>At 08:56 PM 04/04/09, you wrote:<BR>>Let's
talk about something else!<BR>>Bob K-K<BR><BR>I agree - enough is enough
already so soon.<BR>Surely a suitable subject for discussion is the etymology
of the<BR>flagellated forms in the sand fly.<BR>in the mid-20th Century we
changed from Leishman-Donovan bodies to<BR>amastigotes and leptomonads to
promastigotes.<BR>Now at the beginning of the 21st C we have:<BR>"The
developmental sequence of the five major promastigote forms:<BR>procyclic
promastigotes, nectomonad promastigotes, leptomonad<BR>promastigotes,
haptomonad promastigotes and metacyclic promastigotes.<BR>The exact position
of haptomonad promastigotes in the developmental<BR>sequence is uncertain".
Bates<BR>PA<BR><http://www.sciencedirect.com//science/journal/00207519>International<BR>Journal
for<BR>Parasitology<BR><http://www.sciencedirect.com//science?_ob=PublicationURL&_tockey=%23TOC%235057%232007%23999629989%23662628%23FLA%23&_cdi=5057&_pubType=J&view=c&_auth=y&_acct=C000032999&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=626711&md5=07330fba5b44fa1b4646d911b337b0f6>Volume<BR>37,
Issue 10, August 2007, Pages 1097-1106.<BR>Does anyone know whether all these
morphs occur in all species in<BR>their phlebotomine hosts? And is monad the
correct suffix for these forms?<BR>Monad = unity and/or a flagellated
protozoan (as of the genus Monas).<BR>Jake
Jacobson<BR><BR><BR><BR><BR>Dr.R.L.Jacobson MPH PhD<BR>Department of
Parasitology<BR>The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School<BR>POB 12272,
Jerusalem, 91120<BR>Israel<BR>Telephone
972-2-6758077<BR>Fax
972-2-6757425<BR>Mobile 054-4970731<BR>NEW:<BR>VOIP (from USA)
415-963-9801 (up to 17:00hrs EST)<BR>No amount of experimentation
can ever prove me right; a single<BR>experiment can prove me wrong.<BR>Albert
E.<BR><BR><BR><BR>----- End forwarded message -----<BR>
<P>
<HR>
<P></P><FONT size=3>At 08:56 PM 04/04/09, you wrote:<BR>
<BLOCKQUOTE class=cite cite="" type="cite">Let's talk about something
else!<BR>Bob K-K</FONT></BLOCKQUOTE><BR>I agree - enough is enough already so
soon.<BR>Surely a suitable subject for discussion is the etymology of the
flagellated forms in the sand fly.<BR><FONT size=3>in the mid-20th Century we
changed from Leishman-Donovan bodies to amastigotes and leptomonads to
promastigotes.<BR>Now at the beginning of the 21st C we have:<BR>"The
developmental sequence of the five major promastigote forms: procyclic
promastigotes, nectomonad promastigotes, leptomonad promastigotes, haptomonad
promastigotes and metacyclic promastigotes. The exact position of haptomonad
promastigotes in the developmental sequence is uncertain". Bates PA <A
href="http://www.sciencedirect.com//science/journal/00207519"><U>International
Journal for Parasitology</A></U> <A
href="http://www.sciencedirect.com//science?_ob=PublicationURL&_tockey=%23TOC%235057%232007%23999629989%23662628%23FLA%23&_cdi=5057&_pubType=J&view=c&_auth=y&_acct=C000032999&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=626711&md5=07330fba5b44fa1b4646d911b337b0f6"><U>Volume
37, Issue 10</A></U>, August 2007, Pages 1097-1106. <BR>Does anyone know
whether all these morphs occur in all species in their phlebotomine hosts? And
is monad the correct suffix for these forms?<BR>Monad = unity and/or a
flagellated protozoan (as of the genus <I>Monas</I>). <BR>Jake
Jacobson<BR><BR><BR><BR><X-SIGSEP>
<P></X-SIGSEP>Dr.R.L.Jacobson MPH PhD<BR>Department of Parasitology<BR>The
Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School<BR>POB 12272, Jerusalem,
91120<BR>Israel<BR>Telephone
972-2-6758077<BR>Fax<X-TAB> </X-TAB>
972-2-6757425<BR>Mobile 054-4970731<BR></FONT><FONT color=#0000ff
size=3><B>NEW:<BR>VOIP (from USA) 415-963-9801 (up to
17:00hrs EST)<BR></B></FONT>
<DL>
<DD><FONT size=3>No amount of experimentation can ever prove me right; a
single experiment can prove me wrong.
<DD>Albert E. <BR><BR></FONT></DD></DL>
<P>
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