<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
<HTML xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40" xmlns:v =
"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" xmlns:o =
"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" xmlns:w =
"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word" xmlns:st1 =
"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"><HEAD>
<META http-equiv=Content-Type content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<META content="MSHTML 6.00.6000.16809" name=GENERATOR><!--[if !mso]>
<STYLE>v\:* {
BEHAVIOR: url(#default#VML)
}
o\:* {
BEHAVIOR: url(#default#VML)
}
w\:* {
BEHAVIOR: url(#default#VML)
}
.shape {
BEHAVIOR: url(#default#VML)
}
</STYLE>
<![endif]--><o:SmartTagType name="PlaceType"
namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"></o:SmartTagType><o:SmartTagType
name="PlaceName"
namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"></o:SmartTagType><o:SmartTagType
name="City"
namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"></o:SmartTagType><o:SmartTagType
name="country-region"
namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"></o:SmartTagType><o:SmartTagType
name="place"
namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"></o:SmartTagType><!--[if !mso]>
<STYLE>
st1\:*{behavior:url(#default#ieooui) }
</STYLE>
<![endif]-->
<STYLE>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:Tahoma;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 4 4 2 4;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{color:blue;
text-decoration:underline;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{color:blue;
text-decoration:underline;}
p
{margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";}
span.EmailStyle21
{mso-style-type:personal-reply;
font-family:Arial;
color:navy;}
@page Section1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in;}
div.Section1
{page:Section1;}
-->
</STYLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY lang=EN-US vLink=blue link=blue bgColor=#ffffff ocsi="x">
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>Dear All,</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>the article contains the following interesting
statement,</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=apple-style-span>"The analysis of the experience from
<st1:country-region w:st="on">Brazil</st1:country-region> and
<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">Paraguay</st1:place></st1:country-region>
indicates </SPAN><BR><SPAN class=apple-style-span>that there is a
probability of having one person infected for every </SPAN><BR><SPAN
class=apple-style-span>60 infected dogs"</SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=apple-style-span></SPAN> </DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=apple-style-span><FONT face=Arial size=2>does anyone know the
source of this information and is it true? </FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=apple-style-span><FONT face=Arial
size=2></FONT></SPAN> </DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=apple-style-span><FONT face=Arial
size=2></FONT></SPAN> </DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=apple-style-span><FONT face=Arial size=2>many
thanks</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=apple-style-span><FONT face=Arial
size=2></FONT></SPAN> </DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=apple-style-span><FONT face=Arial
size=2></FONT></SPAN> </DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=apple-style-span><FONT face=Arial size=2>Gordon
Hamilton</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=apple-style-span><FONT face=Arial
size=2></FONT></SPAN> </DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=apple-style-span><FONT face=Arial
size=2></FONT></SPAN> </DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=apple-style-span></SPAN> </DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial">----- Original Message ----- </DIV>
<DIV
style="BACKGROUND: #e4e4e4; FONT: 10pt arial; font-color: black"><B>From:</B>
<A title=KwangPoo.Chang@rosalindfranklin.edu
href="mailto:KwangPoo.Chang@rosalindfranklin.edu">Chang, Kwang-Poo</A> </DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>To:</B> <A title=nimri@just.edu.jo
href="mailto:nimri@just.edu.jo">Laila Nimri</A> ; <A
title=fred.opperdoes@uclouvain.be
href="mailto:fred.opperdoes@uclouvain.be">fred opperdoes</A> ; <A
title=Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br
href="mailto:Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br">Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br</A> </DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Sent:</B> Saturday, March 21, 2009 3:25
PM</DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Subject:</B> Re: [Leish-l] Leishmaniasis -
Argentina: epidemic potential</DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV class=Section1>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">To: Prof. Laila Nimri
and all<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">The issue appears to
be a language translation problem. I was told that all blood sucking flies are
referred to as “mosquito” in Spanish.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">KP<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=Arial color=navy size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<DIV>
<DIV class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><FONT
face="Times New Roman" size=3><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">
<HR tabIndex=-1 align=center width="100%" SIZE=2>
</SPAN></FONT></DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><FONT face=Tahoma size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">From:</SPAN></FONT></B><FONT
face=Tahoma size=2><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"> <A
href="mailto:leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br">leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br</A>
[mailto:leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br] <B><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">On Behalf Of </SPAN></B>Laila Nimri<BR><B><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Sent:</SPAN></B> Thursday, February 26, 2009 1:53
AM<BR><B><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">To:</SPAN></B> fred opperdoes; <A
href="mailto:Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br">Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br</A><BR><B><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Subject:</SPAN></B> Re: [Leish-l] Leishmaniasis -
<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">Argentina</st1:place></st1:country-region>: epidemic
potential</SPAN></FONT><o:p></o:p></P></DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=black size=3><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black">Just to correct a very important
information about the vector of Visceral leishmaniasis, it is definitely not a
mosquito, it is a sand fly of the genus </SPAN></FONT><EM><B><I><FONT
face="Times New Roman" color=red><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: red">Lutzomyia</SPAN></FONT></I></B></EM><FONT
color=black><SPAN style="COLOR: black"> as mentioned correctly below or a
<EM><I><FONT face="Times New Roman">Phlebotomus.</FONT></I></EM> The
environmental or climatic changes that affect mosquitoes might have affected
the sand flies and lead to the emergence of the
disease.</SPAN></FONT><o:p></o:p></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Prof. Laila Nimri<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=divRpF415679>
<DIV class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><FONT
face="Times New Roman" size=3><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">
<HR tabIndex=-1 align=center width="100%" SIZE=2>
</SPAN></FONT></DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt"><B><FONT face=Tahoma
size=2><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">From:</SPAN></FONT></B><FONT
face=Tahoma size=2><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">
leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br [leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br] On Behalf
Of fred opperdoes [fred.opperdoes@uclouvain.be]<BR><B><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Sent:</SPAN></B> Thursday, February 26, 2009 8:21
AM<BR><B><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">To:</SPAN></B>
Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br<BR><B><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Subject:</SPAN></B> [Leish-l] Leishmaniasis -
<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">Argentina</st1:place></st1:country-region>: epidemic
potential</SPAN></FONT><o:p></o:p></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE style="MARGIN-TOP: 5pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 5pt" type="cite">
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN class=apple-style-span><FONT face="Times New Roman"
color=black size=3><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black">Date: Wed, 25
Feb 2009 21:23:15 -0500 (EST)</SPAN></FONT></SPAN><FONT color=black><SPAN
style="COLOR: black"><BR><SPAN class=apple-style-span>From: ProMED-mail
<<A
href="mailto:promed@promed.isid.harvard.edu">promed@promed.isid.harvard.edu</A>></SPAN><BR><SPAN
class=apple-style-span>Subject: PRO/AH/EDR> Leishmaniasis -
<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">Argentina</st1:place></st1:country-region>: epidemic
potential</SPAN><BR><BR><SPAN class=apple-style-span>LEISHMANIASIS -
<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">ARGENTINA</st1:place></st1:country-region>: EPIDEMIC
POTENTIAL</SPAN><BR><SPAN
class=apple-style-span>***********************************************</SPAN><BR><SPAN
class=apple-style-span>A ProMED-mail post</SPAN><BR><SPAN
class=apple-style-span><<A href="http://www.promedmail.org/"
target=_blank>http://www.promedmail.org</A>></SPAN><BR><SPAN
class=apple-style-span>ProMED-mail is a program of the</SPAN><BR><SPAN
class=apple-style-span>International Society for Infectious
Diseases</SPAN><BR><SPAN class=apple-style-span><<A
href="http://www.isid.org/"
target=_blank>http://www.isid.org</A>></SPAN><BR><BR><SPAN
class=apple-style-span>Date: Tue 24 Feb 2009</SPAN><BR><SPAN
class=apple-style-span>Source: Datachaco.com [trans. Mod JGM,
edited]</SPAN><BR><SPAN class=apple-style-span><<A
href="http://datachaco.com/noticia.php?numero=17399"
target=_blank>http://datachaco.com/noticia.php?numero=17399</A>></SPAN><BR><BR><BR><SPAN
class=apple-style-span>The occurrence of cases of yellow fever made people
pay attention to </SPAN><BR><SPAN class=apple-style-span>mosquito-borne
diseases, and dengue fever, which is currently </SPAN><BR><SPAN
class=apple-style-span>attacking with unusual strength in
<st1:country-region w:st="on">Paraguay</st1:country-region>, set another
alarm in </SPAN><BR><SPAN class=apple-style-span>Chaco, <st1:City
w:st="on">Corrientes</st1:City>, and Misiones provinces, which share borders
with </SPAN><BR><st1:country-region w:st="on"><SPAN
class=apple-style-span>Paraguay</SPAN></st1:country-region><SPAN
class=apple-style-span> and <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">Bolivia</st1:place></st1:country-region>.</SPAN><BR><BR><SPAN
class=apple-style-span>However, a new emerging disease has become the main
epidemic threat </SPAN><BR><SPAN class=apple-style-span>in
<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">Argentina</st1:place></st1:country-region>: Visceral
leishmaniasis. This little known disease is </SPAN><BR><SPAN
class=apple-style-span>being analyzed now as a cause for a sanitary red
alert in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region
w:st="on">Argentina</st1:country-region></st1:place>.</SPAN><BR><BR><SPAN
class=apple-style-span>Visceral leishmaniasis is also
</SPAN></SPAN></FONT><STRONG><B><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=red><SPAN
style="COLOR: red">caused by a mosquito-borne
parasite</SPAN></FONT></B></STRONG><SPAN class=apple-style-span><FONT
color=black><SPAN style="COLOR: black">. </SPAN></FONT></SPAN><FONT
color=black><SPAN style="COLOR: black"><BR><SPAN
class=apple-style-span>There is no vaccine for this disease, and therapy is
instituted only </SPAN><BR><SPAN class=apple-style-span>once a case is
clearly defined. Its mortality rate is around 8 per </SPAN><BR><SPAN
class=apple-style-span>cent, and it has a particular feature: Dogs may act
as reservoirs for </SPAN><BR><SPAN class=apple-style-span>the
parasite.</SPAN><BR><BR><SPAN class=apple-style-span>A summary of the life
cycle of the parasite indicates that </SPAN><BR><SPAN
class=apple-style-span>_</SPAN></SPAN></FONT><EM><B><I><FONT
face="Times New Roman" color=red><SPAN
style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: red">Lutzomyia</SPAN></FONT></I></B></EM><STRONG><B><FONT
face="Times New Roman" color=red><SPAN style="COLOR: red">_
insects</SPAN></FONT></B></STRONG><SPAN class=apple-style-span><FONT
color=black><SPAN style="COLOR: black">
</SPAN></FONT></SPAN><STRONG><B><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=red><SPAN
style="COLOR: red">infect </SPAN></FONT></B></STRONG><SPAN
class=apple-style-span><FONT color=black><SPAN style="COLOR: black">dogs.
These animals develop the disease </SPAN></FONT></SPAN><FONT
color=black><SPAN style="COLOR: black"><BR><SPAN class=apple-style-span>and
transmit the parasite to another insect vector, which now
is </SPAN><BR><SPAN class=apple-style-span>capable of transmitting
visceral leishmaniasis to humans. There is no </SPAN><BR><SPAN
class=apple-style-span>human-to-human transmission.</SPAN><BR><BR><SPAN
class=apple-style-span>Since the very 1st case was reported in 2006, 36
persons have been </SPAN><BR><SPAN class=apple-style-span>affected, and
there are 4 deceased patients. The possibility of a </SPAN><BR><SPAN
class=apple-style-span>rapid increase in the number of cases is a reason for
concern.</SPAN><BR><BR><SPAN class=apple-style-span>Last week 2 cases of
visceral leishmaniasis were reported in <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">Posadas</st1:place></st1:City>. </SPAN><BR><SPAN
class=apple-style-span>One is an 18-year-old woman, and the other is a
21-year-old man, who </SPAN><BR><SPAN class=apple-style-span>separately
developed the symptoms of the disease. Some personnel
from </SPAN><BR><SPAN class=apple-style-span>the army are currently
collaborating with municipal authorities in </SPAN><BR><st1:City
w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><SPAN
class=apple-style-span>Posadas</SPAN></st1:place></st1:City><SPAN
class=apple-style-span> for cleaning wastelands, which are considered
breeding places </SPAN><BR><SPAN class=apple-style-span>for insect
vectors.</SPAN><BR><BR><SPAN class=apple-style-span>This health problem has
become quite dangerous and important in the </SPAN><BR><SPAN
class=apple-style-span>main cities in Misiones province, and specialists
warn that the </SPAN><BR><SPAN class=apple-style-span>disease may reach
other provinces in the short term.</SPAN><BR><BR><SPAN
class=apple-style-span>"We are observing that the vector is spreading fast,
and 2 corridors </SPAN><BR><SPAN class=apple-style-span>have been
established, one directing towards <st1:City
w:st="on">Resistencia</st1:City> and the </SPAN><BR><SPAN
class=apple-style-span>other one towards <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">Corrientes</st1:place></st1:City>. Also, the northern area of
Entre Rios, </SPAN><BR><SPAN class=apple-style-span>as well as
<st1:City w:st="on">Santa Fe</st1:City>, and <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">Cordoba</st1:place></st1:City> are vulnerable places. The
</SPAN></SPAN></FONT><STRONG><B><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=red><SPAN
style="COLOR: red">mosquito </SPAN></FONT></B></STRONG><B><FONT
color=red><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: red"><BR><STRONG><B><FONT
face="Times New Roman">vector for visceral
leishmaniasis</FONT></B></STRONG></SPAN></FONT></B><SPAN
class=apple-style-span><FONT color=black><SPAN style="COLOR: black"> has
become an urban-living insect, </SPAN></FONT></SPAN><FONT
color=black><SPAN style="COLOR: black"><BR><SPAN class=apple-style-span>so
there is a substantial risk for its presence in big
urban </SPAN><BR><SPAN class=apple-style-span>centers," explained Dr.
Daniel Salomon, from the <st1:PlaceName w:st="on">National</st1:PlaceName>
<st1:PlaceType w:st="on">Center</st1:PlaceType> for </SPAN><BR><SPAN
class=apple-style-span>Epidemics in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">Argentina</st1:place></st1:country-region>'s Ministry of
Health.</SPAN><BR><BR><SPAN class=apple-style-span>"It is quite difficult to
implement preventive measures, because </SPAN><BR><SPAN
class=apple-style-span>people are so in love with their pets," commented Dr.
Salomon. There </SPAN><BR><SPAN class=apple-style-span>are very few
options for controlling the spread of the disease
apart </SPAN><BR><SPAN class=apple-style-span>from sacrificing sick
animals.</SPAN><BR><BR><SPAN class=apple-style-span>In 2004, the 1st dog
infected with the causative agent of visceral </SPAN><BR><SPAN
class=apple-style-span>leishmaniasis was detected. When 40 cases were
reported in Misiones </SPAN><BR><SPAN class=apple-style-span>province,
the Ministry of Health issued a red alert. Nonetheless,
the </SPAN><BR><SPAN class=apple-style-span>current situation is much
worse. In <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">Posadas</st1:place></st1:City>, it was determined
that </SPAN><BR><SPAN class=apple-style-span>7000 dogs actually have
the parasite. Additionally, there are 300 </SPAN><BR><SPAN
class=apple-style-span>infected dogs in <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">Corrientes</st1:place></st1:City>, and it is worth mentioning that
in its </SPAN><BR><SPAN class=apple-style-span>capital city, there are
thousands of homeless dogs considered to be </SPAN><BR><SPAN
class=apple-style-span>infected with the parasite.</SPAN><BR><BR><SPAN
class=apple-style-span>The analysis of the experience from
<st1:country-region w:st="on">Brazil</st1:country-region> and
<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">Paraguay</st1:place></st1:country-region>
indicates </SPAN><BR><SPAN class=apple-style-span>that there is a
probability of having one person infected for every </SPAN><BR><SPAN
class=apple-style-span>60 infected dogs. There is a high risk for an
epidemic.</SPAN><BR><BR><SPAN class=apple-style-span>Sanitary authorities
recommend that pets must not be carried to the </SPAN><BR><SPAN
class=apple-style-span>areas considered to be at risk. It is also advisable
not to transport </SPAN><BR><SPAN class=apple-style-span>dogs from the
affected regions to other areas in the country. The </SPAN><BR><SPAN
class=apple-style-span>idea is to cut the transmission cycle of the
parasite. Those persons </SPAN><BR><SPAN class=apple-style-span>who may
visit the northern part of <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">Argentina</st1:place></st1:country-region> must be
immunized </SPAN><BR><SPAN class=apple-style-span>against yellow fever
as an ordinary preventive measure, and they must </SPAN><BR><SPAN
class=apple-style-span>leave their pets at home as an additional preventive
measure.</SPAN><BR><BR><SPAN class=apple-style-span>"Visceral leishmaniasis
was present in the northern part of <st1:place
w:st="on">South <BR>America</st1:place> until migrating workers started
moving it towards the south. </SPAN><BR><SPAN class=apple-style-span>In
early 2000, there were some important outbreaks in <st1:City w:st="on">Campo
Grande</st1:City> do </SPAN><BR><SPAN class=apple-style-span>Sul and in
<st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Asuncion</st1:place></st1:City>,
where the average number of persons infected is </SPAN><BR><SPAN
class=apple-style-span>around 70 per year. In <st1:country-region
w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Brazil</st1:place></st1:country-region> there
are around 4000 cases and 200 </SPAN><BR><SPAN
class=apple-style-span>deaths per year," pointed out Dr. Salomon, who had
been doing some </SPAN><BR><SPAN class=apple-style-span>field work
during the past few weeks in the Litoral provinces.</SPAN><BR><BR><SPAN
class=apple-style-span>He also added: "There is a trend for an increase in
visceral </SPAN><BR><SPAN class=apple-style-span>leishmaniasis, so the
disease may spread, and it is expected to have </SPAN><BR><SPAN
class=apple-style-span>more cases."</SPAN><BR><BR><SPAN
class=apple-style-span>Climate changes and deforesting seem to be the main
explanations for </SPAN><BR><SPAN class=apple-style-span>the migration
of </SPAN></SPAN></FONT><STRONG><B><U><FONT face="Times New Roman"
color=red><SPAN style="COLOR: red">mosquito-borne
diseases</SPAN></FONT></U></B></STRONG><SPAN class=apple-style-span><FONT
color=black><SPAN style="COLOR: black">. However, trying to
justify </SPAN></FONT></SPAN><FONT color=black><SPAN
style="COLOR: black"><BR><SPAN class=apple-style-span>the occurrence of
emergent diseases only because of reasons inherent </SPAN><BR><SPAN
class=apple-style-span>to nature itself may exonerate provincial and
municipal authorities </SPAN><BR><SPAN class=apple-style-span>for not
complying with their obligations with respect to the </SPAN><BR><SPAN
class=apple-style-span>implementation of disease control programs and
cleaning empty lots.</SPAN><BR><BR><SPAN
class=apple-style-span>Consequently, now there are many public accusations
between Misiones, </SPAN><BR><st1:City w:st="on"><SPAN
class=apple-style-span>Corrientes</SPAN></st1:City><SPAN
class=apple-style-span>, and <st1:place w:st="on">Chaco</st1:place> health
officers. These persons, now that there </SPAN><BR><SPAN
class=apple-style-span>are cases of visceral leishmaniasis, immediately try
to explain that </SPAN><BR><SPAN class=apple-style-span>transmission
may have taken place outside their respective </SPAN><BR><SPAN
class=apple-style-span>jurisdictions. The clear point is that the
</SPAN></SPAN></FONT><STRONG><B><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=red><SPAN
style="COLOR: red">mosquito vector</SPAN></FONT></B></STRONG><SPAN
class=apple-style-span><FONT color=black><SPAN style="COLOR: black">
appears </SPAN></FONT></SPAN><FONT color=black><SPAN
style="COLOR: black"><BR><SPAN class=apple-style-span>because of lack of
public hygiene.</SPAN><BR><BR><SPAN class=apple-style-span>-
--</SPAN><BR><SPAN class=apple-style-span>Communicated by:</SPAN><BR><SPAN
class=apple-style-span>ProMED-mail <<A
href="mailto:promed@promedmail.org">promed@promedmail.org</A>></SPAN><BR><BR><SPAN
class=apple-style-span>[Leishmaniasis has been slowly spreading in northern
<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">Argentina</st1:place></st1:country-region>
over </SPAN><BR><SPAN class=apple-style-span>the past decades (Salomon
O et al. First visceral leishmaniasis focus </SPAN><BR><SPAN
class=apple-style-span>in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">Argentina</st1:place></st1:country-region>. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz.
2008;103:109-11</SPAN><BR><SPAN class=apple-style-span><<A
href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18368242?ordinalpos=9&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum"
target=_blank>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18368242?ordinalpos=9&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum</A>>).</SPAN><BR><BR><SPAN
class=apple-style-span>The ecology of the vector has been changing, and
increasing </SPAN><BR><SPAN class=apple-style-span>urbanization has
been suggested as one of the explanations (Salomon </SPAN><BR><SPAN
class=apple-style-span>OD </SPAN><EM><I><FONT face="Times New Roman">et
al</FONT></I></EM><SPAN class=apple-style-span>. Phlebotominae (Diptera:
Psycodidae) fauna in the Chaco </SPAN><BR><SPAN
class=apple-style-span>region and Cutaneous Leishmaniasis transmission
patterns in </SPAN><BR><st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on"><SPAN
class=apple-style-span>Argentina</SPAN></st1:place></st1:country-region><SPAN
class=apple-style-span>. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz.
2008;103:578-84</SPAN><BR><SPAN class=apple-style-span><<A
href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18949328?ordinalpos=3&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum"
target=_blank>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18949328?ordinalpos=3&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum</A>>).</SPAN><BR><SPAN
class=apple-style-span> -
Mod.EP]</SPAN></SPAN></FONT><o:p></o:p></P></BLOCKQUOTE></DIV></DIV>
<P>
<HR>
<P></P>_______________________________________________<BR>Leish-l mailing
list<BR>Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br<BR>http://lineu.icb.usp.br/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/leish-l<BR></BLOCKQUOTE></BODY></HTML>