<html><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; ">Dear Colleagues,<div>The following text :</div><div><blockquote type="cite"><div><span>"The analysis of the experience from Brazil and Paraguay indicates </span><br><span>that there is a probability of having one person infected for every </span><br><span>60 infected dogs"</span></div><div><br></div></blockquote></div><div> has originally been disseminated on the internet by the Argentinean website DataChaco (<a href="http://datachaco.com/noticia.php?numero=17399">http://datachaco.com/noticia.php?numero=17399) </a></div><div> on the 2nd of February. DataChaco.com is a news portal in Spanish which belongs to VERONICA P. IRAZOQUI </div><div>and can be contacted via:</div><div>Sosa Alejandro</div><div>Email: <a href="mailto:alexsx2@hotmail.com">alexsx2@hotmail.com</a></div><div>Address: Av.Sarmiento 1616</div><div>AR - Resistencia ( zip: 3500 )</div><div>Phone : 54 - 3722</div><div><br></div><div>The website maintains "content covering social, political, economic, cultural and sport in our province, taking advantage of the universality, immediacy, multimedia and interactivity that the Web offers". </div><div>The article in Spanish has been picked up by the Promed service (ProMED-mail <<a href="mailto:promed@promed.isid.harvard.edu">promed@promed.isid.harvard.edu</a>> which had it translated into English after which I distributed it via this mailing list.</div><div><br></div><div>Hope this gives you sufficient information about the origin of the above statement:</div><div><div><br></div>Fred</div><div><br><div><div>On Mar 30, 2009, at 5:11 AM, Nancy Gore Saravia wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><blockquote type="cite"><div>Dear colleagues,</div> <div>The data and citation for this assertion would be greatly appreciated!</div> <div>Best regards to all,</div> <div>Nancy <br><br></div> <div class="gmail_quote">2009/3/24 Gordon Hamilton <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:j.g.c.hamilton@biol.keele.ac.uk">j.g.c.hamilton@biol.keele.ac.uk</a>></span><br> <blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="PADDING-LEFT: 1ex; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; BORDER-LEFT: #ccc 1px solid"> <div lang="EN-US" bgcolor="#ffffff" vlink="blue" link="blue"> <div><font face="Arial" size="2">Dear All,</font></div> <div><font face="Arial" size="2"></font> </div> <div><font face="Arial" size="2">the article contains the following interesting statement,</font></div> <div class="im"> <div><font face="Arial" size="2"></font> </div> <div><span>"The analysis of the experience from Brazil and Paraguay indicates </span><br><span>that there is a probability of having one person infected for every </span><br><span>60 infected dogs"</span></div> <div><span></span> </div></div> <div><span><font face="Arial" size="2">does anyone know the source of this information and is it true? </font></span></div> <div><span><font face="Arial" size="2"></font></span> </div> <div><span><font face="Arial" size="2"></font></span> </div> <div><span><font face="Arial" size="2">many thanks</font></span></div> <div><span><font face="Arial" size="2"></font></span> </div> <div><span><font face="Arial" size="2"></font></span> </div> <div><span><font face="Arial" size="2">Gordon Hamilton</font></span></div> <div><span><font face="Arial" size="2"></font></span> </div> <div><span><font face="Arial" size="2"></font></span> </div> <div><span></span> </div> <blockquote style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px"> <div> <div></div> <div class="h5"> <div style="FONT: 10pt arial">----- Original Message ----- </div> <div style="BACKGROUND: #e4e4e4; FONT: 10pt arial"><b>From:</b> <a title="KwangPoo.Chang@rosalindfranklin.edu" href="mailto:KwangPoo.Chang@rosalindfranklin.edu" target="_blank">Chang, Kwang-Poo</a> </div> <div style="FONT: 10pt arial"><b>To:</b> <a title="nimri@just.edu.jo" href="mailto:nimri@just.edu.jo" target="_blank">Laila Nimri</a> ; <a title="fred.opperdoes@uclouvain.be" href="mailto:fred.opperdoes@uclouvain.be" target="_blank">fred opperdoes</a> ; <a title="Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br" href="mailto:Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br" target="_blank">Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br</a> </div> <div style="FONT: 10pt arial"><b>Sent:</b> Saturday, March 21, 2009 3:25 PM</div> <div style="FONT: 10pt arial"><b>Subject:</b> Re: [Leish-l] Leishmaniasis - Argentina: epidemic potential</div> <div><br></div> <div><p><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">To: Prof. Laila Nimri and all</span></font></p><div><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> </span></font><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></div><p><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">The issue appears to be a language translation problem. I was told that all blood sucking flies are referred to as “mosquito” in Spanish.</span></font></p><div><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> </span></font><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></div><p><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">KP</span></font></p><div><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> </span></font><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></div> <div> <div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> <hr align="center" width="100%" size="2"> </span></font></div><p><b><font face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">From:</span></font></b><font face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"> <a href="mailto:leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br" target="_blank">leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br</a> [mailto:<a href="mailto:leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br" target="_blank">leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br</a>] <b><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">On Behalf Of </span></b>Laila Nimri<br> <b><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Sent:</span></b> Thursday, February 26, 2009 1:53 AM<br><b><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">To:</span></b> fred opperdoes; <a href="mailto:Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br" target="_blank">Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br</a><br> <b><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Subject:</span></b> Re: [Leish-l] Leishmaniasis - Argentina: epidemic potential</span></font></p></div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></font><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></div> <div><p><font face="Times New Roman" color="black" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black">Just to correct a very important information about the vector of Visceral leishmaniasis, it is definitely not a mosquito, it is a sand fly of the genus </span></font><em><b><i><font face="Times New Roman" color="red"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: red">Lutzomyia</span></font></i></b></em><font color="black"><span style="COLOR: black"> as mentioned correctly below or a <em><i><font face="Times New Roman">Phlebotomus.</font></i></em> The environmental or climatic changes that affect mosquitoes might have affected the sand flies and lead to the emergence of the disease.</span></font></p> </div> <div><div><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></font><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></div></div> <div><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Prof. Laila Nimri</span></font></p></div> <div> <div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> <hr align="center" width="100%" size="2"> </span></font></div><p style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt"><b><font face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">From:</span></font></b><font face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"> <a href="mailto:leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br" target="_blank">leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br</a> [<a href="mailto:leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br" target="_blank">leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br</a>] On Behalf Of fred opperdoes [<a href="mailto:fred.opperdoes@uclouvain.be" target="_blank">fred.opperdoes@uclouvain.be</a>]<br> <b><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Sent:</span></b> Thursday, February 26, 2009 8:21 AM<br><b><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">To:</span></b> <a href="mailto:Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br" target="_blank">Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br</a><br> <b><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Subject:</span></b> [Leish-l] Leishmaniasis - Argentina: epidemic potential</span></font></p></div> <div> <blockquote style="MARGIN-TOP: 5pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 5pt" type="cite"><p><span><font face="Times New Roman" color="black" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black">Date: Wed, 25 Feb 2009 21:23:15 -0500 (EST)</span></font></span><font color="black"><span style="COLOR: black"><br> <span>From: ProMED-mail <<a href="mailto:promed@promed.isid.harvard.edu" target="_blank">promed@promed.isid.harvard.edu</a>></span><br><span>Subject: PRO/AH/EDR> Leishmaniasis - Argentina: epidemic potential</span><br> <br><span>LEISHMANIASIS - ARGENTINA: EPIDEMIC POTENTIAL</span><br><span>***********************************************</span><br><span>A ProMED-mail post</span><br><span><<a href="http://www.promedmail.org/" target="_blank">http://www.promedmail.org</a>></span><br> <span>ProMED-mail is a program of the</span><br><span>International Society for Infectious Diseases</span><br><span><<a href="http://www.isid.org/" target="_blank">http://www.isid.org</a>></span><br><br><span>Date: Tue 24 Feb 2009</span><br> <span>Source: Datachaco.com [trans. Mod JGM, edited]</span><br><span><<a href="http://datachaco.com/noticia.php?numero=17399" target="_blank">http://datachaco.com/noticia.php?numero=17399</a>></span><br><br><br><span>The occurrence of cases of yellow fever made people pay attention to </span><br> <span>mosquito-borne diseases, and dengue fever, which is currently </span><br><span>attacking with unusual strength in Paraguay, set another alarm in </span><br><span>Chaco, Corrientes, and Misiones provinces, which share borders with </span><br> <span>Paraguay</span><span> and Bolivia.</span><br><br><span>However, a new emerging disease has become the main epidemic threat </span><br><span>in Argentina: Visceral leishmaniasis. This little known disease is </span><br> <span>being analyzed now as a cause for a sanitary red alert in Argentina.</span><br><br><span>Visceral leishmaniasis is also </span></span></font><strong><b><font face="Times New Roman" color="red"><span style="COLOR: red">caused by a mosquito-borne parasite</span></font></b></strong><span><font color="black"><span style="COLOR: black">. </span></font></span><font color="black"><span style="COLOR: black"><br> <span>There is no vaccine for this disease, and therapy is instituted only </span><br><span>once a case is clearly defined. Its mortality rate is around 8 per </span><br><span>cent, and it has a particular feature: Dogs may act as reservoirs for </span><br> <span>the parasite.</span><br><br><span>A summary of the life cycle of the parasite indicates that </span><br><span>_</span></span></font><em><b><i><font face="Times New Roman" color="red"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: red">Lutzomyia</span></font></i></b></em><strong><b><font face="Times New Roman" color="red"><span style="COLOR: red">_ insects</span></font></b></strong><span><font color="black"><span style="COLOR: black"> </span></font></span><strong><b><font face="Times New Roman" color="red"><span style="COLOR: red">infect </span></font></b></strong><span><font color="black"><span style="COLOR: black">dogs. These animals develop the disease </span></font></span><font color="black"><span style="COLOR: black"><br> <span>and transmit the parasite to another insect vector, which now is </span><br><span>capable of transmitting visceral leishmaniasis to humans. There is no </span><br><span>human-to-human transmission.</span><br><br><span>Since the very 1st case was reported in 2006, 36 persons have been </span><br> <span>affected, and there are 4 deceased patients. The possibility of a </span><br><span>rapid increase in the number of cases is a reason for concern.</span><br><br><span>Last week 2 cases of visceral leishmaniasis were reported in Posadas. </span><br> <span>One is an 18-year-old woman, and the other is a 21-year-old man, who </span><br><span>separately developed the symptoms of the disease. Some personnel from </span><br><span>the army are currently collaborating with municipal authorities in </span><br> <span>Posadas</span><span> for cleaning wastelands, which are considered breeding places </span><br><span>for insect vectors.</span><br><br><span>This health problem has become quite dangerous and important in the </span><br> <span>main cities in Misiones province, and specialists warn that the </span><br><span>disease may reach other provinces in the short term.</span><br><br><span>"We are observing that the vector is spreading fast, and 2 corridors </span><br> <span>have been established, one directing towards Resistencia and the </span><br><span>other one towards Corrientes. Also, the northern area of Entre Rios, </span><br><span>as well as Santa Fe, and Cordoba are vulnerable places. The </span></span></font><strong><b><font face="Times New Roman" color="red"><span style="COLOR: red">mosquito </span></font></b></strong><b><font color="red"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: red"><br> <strong><b><font face="Times New Roman">vector for visceral leishmaniasis</font></b></strong></span></font></b><span><font color="black"><span style="COLOR: black"> has become an urban-living insect, </span></font></span><font color="black"><span style="COLOR: black"><br> <span>so there is a substantial risk for its presence in big urban </span><br><span>centers," explained Dr. Daniel Salomon, from the National Center for </span><br><span>Epidemics in Argentina's Ministry of Health.</span><br> <br><span>"It is quite difficult to implement preventive measures, because </span><br><span>people are so in love with their pets," commented Dr. Salomon. There </span><br><span>are very few options for controlling the spread of the disease apart </span><br> <span>from sacrificing sick animals.</span><br><br><span>In 2004, the 1st dog infected with the causative agent of visceral </span><br><span>leishmaniasis was detected. When 40 cases were reported in Misiones </span><br><span>province, the Ministry of Health issued a red alert. Nonetheless, the </span><br> <span>current situation is much worse. In Posadas, it was determined that </span><br><span>7000 dogs actually have the parasite. Additionally, there are 300 </span><br><span>infected dogs in Corrientes, and it is worth mentioning that in its </span><br> <span>capital city, there are thousands of homeless dogs considered to be </span><br><span>infected with the parasite.</span><br><br><span>The analysis of the experience from Brazil and Paraguay indicates </span><br><span>that there is a probability of having one person infected for every </span><br> <span>60 infected dogs. There is a high risk for an epidemic.</span><br><br><span>Sanitary authorities recommend that pets must not be carried to the </span><br><span>areas considered to be at risk. It is also advisable not to transport </span><br> <span>dogs from the affected regions to other areas in the country. The </span><br><span>idea is to cut the transmission cycle of the parasite. Those persons </span><br><span>who may visit the northern part of Argentina must be immunized </span><br> <span>against yellow fever as an ordinary preventive measure, and they must </span><br><span>leave their pets at home as an additional preventive measure.</span><br><br><span>"Visceral leishmaniasis was present in the northern part of South <br> America until migrating workers started moving it towards the south. </span><br><span>In early 2000, there were some important outbreaks in Campo Grande do </span><br><span>Sul and in Asuncion, where the average number of persons infected is </span><br> <span>around 70 per year. In Brazil there are around 4000 cases and 200 </span><br><span>deaths per year," pointed out Dr. Salomon, who had been doing some </span><br><span>field work during the past few weeks in the Litoral provinces.</span><br> <br><span>He also added: "There is a trend for an increase in visceral </span><br><span>leishmaniasis, so the disease may spread, and it is expected to have </span><br><span>more cases."</span><br><br><span>Climate changes and deforesting seem to be the main explanations for </span><br> <span>the migration of </span></span></font><strong><b><u><font face="Times New Roman" color="red"><span style="COLOR: red">mosquito-borne diseases</span></font></u></b></strong><span><font color="black"><span style="COLOR: black">. However, trying to justify </span></font></span><font color="black"><span style="COLOR: black"><br> <span>the occurrence of emergent diseases only because of reasons inherent </span><br><span>to nature itself may exonerate provincial and municipal authorities </span><br><span>for not complying with their obligations with respect to the </span><br> <span>implementation of disease control programs and cleaning empty lots.</span><br><br><span>Consequently, now there are many public accusations between Misiones, </span><br><span>Corrientes</span><span>, and Chaco health officers. These persons, now that there </span><br> <span>are cases of visceral leishmaniasis, immediately try to explain that </span><br><span>transmission may have taken place outside their respective </span><br><span>jurisdictions. The clear point is that the </span></span></font><strong><b><font face="Times New Roman" color="red"><span style="COLOR: red">mosquito vector</span></font></b></strong><span><font color="black"><span style="COLOR: black"> appears </span></font></span><font color="black"><span style="COLOR: black"><br> <span>because of lack of public hygiene.</span><br><br><span>- --</span><br><span>Communicated by:</span><br><span>ProMED-mail <<a href="mailto:promed@promedmail.org" target="_blank">promed@promedmail.org</a>></span><br> <br><span>[Leishmaniasis has been slowly spreading in northern Argentina over </span><br><span>the past decades (Salomon O et al. First visceral leishmaniasis focus </span><br><span>in Argentina. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2008;103:109-11</span><br> <span><<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18368242?ordinalpos=9&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18368242?ordinalpos=9&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum</a>>).</span><br> <br><span>The ecology of the vector has been changing, and increasing </span><br><span>urbanization has been suggested as one of the explanations (Salomon </span><br><span>OD </span><em><i><font face="Times New Roman">et al</font></i></em><span>. Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psycodidae) fauna in the Chaco </span><br> <span>region and Cutaneous Leishmaniasis transmission patterns in </span><br><span>Argentina</span><span>. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2008;103:578-84</span><br><span><<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18949328?ordinalpos=3&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18949328?ordinalpos=3&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum</a>>).</span><br> <span> - Mod.EP]</span></span></font></p></blockquote></div></div></div></div><div> <br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></div><hr><div><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></div>_______________________________________________<br>Leish-l mailing list <div class="im"><br><a href="mailto:Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br" target="_blank">Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br</a><br></div> <div class="im"><a href="http://lineu.icb.usp.br/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/leish-l" target="_blank">http://lineu.icb.usp.br/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/leish-l</a><br></div><div><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></div><div><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></div></blockquote></div><br>_______________________________________________<br>Leish-l mailing list<br><a href="mailto:Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br">Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br</a><br><a href="http://lineu.icb.usp.br/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/leish-l" target="_blank">http://lineu.icb.usp.br/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/leish-l</a><br> <br></blockquote></div><br><br clear="all"><br>-- <br>NANCY GORE SARAVIA<br>Directora Cientifíca<br>Tel (57)(2) 6682164 ext 208<br><a href="mailto:saravian@cideim.org.co">saravian@cideim.org.co</a> <br>________________________________________<br> Corporación CIDEIM <br>Avenida 1 Norte # 3 - 03<br>Cali - Colombia <br>Tel (57) (2) 6682164<br>Fax (57) (2) 6672989 <br><a href="http://www.cideim.org.co">www.cideim.org.co</a><br><br><br>________________________________________<br> Este mensaje y/o sus anexos son para uso exclusivo de CIDEIM. 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