<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
<HTML><HEAD>
<META http-equiv=Content-Type content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<META content="MSHTML 6.00.2900.5726" name=GENERATOR>
<STYLE></STYLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY bgColor=#ffffff>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><FONT face=Calibri>Dear All,</FONT></SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns =
"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p><FONT
face=Calibri> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><FONT face=Calibri>The discussion about
mosquitoes and sand flies is an old discussion in Spain. In my opinion
it is a question of translation and the transfer and adoption of names from
one language to another with a different exact meaning.
<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><FONT face=Calibri>In Spanish there are three
common names for the three suborder of diptera: “moscas” for ciclorrapha,
“tábanos” for brachicera and “mosquitos” for nematocera (J. Gil Collado. <I
style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Insectos y ácaros de los animals
domésticos</I>, Salvat Ed. 1961), with the inaccuracy that such a generalization
entails. Actually, “mosquito” in Spanish is a diminutive of “mosca” referring
the fragile aspect and small size of most nematocera. The word “mosquito” is
defined in the <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Diccionario de la Lengua
Española</I>, Real Academia Española, 21 Ed., 1992, as “Cualquiera de los
insectos dípteros del suborden de los nematóceros” (Either<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Insecta, Diptera, suborder
Nematocera).<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><FONT face=Calibri><SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>In order to solve this contradiction
(“mosquito”<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>for Nematocera and
mosquitoe for Culicidae), <SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Spanish
entomologists often refers Nematocera as “mosquitos” sensu latu, and Culicidae
as “mosquitos” sensu stricto. As it occurs in most fields of knowledge and daily
life, English words or their literal translation (Espanglish) have been adopted
in Entomology and names as “mosca de los arenales” are nowadays used in Spain
instead of “flebotomos”, “beatillas”, why not “mosquitos”?, and other popular
common names used to call sand flies, as “rendilles” in Catalonia.<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><FONT face=Calibri><SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"></SPAN></FONT></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT
face=Arial size=2>Montse Portús</FONT></SPAN><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial">----- Original Message ----- </DIV>
<DIV
style="BACKGROUND: #e4e4e4; FONT: 10pt arial; font-color: black"><B>From:</B>
<A title=beverley@borcim.wustl.edu
href="mailto:beverley@borcim.wustl.edu">Beverley, Steve</A> </DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>To:</B> <A title=chncosta@gmail.com
href="mailto:chncosta@gmail.com">Carlos Costa</A> ; <A
title=KwangPoo.Chang@rosalindfranklin.edu
href="mailto:KwangPoo.Chang@rosalindfranklin.edu">Chang, Kwang-Poo</A> </DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Cc:</B> <A title=fred.opperdoes@uclouvain.be
href="mailto:fred.opperdoes@uclouvain.be">fred opperdoes</A> ; <A
title=Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br
href="mailto:Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br">Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br</A> </DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Sent:</B> Tuesday, March 24, 2009 9:51
PM</DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Subject:</B> Re: [Leish-l] Leishmaniasis -
Argentina: epidemic potential</DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>It comes from entomological nomenclature, not sure what the
language was originally.<BR><BR>As a true fly of the order Diptera, it is two
words: sand fly.<BR><BR>In contrast, other insects with the word
'fly' in them are a single word.<BR><BR>eg butterfly dragonsly, mayfly,
sawfly<BR><BR>Steve Beverley<BR><BR><BR>At 02:46 PM 3/24/2009, Carlos Costa
wrote:<BR>
<BLOCKQUOTE class=cite cite="" type="cite">To: all<BR> <BR>By the way,
what is the right English writing: sand fly or sandfly? Is it a matter of
England vs. US?<BR> <BR>Carlos H.<BR><BR>2009/3/21 Chang, Kwang-Poo
<<A href="mailto:KwangPoo.Chang@rosalindfranklin.edu">
KwangPoo.Chang@rosalindfranklin.edu</A>><BR>
<DL><BR>
<DD><FONT color=#000080 size=2>To: Prof. Laila Nimri and
all<BR></FONT><BR>
<DD><FONT color=#000080 size=2><BR></FONT><BR>
<DD><FONT color=#000080 size=2>The issue appears to be a language
translation problem. I was told that all blood sucking flies are referred
to as “mosquito” in Spanish.<BR></FONT><BR>
<DD><FONT color=#000080 size=2><BR></FONT><BR>
<DD><FONT color=#000080 size=2>KP<BR></FONT><BR>
<DD><FONT color=#000080 size=2><BR>
<HR>
<DIV align=center></FONT></DIV>
<DD><FONT face=Tahoma size=2>From:</B> <A
href="mailto:leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br">leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br</A>
[<A href="mailto:leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br" eudora="autourl">
mailto:leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br</A>] On Behalf Of </B>Laila
Nimri<BR>
<DD>Sent:</B> Thursday, February 26, 2009 1:53 AM<BR>
<DD>To:</B> fred opperdoes; <A
href="mailto:Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br">Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br</A><BR>
<DD>Subject:</B> Re: [Leish-l] Leishmaniasis - Argentina: epidemic
potential<BR></FONT><BR>
<DD><FONT face="Times New Roman, Times"><BR></FONT><BR>
<DD><FONT face="Times New Roman, Times">Just to correct a very important
information about the vector of Visceral leishmaniasis, it is definitely
not a mosquito, it is a sand fly of the genus </FONT><FONT
face="Times New Roman, Times" color=#ff0000>Lutzomyia</I> </B></FONT>as
mentioned correctly below or a <FONT
face="Times New Roman, Times">Phlebotomus.</I></FONT> The environmental or
climatic changes that affect mosquitoes might have affected the sand flies
and lead to the emergence of the disease.<BR><BR>
<DD><FONT face="Times New Roman, Times"><BR></FONT><BR>
<DD><FONT face="Times New Roman, Times">Prof. Laila Nimri<BR>
<HR>
<DIV align=center></FONT></DIV>
<DD><FONT face=Tahoma size=2>From:</B> <A
href="mailto:leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br">leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br</A>
[<A href="mailto:leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br">
leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br</A>] On Behalf Of fred opperdoes [<A
href="mailto:fred.opperdoes@uclouvain.be">
fred.opperdoes@uclouvain.be</A>]<BR>
<DD>Sent:</B> Thursday, February 26, 2009 8:21 AM<BR>
<DD>To:</B> <A
href="mailto:Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br">Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br</A><BR>
<DD>Subject:</B> [Leish-l] Leishmaniasis - Argentina: epidemic
potential<BR></FONT>
<BLOCKQUOTE class=cite cite="" type="cite"><BR>
<DD><FONT face="Times New Roman, Times">Date: Wed, 25 Feb 2009 21:23:15
-0500 (EST)</FONT><BR>
<DD>From: ProMED-mail <<A
href="mailto:promed@promed.isid.harvard.edu">
promed@promed.isid.harvard.edu</A>><BR>
<DD>Subject: PRO/AH/EDR> Leishmaniasis - Argentina: epidemic
potential<BR><BR>
<DD>LEISHMANIASIS - ARGENTINA: EPIDEMIC POTENTIAL<BR>
<DD>***********************************************<BR>
<DD>A ProMED-mail post<BR>
<DD><<A
href="http://www.promedmail.org/">http://www.promedmail.org</A> ><BR>
<DD>ProMED-mail is a program of the<BR>
<DD>International Society for Infectious Diseases<BR>
<DD><<A
href="http://www.isid.org/">http://www.isid.org</A>><BR><BR>
<DD>Date: Tue 24 Feb 2009<BR>
<DD>Source: Datachaco.com [trans. Mod JGM, edited]<BR>
<DD><<A href="http://datachaco.com/noticia.php?numero=17399">
http://datachaco.com/noticia.php?numero=17399</A>><BR><BR><BR>
<DD>The occurrence of cases of yellow fever made people pay attention to
<BR>
<DD>mosquito-borne diseases, and dengue fever, which is currently <BR>
<DD>attacking with unusual strength in Paraguay, set another alarm in
<BR>
<DD>Chaco, Corrientes, and Misiones provinces, which share borders with
<BR>
<DD>Paraguay and Bolivia.<BR><BR>
<DD>However, a new emerging disease has become the main epidemic threat
<BR>
<DD>in Argentina: Visceral leishmaniasis. This little known disease is
<BR>
<DD>being analyzed now as a cause for a sanitary red alert in
Argentina.<BR><BR>
<DD>Visceral leishmaniasis is also <FONT face="Times New Roman, Times"
color=#ff0000>caused by a mosquito-borne parasite</B></FONT>. <BR>
<DD>There is no vaccine for this disease, and therapy is instituted only
<BR>
<DD>once a case is clearly defined. Its mortality rate is around 8 per
<BR>
<DD>cent, and it has a particular feature: Dogs may act as reservoirs
for <BR>
<DD>the parasite.<BR><BR>
<DD>A summary of the life cycle of the parasite indicates that <BR>
<DD>_<FONT face="Times New Roman, Times" color=#ff0000>Lutzomyia</I>_
insects</B></FONT> <FONT face="Times New Roman, Times"
color=#ff0000>infect </B></FONT>dogs. These animals develop the disease
<BR>
<DD>and transmit the parasite to another insect vector, which now is
<BR>
<DD>capable of transmitting visceral leishmaniasis to humans. There is
no <BR>
<DD>human-to-human transmission.<BR><BR>
<DD>Since the very 1st case was reported in 2006, 36 persons have been
<BR>
<DD>affected, and there are 4 deceased patients. The possibility of a
<BR>
<DD>rapid increase in the number of cases is a reason for
concern.<BR><BR>
<DD>Last week 2 cases of visceral leishmaniasis were reported in
Posadas. <BR>
<DD>One is an 18-year-old woman, and the other is a 21-year-old man, who
<BR>
<DD>separately developed the symptoms of the disease. Some personnel
from <BR>
<DD>the army are currently collaborating with municipal authorities in
<BR>
<DD>Posadas for cleaning wastelands, which are considered breeding
places <BR>
<DD>for insect vectors.<BR><BR>
<DD>This health problem has become quite dangerous and important in the
<BR>
<DD>main cities in Misiones province, and specialists warn that the <BR>
<DD>disease may reach other provinces in the short term.<BR><BR>
<DD>"We are observing that the vector is spreading fast, and 2 corridors
<BR>
<DD>have been established, one directing towards Resistencia and the
<BR>
<DD>other one towards Corrientes. Also, the northern area of Entre Rios,
<BR>
<DD>as well as Santa Fe, and Cordoba are vulnerable places. The <FONT
face="Times New Roman, Times" color=#ff0000>mosquito </FONT><BR>
<DD><FONT face="Times New Roman, Times" color=#ff0000>vector for
visceral leishmaniasis</B></FONT> has become an urban-living insect,
<BR>
<DD>so there is a substantial risk for its presence in big urban <BR>
<DD>centers," explained Dr. Daniel Salomon, from the National Center for
<BR>
<DD>Epidemics in Argentina's Ministry of Health.<BR><BR>
<DD>"It is quite difficult to implement preventive measures, because
<BR>
<DD>people are so in love with their pets," commented Dr. Salomon. There
<BR>
<DD>are very few options for controlling the spread of the disease apart
<BR>
<DD>from sacrificing sick animals.<BR><BR>
<DD>In 2004, the 1st dog infected with the causative agent of visceral
<BR>
<DD>leishmaniasis was detected. When 40 cases were reported in Misiones
<BR>
<DD>province, the Ministry of Health issued a red alert. Nonetheless,
the <BR>
<DD>current situation is much worse. In Posadas, it was determined that
<BR>
<DD>7000 dogs actually have the parasite. Additionally, there are 300
<BR>
<DD>infected dogs in Corrientes, and it is worth mentioning that in its
<BR>
<DD>capital city, there are thousands of homeless dogs considered to be
<BR>
<DD>infected with the parasite.<BR><BR>
<DD>The analysis of the experience from Brazil and Paraguay indicates
<BR>
<DD>that there is a probability of having one person infected for every
<BR>
<DD>60 infected dogs. There is a high risk for an epidemic.<BR><BR>
<DD>Sanitary authorities recommend that pets must not be carried to the
<BR>
<DD>areas considered to be at risk. It is also advisable not to
transport <BR>
<DD>dogs from the affected regions to other areas in the country. The
<BR>
<DD>idea is to cut the transmission cycle of the parasite. Those persons
<BR>
<DD>who may visit the northern part of Argentina must be immunized <BR>
<DD>against yellow fever as an ordinary preventive measure, and they
must <BR>
<DD>leave their pets at home as an additional preventive
measure.<BR><BR>
<DD>"Visceral leishmaniasis was present in the northern part of South
<BR>
<DD>America until migrating workers started moving it towards the south.
<BR>
<DD>In early 2000, there were some important outbreaks in Campo Grande
do <BR>
<DD>Sul and in Asuncion, where the average number of persons infected is
<BR>
<DD>around 70 per year. In Brazil there are around 4000 cases and 200
<BR>
<DD>deaths per year," pointed out Dr. Salomon, who had been doing some
<BR>
<DD>field work during the past few weeks in the Litoral
provinces.<BR><BR>
<DD>He also added: "There is a trend for an increase in visceral <BR>
<DD>leishmaniasis, so the disease may spread, and it is expected to have
<BR>
<DD>more cases."<BR><BR>
<DD>Climate changes and deforesting seem to be the main explanations for
<BR>
<DD>the migration of <FONT face="Times New Roman, Times"
color=#ff0000>mosquito-borne diseases</U></B></FONT>. However, trying to
justify <BR>
<DD>the occurrence of emergent diseases only because of reasons inherent
<BR>
<DD>to nature itself may exonerate provincial and municipal authorities
<BR>
<DD>for not complying with their obligations with respect to the <BR>
<DD>implementation of disease control programs and cleaning empty
lots.<BR><BR>
<DD>Consequently, now there are many public accusations between
Misiones, <BR>
<DD>Corrientes, and Chaco health officers. These persons, now that there
<BR>
<DD>are cases of visceral leishmaniasis, immediately try to explain that
<BR>
<DD>transmission may have taken place outside their respective <BR>
<DD>jurisdictions. The clear point is that the <FONT
face="Times New Roman, Times" color=#ff0000>mosquito vector</B></FONT>
appears <BR>
<DD>because of lack of public hygiene.<BR><BR>
<DD>- --<BR>
<DD>Communicated by:<BR>
<DD>ProMED-mail <<A
href="mailto:promed@promedmail.org">promed@promedmail.org</A>
><BR><BR>
<DD>[Leishmaniasis has been slowly spreading in northern Argentina over
<BR>
<DD>the past decades (Salomon O et al. First visceral leishmaniasis
focus <BR>
<DD>in Argentina. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2008;103:109-11<BR>
<DD><<A
href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18368242?ordinalpos=9&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum">
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18368242?ordinalpos=9&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum</A>
>).<BR><BR>
<DD>The ecology of the vector has been changing, and increasing <BR>
<DD>urbanization has been suggested as one of the explanations (Salomon
<BR>
<DD>OD <FONT face="Times New Roman, Times">et al</I></FONT>.
Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psycodidae) fauna in the Chaco <BR>
<DD>region and Cutaneous Leishmaniasis transmission patterns in <BR>
<DD>Argentina. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2008;103:578-84<BR>
<DD><<A
href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18949328?ordinalpos=3&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum">
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18949328?ordinalpos=3&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum</A>
>).<BR>
<DD> - Mod.EP]</DD></BLOCKQUOTE><BR>
<DD>_______________________________________________<BR>
<DD>Leish-l mailing list<BR>
<DD><A href="mailto:Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br">Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br</A>
<BR>
<DD><A href="http://lineu.icb.usp.br/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/leish-l"
eudora="autourl">http://lineu.icb.usp.br/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/leish-l</A><BR><BR></DD></DL><BR><BR><BR>--
<BR>Dr. Carlos Henrique Nery Costa.<BR>Coordenador Executivo - Rede Nordeste
de Biotecnologia<BR>Diretor Geral - Instituto de Doenças Tropicais Natan
Portella<BR>Universidade Federal do Piauí<BR>Rua Artur de Vasconcelos
151-Sul<BR>64.001-450 Teresina-PI <BR>Brasil<BR>Telefones: IDTNP:+55 86
3221-3413; <BR>Celular: +55 86 9985-6132; Fax: +55 86
3222-3248<BR>_______________________________________________<BR>Leish-l
mailing list<BR>Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br<BR><A
href="http://lineu.icb.usp.br/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/leish-l"
eudora="autourl">http://lineu.icb.usp.br/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/leish-l</A></BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>
<HR>
<P></P>_______________________________________________<BR>Leish-l mailing
list<BR>Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br<BR>http://lineu.icb.usp.br/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/leish-l<BR></BLOCKQUOTE></BODY></HTML>