<html xmlns:v="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" xmlns:w="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word" xmlns:st1="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40">
<head>
<meta http-equiv=Content-Type content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<meta name=Generator content="Microsoft Word 11 (filtered medium)">
<!--[if !mso]>
<style>
v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
.shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
</style>
<![endif]--><o:SmartTagType
namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="PlaceType"/>
<o:SmartTagType namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"
name="country-region"/>
<o:SmartTagType namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"
name="City"/>
<o:SmartTagType namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"
name="place"/>
<o:SmartTagType namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"
name="PlaceName"/>
<!--[if !mso]>
<style>
st1\:*{behavior:url(#default#ieooui) }
</style>
<![endif]-->
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:Tahoma;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 4 4 2 4;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{color:blue;
text-decoration:underline;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{color:blue;
text-decoration:underline;}
p
{mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0in;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0in;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";}
span.EmailStyle20
{mso-style-type:personal-reply;
font-family:Arial;
color:navy;}
@page Section1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in;}
div.Section1
{page:Section1;}
-->
</style>
</head>
<body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=blue>
<div class=Section1>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>The British investigators I know insist in
using “sand fly” as the correct English.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>You save one space by using “sandfly”
at the expense of being correct.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>KP <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<div>
<div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>
<hr size=2 width="100%" align=center tabindex=-1>
</span></font></div>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Tahoma;font-weight:bold'>From:</span></font></b><font size=2
face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'> Carlos Costa
[mailto:chncosta@gmail.com] <br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Sent:</span></b> Tuesday, March 24, 2009 2:46
PM<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>To:</span></b> Chang, Kwang-Poo<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Cc:</span></b> Laila Nimri; fred opperdoes;
Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Subject:</span></b> Re: [Leish-l]
Leishmaniasis - <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Argentina</st1:place></st1:country-region>:
epidemic potential</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>To: all<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>By the way, what is the right English writing: sand fly or sandfly? Is
it a matter of <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">England</st1:place></st1:country-region> vs.
US?<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Carlos H.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>2009/3/21 Chang, Kwang-Poo <<a
href="mailto:KwangPoo.Chang@rosalindfranklin.edu">KwangPoo.Chang@rosalindfranklin.edu</a>><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<div vlink=blue link=blue>
<div>
<p><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Arial;color:navy'>To: Prof. Laila Nimri and all</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Arial;color:navy'> </span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Arial;color:navy'>The issue appears to be a language translation problem. I was
told that all blood sucking flies are referred to as “mosquito” in
Spanish.</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Arial;color:navy'> </span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Arial;color:navy'>KP</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
Arial;color:navy'> </span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<div>
<div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>
<hr size=2 width="100%" align=center>
</span></font></div>
<p><b><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;
font-weight:bold'>From:</span></font></b><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'> <a
href="mailto:leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br" target="_blank">leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br</a>
[mailto:<a href="mailto:leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br" target="_blank">leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br</a>]
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>On Behalf Of </span></b>Laila Nimri<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Sent:</span></b> Thursday, February 26, 2009
1:53 AM<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>To:</span></b> fred opperdoes; <a
href="mailto:Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br" target="_blank">Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br</a><br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Subject:</span></b> Re: [Leish-l]
Leishmaniasis - <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Argentina</st1:place></st1:country-region>:
epidemic potential</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<div>
<p><font size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
color:black'>Just to correct a very important information about the vector of
Visceral leishmaniasis, it is definitely not a mosquito, it is a sand fly of
the genus </span></font><em><b><i><font color=red face="Times New Roman"><span
style='color:red;font-weight:bold'>Lutzomyia</span></font></i></b></em><font
color=black><span style='color:black'> as mentioned correctly below or a <em><i><font
face="Times New Roman">Phlebotomus.</font></i></em> The environmental or
climatic changes that affect mosquitoes might have affected the sand flies and
lead to the emergence of the disease.</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Prof.
Laila Nimri<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>
<hr size=2 width="100%" align=center>
</span></font></div>
<p style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><b><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;font-weight:bold'>From:</span></font></b><font
size=2 face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'> <a
href="mailto:leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br" target="_blank">leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br</a>
[<a href="mailto:leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br" target="_blank">leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br</a>]
On Behalf Of fred opperdoes [<a href="mailto:fred.opperdoes@uclouvain.be"
target="_blank">fred.opperdoes@uclouvain.be</a>]<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Sent:</span></b> Thursday, February 26, 2009
8:21 AM<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>To:</span></b> <a
href="mailto:Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br" target="_blank">Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br</a><br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Subject:</span></b> [Leish-l] Leishmaniasis -
<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Argentina</st1:place></st1:country-region>:
epidemic potential</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<blockquote style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt' type=cite>
<p><font size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
color:black'>Date: Wed, 25 Feb 2009 21:23:15 -0500 (EST)<br>
From: ProMED-mail <<a href="mailto:promed@promed.isid.harvard.edu"
target="_blank">promed@promed.isid.harvard.edu</a>><br>
Subject: PRO/AH/EDR> Leishmaniasis - <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">Argentina</st1:place></st1:country-region>: epidemic potential<br>
<br>
LEISHMANIASIS - <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">ARGENTINA</st1:place></st1:country-region>:
EPIDEMIC POTENTIAL<br>
***********************************************<br>
A ProMED-mail post<br>
<<a href="http://www.promedmail.org/" target="_blank">http://www.promedmail.org</a>><br>
ProMED-mail is a program of the<br>
International Society for Infectious Diseases<br>
<<a href="http://www.isid.org/" target="_blank">http://www.isid.org</a>><br>
<br>
Date: Tue 24 Feb 2009<br>
Source: Datachaco.com [trans. Mod JGM, edited]<br>
<<a href="http://datachaco.com/noticia.php?numero=17399" target="_blank">http://datachaco.com/noticia.php?numero=17399</a>><br>
<br>
<br>
The occurrence of cases of yellow fever made people pay attention to <br>
mosquito-borne diseases, and dengue fever, which is currently <br>
attacking with unusual strength in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Paraguay</st1:country-region>,
set another alarm in <br>
Chaco, <st1:City w:st="on">Corrientes</st1:City>, and Misiones provinces, which
share borders with <br>
<st1:country-region w:st="on">Paraguay</st1:country-region> and <st1:country-region
w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Bolivia</st1:place></st1:country-region>.<br>
<br>
However, a new emerging disease has become the main epidemic threat <br>
in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Argentina</st1:place></st1:country-region>:
Visceral leishmaniasis. This little known disease is <br>
being analyzed now as a cause for a sanitary red alert in <st1:country-region
w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Argentina</st1:place></st1:country-region>.<br>
<br>
Visceral leishmaniasis is also </span></font><strong><b><font color=red
face="Times New Roman"><span style='color:red'>caused by a mosquito-borne
parasite</span></font></b></strong><font color=black><span style='color:black'>. <br>
There is no vaccine for this disease, and therapy is instituted only <br>
once a case is clearly defined. Its mortality rate is around 8 per <br>
cent, and it has a particular feature: Dogs may act as reservoirs for <br>
the parasite.<br>
<br>
A summary of the life cycle of the parasite indicates that <br>
_</span></font><em><b><i><font color=red face="Times New Roman"><span
style='color:red;font-weight:bold'>Lutzomyia</span></font></i></b></em><strong><b><font
color=red face="Times New Roman"><span style='color:red'>_ insects</span></font></b></strong><font
color=black><span style='color:black'> </span></font><strong><b><font
color=red face="Times New Roman"><span style='color:red'>infect </span></font></b></strong><font
color=black><span style='color:black'>dogs. These animals develop the
disease <br>
and transmit the parasite to another insect vector, which now is <br>
capable of transmitting visceral leishmaniasis to humans. There is no <br>
human-to-human transmission.<br>
<br>
Since the very 1st case was reported in 2006, 36 persons have been <br>
affected, and there are 4 deceased patients. The possibility of a <br>
rapid increase in the number of cases is a reason for concern.<br>
<br>
Last week 2 cases of visceral leishmaniasis were reported in <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">Posadas</st1:place></st1:City>. <br>
One is an 18-year-old woman, and the other is a 21-year-old man, who <br>
separately developed the symptoms of the disease. Some personnel from <br>
the army are currently collaborating with municipal authorities in <br>
<st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Posadas</st1:place></st1:City> for
cleaning wastelands, which are considered breeding places <br>
for insect vectors.<br>
<br>
This health problem has become quite dangerous and important in the <br>
main cities in Misiones province, and specialists warn that the <br>
disease may reach other provinces in the short term.<br>
<br>
"We are observing that the vector is spreading fast, and 2 corridors <br>
have been established, one directing towards <st1:City w:st="on">Resistencia</st1:City>
and the <br>
other one towards <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Corrientes</st1:place></st1:City>.
Also, the northern area of Entre Rios, <br>
as well as <st1:City w:st="on">Santa Fe</st1:City>, and <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">Cordoba</st1:place></st1:City> are vulnerable places. The </span></font><strong><b><font
color=red face="Times New Roman"><span style='color:red'>mosquito </span></font></b></strong><b><font
color=red><span style='color:red;font-weight:bold'><br>
<strong><b><font face="Times New Roman">vector for visceral leishmaniasis</font></b></strong></span></font></b><font
color=black><span style='color:black'> has become an urban-living insect, <br>
so there is a substantial risk for its presence in big urban <br>
centers," explained Dr. Daniel Salomon, from the <st1:PlaceName w:st="on">National</st1:PlaceName>
<st1:PlaceType w:st="on">Center</st1:PlaceType> for <br>
Epidemics in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Argentina</st1:place></st1:country-region>'s
Ministry of Health.<br>
<br>
"It is quite difficult to implement preventive measures, because <br>
people are so in love with their pets," commented Dr. Salomon. There <br>
are very few options for controlling the spread of the disease apart <br>
from sacrificing sick animals.<br>
<br>
In 2004, the 1st dog infected with the causative agent of visceral <br>
leishmaniasis was detected. When 40 cases were reported in Misiones <br>
province, the Ministry of Health issued a red alert. Nonetheless, the <br>
current situation is much worse. In <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Posadas</st1:place></st1:City>,
it was determined that <br>
7000 dogs actually have the parasite. Additionally, there are 300 <br>
infected dogs in <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Corrientes</st1:place></st1:City>,
and it is worth mentioning that in its <br>
capital city, there are thousands of homeless dogs considered to be <br>
infected with the parasite.<br>
<br>
The analysis of the experience from <st1:country-region w:st="on">Brazil</st1:country-region>
and <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Paraguay</st1:place></st1:country-region>
indicates <br>
that there is a probability of having one person infected for every <br>
60 infected dogs. There is a high risk for an epidemic.<br>
<br>
Sanitary authorities recommend that pets must not be carried to the <br>
areas considered to be at risk. It is also advisable not to transport <br>
dogs from the affected regions to other areas in the country. The <br>
idea is to cut the transmission cycle of the parasite. Those persons <br>
who may visit the northern part of <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">Argentina</st1:place></st1:country-region> must be immunized <br>
against yellow fever as an ordinary preventive measure, and they must <br>
leave their pets at home as an additional preventive measure.<br>
<br>
"Visceral leishmaniasis was present in the northern part of <st1:place
w:st="on">South <br>
America</st1:place> until migrating workers started moving it towards the
south. <br>
In early 2000, there were some important outbreaks in <st1:City w:st="on">Campo
Grande</st1:City> do <br>
Sul and in <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Asuncion</st1:place></st1:City>,
where the average number of persons infected is <br>
around 70 per year. In <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Brazil</st1:place></st1:country-region>
there are around 4000 cases and 200 <br>
deaths per year," pointed out Dr. Salomon, who had been doing some <br>
field work during the past few weeks in the Litoral provinces.<br>
<br>
He also added: "There is a trend for an increase in visceral <br>
leishmaniasis, so the disease may spread, and it is expected to have <br>
more cases."<br>
<br>
Climate changes and deforesting seem to be the main explanations for <br>
the migration of </span></font><strong><b><u><font color=red
face="Times New Roman"><span style='color:red'>mosquito-borne diseases</span></font></u></b></strong><font
color=black><span style='color:black'>. However, trying to justify <br>
the occurrence of emergent diseases only because of reasons inherent <br>
to nature itself may exonerate provincial and municipal authorities <br>
for not complying with their obligations with respect to the <br>
implementation of disease control programs and cleaning empty lots.<br>
<br>
Consequently, now there are many public accusations between Misiones, <br>
<st1:City w:st="on">Corrientes</st1:City>, and <st1:place w:st="on">Chaco</st1:place>
health officers. These persons, now that there <br>
are cases of visceral leishmaniasis, immediately try to explain that <br>
transmission may have taken place outside their respective <br>
jurisdictions. The clear point is that the </span></font><strong><b><font
color=red face="Times New Roman"><span style='color:red'>mosquito vector</span></font></b></strong><font
color=black><span style='color:black'> appears <br>
because of lack of public hygiene.<br>
<br>
- --<br>
Communicated by:<br>
ProMED-mail <<a href="mailto:promed@promedmail.org" target="_blank">promed@promedmail.org</a>><br>
<br>
[Leishmaniasis has been slowly spreading in northern <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">Argentina</st1:place></st1:country-region> over <br>
the past decades (Salomon O et al. First visceral leishmaniasis focus <br>
in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Argentina</st1:place></st1:country-region>.
Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2008;103:109-11<br>
<<a
href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18368242?ordinalpos=9&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum"
target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18368242?ordinalpos=9&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum</a>>).<br>
<br>
The ecology of the vector has been changing, and increasing <br>
urbanization has been suggested as one of the explanations (Salomon <br>
OD <em><i><font face="Times New Roman">et al</font></i></em>. Phlebotominae
(Diptera: Psycodidae) fauna in the Chaco <br>
region and Cutaneous Leishmaniasis transmission patterns in <br>
<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Argentina</st1:place></st1:country-region>.
Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2008;103:578-84<br>
<<a
href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18949328?ordinalpos=3&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum"
target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18949328?ordinalpos=3&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum</a>>).<br>
- Mod.EP]</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'><br>
_______________________________________________<br>
Leish-l mailing list<br>
<a href="mailto:Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br">Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br</a><br>
<a href="http://lineu.icb.usp.br/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/leish-l"
target="_blank">http://lineu.icb.usp.br/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/leish-l</a><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><br>
<br clear=all>
<br>
-- <br>
Dr. Carlos Henrique Nery Costa.<br>
Coordenador Executivo - Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia<br>
Diretor Geral - Instituto de Doenças Tropicais Natan Portella<br>
Universidade Federal do Piauí<br>
Rua Artur de Vasconcelos 151-Sul<br>
64.001-450 Teresina-PI <br>
Brasil<br>
Telefones: IDTNP:+55 86 3221-3413; <br>
Celular: +55 86 9985-6132; Fax: +55 86 3222-3248<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
</body>
</html>