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<DIV>The Americans use sand fly. The convention is that two words indicate a
dipteran - eg. sand fly, tsetse fly, horse fly, stable fly etc, - whereas one
word indicates a non-dipteran - eg. mayfly, damselfly, hoverfly etc. It
seems sensible to me and I follow it. [This is opposed by Chris Schofield. But
he works on reduvidbugs (conenosebugs)!]</DIV>
<DIV>Bob Killick-Kendrick</DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial">----- Original Message ----- </DIV>
<DIV
style="BACKGROUND: #e4e4e4; FONT: 10pt arial; font-color: black"><B>From:</B>
<A title=chncosta@gmail.com href="mailto:chncosta@gmail.com">Carlos Costa</A>
</DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>To:</B> <A
title=KwangPoo.Chang@rosalindfranklin.edu
href="mailto:KwangPoo.Chang@rosalindfranklin.edu">Chang, Kwang-Poo</A> </DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Cc:</B> <A title=fred.opperdoes@uclouvain.be
href="mailto:fred.opperdoes@uclouvain.be">fred opperdoes</A> ; <A
title=Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br
href="mailto:Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br">Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br</A> </DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Sent:</B> Tuesday, March 24, 2009 8:46
PM</DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Subject:</B> Re: [Leish-l] Leishmaniasis -
Argentina: epidemic potential</DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV>To: all</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>By the way, what is the right English writing: sand fly or sandfly? Is it
a matter of England vs. US?</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>Carlos H.<BR><BR></DIV>
<DIV class=gmail_quote>2009/3/21 Chang, Kwang-Poo <SPAN dir=ltr><<A
href="mailto:KwangPoo.Chang@rosalindfranklin.edu">KwangPoo.Chang@rosalindfranklin.edu</A>></SPAN><BR>
<BLOCKQUOTE class=gmail_quote
style="PADDING-LEFT: 1ex; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; BORDER-LEFT: #ccc 1px solid">
<DIV lang=EN-US link="blue" vlink="blue">
<DIV>
<P><FONT face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">To: Prof. Laila
Nimri and all</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P><FONT face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"></SPAN></FONT> </P>
<P><FONT face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">The issue appears
to be a language translation problem. I was told that all blood sucking
flies are referred to as “mosquito” in Spanish.</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P><FONT face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"></SPAN></FONT> </P>
<P><FONT face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">KP</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P><FONT face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"></SPAN></FONT> </P>
<DIV>
<DIV style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><FONT face="Times New Roman"
size=3><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">
<HR align=center width="100%" SIZE=2>
</SPAN></FONT></DIV>
<P><B><FONT face=Tahoma size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">From:</SPAN></FONT></B><FONT
face=Tahoma size=2><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"> <A
href="mailto:leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br"
target=_blank>leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br</A> [mailto:<A
href="mailto:leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br"
target=_blank>leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br</A>] <B><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">On Behalf Of </SPAN></B>Laila Nimri<BR><B><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Sent:</SPAN></B> Thursday, February 26, 2009 1:53
AM<BR><B><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">To:</SPAN></B> fred opperdoes; <A
href="mailto:Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br"
target=_blank>Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br</A><BR><B><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Subject:</SPAN></B> Re: [Leish-l] Leishmaniasis -
Argentina: epidemic potential</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV></DIV>
<DIV class=h5>
<P><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></SPAN></FONT> </P>
<DIV>
<P><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=black size=3><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black">Just to correct a very important
information about the vector of Visceral leishmaniasis, it is definitely not
a mosquito, it is a sand fly of the genus </SPAN></FONT><EM><B><I><FONT
face="Times New Roman" color=red><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: red">Lutzomyia</SPAN></FONT></I></B></EM><FONT
color=black><SPAN style="COLOR: black"> as mentioned correctly below or a
<EM><I><FONT face="Times New Roman">Phlebotomus.</FONT></I></EM> The
environmental or climatic changes that affect mosquitoes might have affected
the sand flies and lead to the emergence of the
disease.</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></SPAN></FONT> </P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Prof.
Laila Nimri</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><FONT face="Times New Roman"
size=3><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">
<HR align=center width="100%" SIZE=2>
</SPAN></FONT></DIV>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt"><B><FONT face=Tahoma size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">From:</SPAN></FONT></B><FONT
face=Tahoma size=2><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"> <A
href="mailto:leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br"
target=_blank>leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br</A> [<A
href="mailto:leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br"
target=_blank>leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br</A>] On Behalf Of fred
opperdoes [<A href="mailto:fred.opperdoes@uclouvain.be"
target=_blank>fred.opperdoes@uclouvain.be</A>]<BR><B><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Sent:</SPAN></B> Thursday, February 26, 2009 8:21
AM<BR><B><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">To:</SPAN></B> <A
href="mailto:Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br"
target=_blank>Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br</A><BR><B><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Subject:</SPAN></B> [Leish-l] Leishmaniasis -
Argentina: epidemic potential</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE style="MARGIN-TOP: 5pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 5pt" type="cite">
<P><SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=black size=3><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black">Date: Wed, 25 Feb 2009 21:23:15
-0500 (EST)</SPAN></FONT></SPAN><FONT color=black><SPAN
style="COLOR: black"><BR><SPAN>From: ProMED-mail <<A
href="mailto:promed@promed.isid.harvard.edu"
target=_blank>promed@promed.isid.harvard.edu</A>></SPAN><BR><SPAN>Subject:
PRO/AH/EDR> Leishmaniasis - Argentina: epidemic
potential</SPAN><BR><BR><SPAN>LEISHMANIASIS - ARGENTINA: EPIDEMIC
POTENTIAL</SPAN><BR><SPAN>***********************************************</SPAN><BR><SPAN>A
ProMED-mail post</SPAN><BR><SPAN><<A href="http://www.promedmail.org/"
target=_blank>http://www.promedmail.org</A>></SPAN><BR><SPAN>ProMED-mail
is a program of the</SPAN><BR><SPAN>International Society for Infectious
Diseases</SPAN><BR><SPAN><<A href="http://www.isid.org/"
target=_blank>http://www.isid.org</A>></SPAN><BR><BR><SPAN>Date: Tue 24
Feb 2009</SPAN><BR><SPAN>Source: Datachaco.com [trans. Mod JGM,
edited]</SPAN><BR><SPAN><<A
href="http://datachaco.com/noticia.php?numero=17399"
target=_blank>http://datachaco.com/noticia.php?numero=17399</A>></SPAN><BR><BR><BR><SPAN>The
occurrence of cases of yellow fever made people pay attention
to </SPAN><BR><SPAN>mosquito-borne diseases, and dengue fever, which
is currently </SPAN><BR><SPAN>attacking with unusual strength in
Paraguay, set another alarm in </SPAN><BR><SPAN>Chaco, Corrientes,
and Misiones provinces, which share borders
with </SPAN><BR><SPAN>Paraguay</SPAN><SPAN> and
Bolivia.</SPAN><BR><BR><SPAN>However, a new emerging disease has become
the main epidemic threat </SPAN><BR><SPAN>in Argentina: Visceral
leishmaniasis. This little known disease is </SPAN><BR><SPAN>being
analyzed now as a cause for a sanitary red alert in
Argentina.</SPAN><BR><BR><SPAN>Visceral leishmaniasis is also
</SPAN></SPAN></FONT><STRONG><B><FONT face="Times New Roman"
color=red><SPAN style="COLOR: red">caused by a mosquito-borne
parasite</SPAN></FONT></B></STRONG><SPAN><FONT color=black><SPAN
style="COLOR: black">. </SPAN></FONT></SPAN><FONT color=black><SPAN
style="COLOR: black"><BR><SPAN>There is no vaccine for this disease, and
therapy is instituted only </SPAN><BR><SPAN>once a case is clearly
defined. Its mortality rate is around 8 per </SPAN><BR><SPAN>cent,
and it has a particular feature: Dogs may act as reservoirs
for </SPAN><BR><SPAN>the parasite.</SPAN><BR><BR><SPAN>A summary of
the life cycle of the parasite indicates
that </SPAN><BR><SPAN>_</SPAN></SPAN></FONT><EM><B><I><FONT
face="Times New Roman" color=red><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: red">Lutzomyia</SPAN></FONT></I></B></EM><STRONG><B><FONT
face="Times New Roman" color=red><SPAN style="COLOR: red">_
insects</SPAN></FONT></B></STRONG><SPAN><FONT color=black><SPAN
style="COLOR: black"> </SPAN></FONT></SPAN><STRONG><B><FONT
face="Times New Roman" color=red><SPAN style="COLOR: red">infect
</SPAN></FONT></B></STRONG><SPAN><FONT color=black><SPAN
style="COLOR: black">dogs. These animals develop the
disease </SPAN></FONT></SPAN><FONT color=black><SPAN
style="COLOR: black"><BR><SPAN>and transmit the parasite to another insect
vector, which now is </SPAN><BR><SPAN>capable of transmitting
visceral leishmaniasis to humans. There is
no </SPAN><BR><SPAN>human-to-human
transmission.</SPAN><BR><BR><SPAN>Since the very 1st case was reported in
2006, 36 persons have been </SPAN><BR><SPAN>affected, and there are 4
deceased patients. The possibility of a </SPAN><BR><SPAN>rapid
increase in the number of cases is a reason for
concern.</SPAN><BR><BR><SPAN>Last week 2 cases of visceral leishmaniasis
were reported in Posadas. </SPAN><BR><SPAN>One is an 18-year-old
woman, and the other is a 21-year-old man,
who </SPAN><BR><SPAN>separately developed the symptoms of the
disease. Some personnel from </SPAN><BR><SPAN>the army are currently
collaborating with municipal authorities
in </SPAN><BR><SPAN>Posadas</SPAN><SPAN> for cleaning wastelands,
which are considered breeding places </SPAN><BR><SPAN>for insect
vectors.</SPAN><BR><BR><SPAN>This health problem has become quite
dangerous and important in the </SPAN><BR><SPAN>main cities in
Misiones province, and specialists warn that
the </SPAN><BR><SPAN>disease may reach other provinces in the short
term.</SPAN><BR><BR><SPAN>"We are observing that the vector is spreading
fast, and 2 corridors </SPAN><BR><SPAN>have been established, one
directing towards Resistencia and the </SPAN><BR><SPAN>other one
towards Corrientes. Also, the northern area of Entre
Rios, </SPAN><BR><SPAN>as well as Santa Fe, and Cordoba are
vulnerable places. The </SPAN></SPAN></FONT><STRONG><B><FONT
face="Times New Roman" color=red><SPAN
style="COLOR: red">mosquito </SPAN></FONT></B></STRONG><B><FONT
color=red><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: red"><BR><STRONG><B><FONT
face="Times New Roman">vector for visceral
leishmaniasis</FONT></B></STRONG></SPAN></FONT></B><SPAN><FONT
color=black><SPAN style="COLOR: black"> has become an urban-living
insect, </SPAN></FONT></SPAN><FONT color=black><SPAN
style="COLOR: black"><BR><SPAN>so there is a substantial risk for its
presence in big urban </SPAN><BR><SPAN>centers," explained Dr. Daniel
Salomon, from the National Center for </SPAN><BR><SPAN>Epidemics in
Argentina's Ministry of Health.</SPAN><BR><BR><SPAN>"It is quite difficult
to implement preventive measures, because </SPAN><BR><SPAN>people are
so in love with their pets," commented Dr. Salomon.
There </SPAN><BR><SPAN>are very few options for controlling the
spread of the disease apart </SPAN><BR><SPAN>from sacrificing sick
animals.</SPAN><BR><BR><SPAN>In 2004, the 1st dog infected with the
causative agent of visceral </SPAN><BR><SPAN>leishmaniasis was
detected. When 40 cases were reported in
Misiones </SPAN><BR><SPAN>province, the Ministry of Health issued a
red alert. Nonetheless, the </SPAN><BR><SPAN>current situation is
much worse. In Posadas, it was determined that </SPAN><BR><SPAN>7000
dogs actually have the parasite. Additionally, there are
300 </SPAN><BR><SPAN>infected dogs in Corrientes, and it is worth
mentioning that in its </SPAN><BR><SPAN>capital city, there are
thousands of homeless dogs considered to be </SPAN><BR><SPAN>infected
with the parasite.</SPAN><BR><BR><SPAN>The analysis of the experience from
Brazil and Paraguay indicates </SPAN><BR><SPAN>that there is a
probability of having one person infected for
every </SPAN><BR><SPAN>60 infected dogs. There is a high risk for an
epidemic.</SPAN><BR><BR><SPAN>Sanitary authorities recommend that pets
must not be carried to the </SPAN><BR><SPAN>areas considered to be at
risk. It is also advisable not to transport </SPAN><BR><SPAN>dogs
from the affected regions to other areas in the country.
The </SPAN><BR><SPAN>idea is to cut the transmission cycle of the
parasite. Those persons </SPAN><BR><SPAN>who may visit the northern
part of Argentina must be immunized </SPAN><BR><SPAN>against yellow
fever as an ordinary preventive measure, and they
must </SPAN><BR><SPAN>leave their pets at home as an additional
preventive measure.</SPAN><BR><BR><SPAN>"Visceral leishmaniasis was
present in the northern part of South <BR>America until migrating
workers started moving it towards the south. </SPAN><BR><SPAN>In
early 2000, there were some important outbreaks in Campo Grande
do </SPAN><BR><SPAN>Sul and in Asuncion, where the average number of
persons infected is </SPAN><BR><SPAN>around 70 per year. In Brazil
there are around 4000 cases and 200 </SPAN><BR><SPAN>deaths per
year," pointed out Dr. Salomon, who had been doing
some </SPAN><BR><SPAN>field work during the past few weeks in the
Litoral provinces.</SPAN><BR><BR><SPAN>He also added: "There is a trend
for an increase in visceral </SPAN><BR><SPAN>leishmaniasis, so the
disease may spread, and it is expected to have </SPAN><BR><SPAN>more
cases."</SPAN><BR><BR><SPAN>Climate changes and deforesting seem to be the
main explanations for </SPAN><BR><SPAN>the migration of
</SPAN></SPAN></FONT><STRONG><B><U><FONT face="Times New Roman"
color=red><SPAN style="COLOR: red">mosquito-borne
diseases</SPAN></FONT></U></B></STRONG><SPAN><FONT color=black><SPAN
style="COLOR: black">. However, trying to
justify </SPAN></FONT></SPAN><FONT color=black><SPAN
style="COLOR: black"><BR><SPAN>the occurrence of emergent diseases only
because of reasons inherent </SPAN><BR><SPAN>to nature itself may
exonerate provincial and municipal authorities </SPAN><BR><SPAN>for
not complying with their obligations with respect to
the </SPAN><BR><SPAN>implementation of disease control programs and
cleaning empty lots.</SPAN><BR><BR><SPAN>Consequently, now there are many
public accusations between
Misiones, </SPAN><BR><SPAN>Corrientes</SPAN><SPAN>, and Chaco health
officers. These persons, now that there </SPAN><BR><SPAN>are cases of
visceral leishmaniasis, immediately try to explain
that </SPAN><BR><SPAN>transmission may have taken place outside their
respective </SPAN><BR><SPAN>jurisdictions. The clear point is that
the </SPAN></SPAN></FONT><STRONG><B><FONT face="Times New Roman"
color=red><SPAN style="COLOR: red">mosquito
vector</SPAN></FONT></B></STRONG><SPAN><FONT color=black><SPAN
style="COLOR: black"> appears </SPAN></FONT></SPAN><FONT
color=black><SPAN style="COLOR: black"><BR><SPAN>because of lack of public
hygiene.</SPAN><BR><BR><SPAN>- --</SPAN><BR><SPAN>Communicated
by:</SPAN><BR><SPAN>ProMED-mail <<A href="mailto:promed@promedmail.org"
target=_blank>promed@promedmail.org</A>></SPAN><BR><BR><SPAN>[Leishmaniasis
has been slowly spreading in northern Argentina
over </SPAN><BR><SPAN>the past decades (Salomon O et al. First
visceral leishmaniasis focus </SPAN><BR><SPAN>in Argentina. Mem Inst
Oswaldo Cruz. 2008;103:109-11</SPAN><BR><SPAN><<A
href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18368242?ordinalpos=9&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum"
target=_blank>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18368242?ordinalpos=9&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum</A>>).</SPAN><BR><BR><SPAN>The
ecology of the vector has been changing, and
increasing </SPAN><BR><SPAN>urbanization has been suggested as one of
the explanations (Salomon </SPAN><BR><SPAN>OD </SPAN><EM><I><FONT
face="Times New Roman">et al</FONT></I></EM><SPAN>. Phlebotominae
(Diptera: Psycodidae) fauna in the Chaco </SPAN><BR><SPAN>region and
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis transmission patterns
in </SPAN><BR><SPAN>Argentina</SPAN><SPAN>. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz.
2008;103:578-84</SPAN><BR><SPAN><<A
href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18949328?ordinalpos=3&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum"
target=_blank>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18949328?ordinalpos=3&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum</A>>).</SPAN><BR><SPAN> -
Mod.EP]</SPAN></SPAN></FONT></P></BLOCKQUOTE></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV><BR>_______________________________________________<BR>Leish-l
mailing list<BR><A
href="mailto:Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br">Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br</A><BR><A
href="http://lineu.icb.usp.br/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/leish-l"
target=_blank>http://lineu.icb.usp.br/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/leish-l</A><BR><BR></BLOCKQUOTE></DIV><BR><BR
clear=all><BR>-- <BR>Dr. Carlos Henrique Nery Costa.<BR>Coordenador Executivo
- Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia<BR>Diretor Geral - Instituto de Doenças
Tropicais Natan Portella<BR>Universidade Federal do Piauí<BR>Rua Artur de
Vasconcelos 151-Sul<BR>64.001-450 Teresina-PI <BR>Brasil<BR>Telefones:
IDTNP:+55 86 3221-3413; <BR>Celular: +55 86 9985-6132; Fax: +55 86
3222-3248<BR>
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