<div>To: all</div>
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<div>By the way, what is the right English writing: sand fly or sandfly? Is it a matter of England vs. US?</div>
<div> </div>
<div>Carlos H.<br><br></div>
<div class="gmail_quote">2009/3/21 Chang, Kwang-Poo <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:KwangPoo.Chang@rosalindfranklin.edu">KwangPoo.Chang@rosalindfranklin.edu</a>></span><br>
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<p><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">To: Prof. Laila Nimri and all</span></font></p>
<p><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> </span></font></p>
<p><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">The issue appears to be a language translation problem. I was told that all blood sucking flies are referred to as “mosquito” in Spanish.</span></font></p>
<p><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> </span></font></p>
<p><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">KP</span></font></p>
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<p><b><font face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">From:</span></font></b><font face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"> <a href="mailto:leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br" target="_blank">leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br</a> [mailto:<a href="mailto:leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br" target="_blank">leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br</a>] <b><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">On Behalf Of </span></b>Laila Nimri<br>
<b><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Sent:</span></b> Thursday, February 26, 2009 1:53 AM<br><b><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">To:</span></b> fred opperdoes; <a href="mailto:Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br" target="_blank">Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br</a><br>
<b><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Subject:</span></b> Re: [Leish-l] Leishmaniasis - Argentina: epidemic potential</span></font></p></div>
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<p><font face="Times New Roman" color="black" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black">Just to correct a very important information about the vector of Visceral leishmaniasis, it is definitely not a mosquito, it is a sand fly of the genus </span></font><em><b><i><font face="Times New Roman" color="red"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: red">Lutzomyia</span></font></i></b></em><font color="black"><span style="COLOR: black"> as mentioned correctly below or a <em><i><font face="Times New Roman">Phlebotomus.</font></i></em> The environmental or climatic changes that affect mosquitoes might have affected the sand flies and lead to the emergence of the disease.</span></font></p>
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<p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Prof. Laila Nimri</span></font></p></div>
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<p style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt"><b><font face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">From:</span></font></b><font face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"> <a href="mailto:leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br" target="_blank">leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br</a> [<a href="mailto:leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br" target="_blank">leish-l-bounces@lineu.icb.usp.br</a>] On Behalf Of fred opperdoes [<a href="mailto:fred.opperdoes@uclouvain.be" target="_blank">fred.opperdoes@uclouvain.be</a>]<br>
<b><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Sent:</span></b> Thursday, February 26, 2009 8:21 AM<br><b><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">To:</span></b> <a href="mailto:Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br" target="_blank">Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br</a><br>
<b><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Subject:</span></b> [Leish-l] Leishmaniasis - Argentina: epidemic potential</span></font></p></div>
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<p><span><font face="Times New Roman" color="black" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black">Date: Wed, 25 Feb 2009 21:23:15 -0500 (EST)</span></font></span><font color="black"><span style="COLOR: black"><br>
<span>From: ProMED-mail <<a href="mailto:promed@promed.isid.harvard.edu" target="_blank">promed@promed.isid.harvard.edu</a>></span><br><span>Subject: PRO/AH/EDR> Leishmaniasis - Argentina: epidemic potential</span><br>
<br><span>LEISHMANIASIS - ARGENTINA: EPIDEMIC POTENTIAL</span><br><span>***********************************************</span><br><span>A ProMED-mail post</span><br><span><<a href="http://www.promedmail.org/" target="_blank">http://www.promedmail.org</a>></span><br>
<span>ProMED-mail is a program of the</span><br><span>International Society for Infectious Diseases</span><br><span><<a href="http://www.isid.org/" target="_blank">http://www.isid.org</a>></span><br><br><span>Date: Tue 24 Feb 2009</span><br>
<span>Source: Datachaco.com [trans. Mod JGM, edited]</span><br><span><<a href="http://datachaco.com/noticia.php?numero=17399" target="_blank">http://datachaco.com/noticia.php?numero=17399</a>></span><br><br><br><span>The occurrence of cases of yellow fever made people pay attention to </span><br>
<span>mosquito-borne diseases, and dengue fever, which is currently </span><br><span>attacking with unusual strength in Paraguay, set another alarm in </span><br><span>Chaco, Corrientes, and Misiones provinces, which share borders with </span><br>
<span>Paraguay</span><span> and Bolivia.</span><br><br><span>However, a new emerging disease has become the main epidemic threat </span><br><span>in Argentina: Visceral leishmaniasis. This little known disease is </span><br>
<span>being analyzed now as a cause for a sanitary red alert in Argentina.</span><br><br><span>Visceral leishmaniasis is also </span></span></font><strong><b><font face="Times New Roman" color="red"><span style="COLOR: red">caused by a mosquito-borne parasite</span></font></b></strong><span><font color="black"><span style="COLOR: black">. </span></font></span><font color="black"><span style="COLOR: black"><br>
<span>There is no vaccine for this disease, and therapy is instituted only </span><br><span>once a case is clearly defined. Its mortality rate is around 8 per </span><br><span>cent, and it has a particular feature: Dogs may act as reservoirs for </span><br>
<span>the parasite.</span><br><br><span>A summary of the life cycle of the parasite indicates that </span><br><span>_</span></span></font><em><b><i><font face="Times New Roman" color="red"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: red">Lutzomyia</span></font></i></b></em><strong><b><font face="Times New Roman" color="red"><span style="COLOR: red">_ insects</span></font></b></strong><span><font color="black"><span style="COLOR: black"> </span></font></span><strong><b><font face="Times New Roman" color="red"><span style="COLOR: red">infect </span></font></b></strong><span><font color="black"><span style="COLOR: black">dogs. These animals develop the disease </span></font></span><font color="black"><span style="COLOR: black"><br>
<span>and transmit the parasite to another insect vector, which now is </span><br><span>capable of transmitting visceral leishmaniasis to humans. There is no </span><br><span>human-to-human transmission.</span><br><br><span>Since the very 1st case was reported in 2006, 36 persons have been </span><br>
<span>affected, and there are 4 deceased patients. The possibility of a </span><br><span>rapid increase in the number of cases is a reason for concern.</span><br><br><span>Last week 2 cases of visceral leishmaniasis were reported in Posadas. </span><br>
<span>One is an 18-year-old woman, and the other is a 21-year-old man, who </span><br><span>separately developed the symptoms of the disease. Some personnel from </span><br><span>the army are currently collaborating with municipal authorities in </span><br>
<span>Posadas</span><span> for cleaning wastelands, which are considered breeding places </span><br><span>for insect vectors.</span><br><br><span>This health problem has become quite dangerous and important in the </span><br>
<span>main cities in Misiones province, and specialists warn that the </span><br><span>disease may reach other provinces in the short term.</span><br><br><span>"We are observing that the vector is spreading fast, and 2 corridors </span><br>
<span>have been established, one directing towards Resistencia and the </span><br><span>other one towards Corrientes. Also, the northern area of Entre Rios, </span><br><span>as well as Santa Fe, and Cordoba are vulnerable places. The </span></span></font><strong><b><font face="Times New Roman" color="red"><span style="COLOR: red">mosquito </span></font></b></strong><b><font color="red"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: red"><br>
<strong><b><font face="Times New Roman">vector for visceral leishmaniasis</font></b></strong></span></font></b><span><font color="black"><span style="COLOR: black"> has become an urban-living insect, </span></font></span><font color="black"><span style="COLOR: black"><br>
<span>so there is a substantial risk for its presence in big urban </span><br><span>centers," explained Dr. Daniel Salomon, from the National Center for </span><br><span>Epidemics in Argentina's Ministry of Health.</span><br>
<br><span>"It is quite difficult to implement preventive measures, because </span><br><span>people are so in love with their pets," commented Dr. Salomon. There </span><br><span>are very few options for controlling the spread of the disease apart </span><br>
<span>from sacrificing sick animals.</span><br><br><span>In 2004, the 1st dog infected with the causative agent of visceral </span><br><span>leishmaniasis was detected. When 40 cases were reported in Misiones </span><br><span>province, the Ministry of Health issued a red alert. Nonetheless, the </span><br>
<span>current situation is much worse. In Posadas, it was determined that </span><br><span>7000 dogs actually have the parasite. Additionally, there are 300 </span><br><span>infected dogs in Corrientes, and it is worth mentioning that in its </span><br>
<span>capital city, there are thousands of homeless dogs considered to be </span><br><span>infected with the parasite.</span><br><br><span>The analysis of the experience from Brazil and Paraguay indicates </span><br><span>that there is a probability of having one person infected for every </span><br>
<span>60 infected dogs. There is a high risk for an epidemic.</span><br><br><span>Sanitary authorities recommend that pets must not be carried to the </span><br><span>areas considered to be at risk. It is also advisable not to transport </span><br>
<span>dogs from the affected regions to other areas in the country. The </span><br><span>idea is to cut the transmission cycle of the parasite. Those persons </span><br><span>who may visit the northern part of Argentina must be immunized </span><br>
<span>against yellow fever as an ordinary preventive measure, and they must </span><br><span>leave their pets at home as an additional preventive measure.</span><br><br><span>"Visceral leishmaniasis was present in the northern part of South <br>
America until migrating workers started moving it towards the south. </span><br><span>In early 2000, there were some important outbreaks in Campo Grande do </span><br><span>Sul and in Asuncion, where the average number of persons infected is </span><br>
<span>around 70 per year. In Brazil there are around 4000 cases and 200 </span><br><span>deaths per year," pointed out Dr. Salomon, who had been doing some </span><br><span>field work during the past few weeks in the Litoral provinces.</span><br>
<br><span>He also added: "There is a trend for an increase in visceral </span><br><span>leishmaniasis, so the disease may spread, and it is expected to have </span><br><span>more cases."</span><br><br><span>Climate changes and deforesting seem to be the main explanations for </span><br>
<span>the migration of </span></span></font><strong><b><u><font face="Times New Roman" color="red"><span style="COLOR: red">mosquito-borne diseases</span></font></u></b></strong><span><font color="black"><span style="COLOR: black">. However, trying to justify </span></font></span><font color="black"><span style="COLOR: black"><br>
<span>the occurrence of emergent diseases only because of reasons inherent </span><br><span>to nature itself may exonerate provincial and municipal authorities </span><br><span>for not complying with their obligations with respect to the </span><br>
<span>implementation of disease control programs and cleaning empty lots.</span><br><br><span>Consequently, now there are many public accusations between Misiones, </span><br><span>Corrientes</span><span>, and Chaco health officers. These persons, now that there </span><br>
<span>are cases of visceral leishmaniasis, immediately try to explain that </span><br><span>transmission may have taken place outside their respective </span><br><span>jurisdictions. The clear point is that the </span></span></font><strong><b><font face="Times New Roman" color="red"><span style="COLOR: red">mosquito vector</span></font></b></strong><span><font color="black"><span style="COLOR: black"> appears </span></font></span><font color="black"><span style="COLOR: black"><br>
<span>because of lack of public hygiene.</span><br><br><span>- --</span><br><span>Communicated by:</span><br><span>ProMED-mail <<a href="mailto:promed@promedmail.org" target="_blank">promed@promedmail.org</a>></span><br>
<br><span>[Leishmaniasis has been slowly spreading in northern Argentina over </span><br><span>the past decades (Salomon O et al. First visceral leishmaniasis focus </span><br><span>in Argentina. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2008;103:109-11</span><br>
<span><<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18368242?ordinalpos=9&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18368242?ordinalpos=9&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum</a>>).</span><br>
<br><span>The ecology of the vector has been changing, and increasing </span><br><span>urbanization has been suggested as one of the explanations (Salomon </span><br><span>OD </span><em><i><font face="Times New Roman">et al</font></i></em><span>. Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psycodidae) fauna in the Chaco </span><br>
<span>region and Cutaneous Leishmaniasis transmission patterns in </span><br><span>Argentina</span><span>. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2008;103:578-84</span><br><span><<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18949328?ordinalpos=3&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18949328?ordinalpos=3&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum</a>>).</span><br>
<span> - Mod.EP]</span></span></font></p></blockquote></div></div></div></div></div><br>_______________________________________________<br>Leish-l mailing list<br><a href="mailto:Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br">Leish-l@lineu.icb.usp.br</a><br>
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