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<br>Subject: Articles found by RefScout for your requests<br><br><br></span>
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This is <span id="st" name="st" class="st">RefScout</span>-Newsletter 9/2007.<br><br>
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REQUEST: [ leishmania ]<br>
(41 articles match this request)<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-09.xml&id=17229590" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17229590</a>
<input name="id_17229590" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17229590" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Changing views on Langerhans cell functions in leishmaniasis.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Javier Moreno<br>
AFFILIATION: Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientÃficas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040-Madrid, Spain.<br>
REFERENCE: Trends Parasitol 2007 Mar 23(3):86-8<br>
The different functions of skin dendritic cell subsets during <b>Leishmania</b>
infection were recently reviewed by Ritter and Osterloh. In their
article, they propose a new role for epidermal Langerhans cells and
dermal dendritic cells to explain the events that take place after
inoculation by <b>Leishmania</b>.<br>
<br><br>
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PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-09.xml&id=17207663" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17207663</a>
<input name="id_17207663" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17207663" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Sand flies and
<b>Leishmania</b>: specific versus permissive vectors.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Petr Volf, Jitka Myskova<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague 2, 128 44, Czech Republic.<br>
REFERENCE: Trends Parasitol 2007 Mar 23(3):91-2<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-09.xml&id=17110042" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17110042</a>
<input name="id_17110042" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17110042" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Characterization of circulating lymphocyte subpopulations in canine leishmaniasis throughout treatment with antimonials and allopurinol.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Sonia Miranda, Susanna Martorell, Manuela Costa, Lluis Ferrer, Antonio Ramis<br>
AFFILIATION: Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.<br>
REFERENCE: Vet Parasitol 2007 Mar 144(3-4):251-60<br>
Canine leishmaniasis (CL) is a systemic parasitic disease with a wide
variability of response to specific therapy: the majority of patients
apparently improve with treatment, some of them respond but later
relapse, and few of them do not respond at all. It has been demonstrated
that the immune response plays a key role in the development and
outcome of <b>Leishmania</b> infection in the dog and in the response to the
treatment, although this response is not well understood. Some authors
have suggested that ill dogs show a reduction in the percentage of
circulating CD4+ lymphocytes and in the CD4+/CD8+ ratio, both of which
normalize after treatment and clinical recovery. The present paper
discusses the variation of the different lymphocyte subpopulations (CD3
, CD4, CD8, CD21) of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in 28
dogs diagnosed with CL and submitted to conventional treatment with
meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime((R))) for 1 month and with allopurinol
(Zyloric((R))) for 1 year, in order to evaluate the usefulness of these
parameters as indicators of the immunological condition of the ill
animals and of the prognosis of their evolution during the treatment. It
is concluded that circulating lymphocyte subpopulations are similar in
dogs with leishmaniasis and in healthy dogs and that there is no
correlation between the clinical status or response to therapy and the
values of the counts of the different lymphocyte subpopulations.
Therefore, the percentage of different lymphocyte subpopulations cannot
be used as a parameter to predict the evolution of an individual patient
in a clinical context.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-09.xml&id=17258860" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17258860</a>
<input name="id_17258860" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17258860" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Efficacy of a combination of 10% imidacloprid/50% permethrin for the prevention of leishmaniasis in kennelled dogs in an endemic area.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Domenico Otranto, Paola Paradies, Riccardo Paolo Lia, Maria Stefania Latrofa, Gabriella Testini, Cinzia Cantacessi, Norbert Mencke, Gianluca Galli, Gioia Capelli, Dorothee Stanneck<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Animal Health and Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Str. Prov. per Casamassima Km3, 70010 Valenzano (Bari), Italy.<br>
REFERENCE: Vet Parasitol 2007 Mar 144(3-4):270-8<br>
The efficacy of imidacloprid 10% and permethrin 50% (Advantix((R));
Bayer AG, Germany) in a spot-on formulation was evaluated in the field
as a control measure to prevent canine leishmaniasis (CanL) in dogs in
an endemic area of southern Italy. In February 2005, out of 845 dogs
initially tested for CanL, 631 dogs which tested negative (315 from a
kennel in Bari (KB) and 316 from a kennel in Ginosa (KG)) in a
serological and a parasitological examination were allocated to one of
three groups: Group A-treated with imidacloprid 10% and permethrin 50%
once a month; Group B-treated every 2 weeks; and Group C-untreated
control animals. All the dogs were examined serologically and
parasitologically for CanL prior to the start of the study, in November
2005 (end of the sandfly season) and in March 2006 (end of the study).
An initial CanL seroprevalence of 24.7% (209 dogs) was detected in KB
and KG. In KB <b>Leishmania</b> infection, inferred by positivity in at least
one of the three tests performed at the interim or final follow-up, was
found in one animal from Group A and in nine from Group C. No positive
animals were detected in Group B, thus giving a final protection
efficacy of 88.9% in Group A and 100% in Group B. In KG <b>Leishmania</b>
infection was identified in one animal from Groups A and B, respectively
, and 11 from Group C (protection efficacy of 90.36% in Group A and 90.
73% in Group B). The incidence density rates (IDRs) of infection in both
Groups A and B at each kennel were statistically significantly lower
than that registered in Group C (KB p<0.05 and KG p<0.01). The
results clearly show that a combination of imidacloprid 10% and
permethrin 50%, by virtue of its repellent activity against sandflies,
is effective under both application regimes in preventing CanL in the
field in endemic areas.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-09.xml&id=17169604" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17169604</a>
<input name="id_17169604" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17169604" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Possibility of membrane modification as a mechanism of antimony resistance in
<b>Leishmania</b> donovani.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Hema Kothari, Pranav Kumar, Shyam Sundar, Neeloo Singh<br>
AFFILIATION: Drug Target Discovery and Development Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.<br>
REFERENCE: Parasitol Int 2007 Mar 56(1):77-80<br>
Resistance to antimonials has become a clinical threat in the treatment
of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Unravelling the resistance mechanism
needs attention to circumvent the problem of drug resistance. In one of
the resistant isolates, we earlier identified a gene (PG1) implicated in
antimony resistance whose localization in the present study was
confirmed on the pellicular plasma membrane of the parasite thereby
indicating towards membrane modification as a mechanism of resistance in
this resistant isolate.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-09.xml&id=17079188" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17079188</a>
<input name="id_17079188" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17079188" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Advances and perspectives in
<b>Leishmania</b> cell based drug-screening procedures.</a><br>
AUTHORS: D Sereno, A Cordeiro da Silva, F Mathieu-Daude, A Ouaissi<br>
AFFILIATION: IRD, UR008 "Pathogénie des Trypanosomatidés", 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.<br>
REFERENCE: Parasitol Int 2007 Mar 56(1):3-7<br>
Efforts for the development of new therapeutics, essential for the
control of leishmaniasis rely mainly on screening of potentially
effective compounds in pathogen growth/multiplication assays, both in
vitro and in vivo. Screenings designed to closely reflect the situation
in vivo are currently labor-intensive and expensive, since they require
intracellular amastigotes and animal models. Screenings designed to
facilitate rapid testing of a large number of drugs are not performed on
the clinically relevant parasite stage, but the promastigotes. The
ability to select transgenic <b>Leishmania</b> expressing reporter proteins,
such as the green fluorescent protein (GFP) or the luciferase, opened up
new possibilities for the development of drug screening tests. In this
review we will focus on available methodologies for direct drug
screening purposes against the mammalian stage of the parasite, with
emphasis on the future developments that could improve sensitivity,
reliability, versatility and the throughput of the intracellular model
screening.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-09.xml&id=17316499" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17316499</a>
<input name="id_17316499" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17316499" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">The effects of induced diabetes and cutaneous
<b>Leishmania</b> infection on the pharmacokinetics of antimony in hamsters.</a><br>
AUTHORS: M A Radwan, M H Al Jaser, Z R Al Rayes<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia.<br>
REFERENCE: Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2007 Mar 101(2):133-42<br>
Patients with certain diseases appear to be at greater risk of
developing adverse drug interactions, either because of the disease
state itself or the drugs used to treat it. The effects of
streptozotocin-induced diabetes and/or cutaneous <b>Leishmania</b> major
infection on the pharmacokinetics of antimony (Sb(V)) have now been
investigated, in hamsters treated with sodium stibogluconate (Pentostam
). The animals were randomly divided into five groups, each of 20
hamsters, known as D (for diabetes without leishmaniasis), DL (diabetes
induced prior to the leishmaniasis), L (leishmaniasis without diabetes
), LD (diabetes induced after leishmanial infection) and C (the control
group, of animals with neither diabetes nor leishmaniasis). After its
diabetes and/or leishmaniasis (if any) was established, each animal was
given an intramuscular dose of sodium stibogluconate (80 mg/kg) each day
for 3 weeks. Blood samples were collected after the first or last doses
, to allow the pharmacokinetic parameters of Sb(V) after single and
multiple dosing to be compared. Although the between-dose interval (24 h
) was more than 10 times longer than the terminal elimination rate
constant (t((1/2))) at steady state, there was a significant increase in
the mean peak Sb(V) concentration (C(max)), as the result of multiple
dosing, in all five groups (P<0.001 for each). The hamsters with
diabetes showed the least accumulation of Sb(V) in their blood, whether
or not they were infected with L. major. In the non-diabetic animals of
groups L and C, the apparent total clearance of Sb(V) (CL/F) was
decreased by multiple dosing, being, respectively, 34.5% and 23.0% lower
after the 21st dose than after the first. An increase in urine volume
was the reason for the significant increase in CL/F in group D (P<0.
001), and this offset the decrease in CL/F seen in the L group,
resulting in no change in CL/F in the animals of the DL group. Three
weeks of antileishmanial treatment produced no significant reductions in
the leishmanial lesions on the parasite-inoculated foot-pads of the
hamsters in the L or DL groups but such reductions were detected in the
animals of the LD group (P<0.001). In conclusion, it appears that the
administration of Sb(V) over a few weeks may cause renal toxicity and,
in clinical use, should therefore be accompanied by the regular
monitoring of renal function. A cautious increase in Sb(V) dosing may be
necessary for the effective treatment of L. major (and perhaps other
species of <b>Leishmania</b>) in diabetic patients.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-09.xml&id=17077330" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17077330</a>
<input name="id_17077330" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17077330" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">IL-21 receptor signaling is integral to the development of Th2 effector responses in vivo.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Anja Fröhlich, Benjamin J Marsland, Ivo Sonderegger, Michael Kurrer, Martin R Hodge, Nicola L Harris, Manfred Kopf<br>
REFERENCE: Blood 2007 Mar 109(5):2023-31<br>
Interleukin 21 (IL-21) is a member of the common gamma-chain family of
cytokines, which influence a broad spectrum of immunologic responses. A
number of studies have examined the function of IL-21, but its specific
role in Th1/Th2-cell differentiation and related effector responses
remains to be clarified. Thus, we generated IL-21R-deficient mice and
have investigated the role of IL-21R signaling using a series of in vivo
experimentally induced disease models. We first addressed the role of
IL-21R signaling in Th2 immune responses by examining allergic airway
inflammation, and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Heligmosomoides
polygyrus antihelminth responses. In each of these systems, IL-21R
signaling played a clear role in the development of Th2 responses.
Comparatively, IL-21R signaling was not required for the containment of
<b>Leishmania</b> major infection or the development of experimental autoimmune
myocarditis, indicative of competent Th1 and Th17 responses,
respectively. Adoptive transfer of T cells and analysis of IL-21R(+/+)/
IL-21R(-/-) chimera mice revealed that IL-21R-signaling was central to
Th2-cell survival or migration to peripheral tissues. Overall, our data
show IL-21 plays a crucial role in supporting polarized Th2 responses in
vivo, while appearing superfluous for Th1 and Th17 responses.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-09.xml&id=17290222" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17290222</a>
<input name="id_17290222" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17290222" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Redirection of sphingolipid metabolism toward de novo synthesis of ethanolamine in
<b>Leishmania</b>.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Kai Zhang, Justine M Pompey, Fong-Fu Hsu, Phillip Key, Padmavathi Bandhuvula, Julie D Saba, John Turk, Stephen M Beverley<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.<br>
REFERENCE: EMBO J 2007 Feb 26(4):1094-104<br>
In most eukaryotes, sphingolipids (SLs) are critical membrane components
and signaling molecules. However, mutants of the trypanosomatid
protozoan <b>Leishmania</b> lacking serine palmitoyltransferase (spt2(-)) and
SLs grow well, although they are defective in stationary phase
differentiation and virulence. Similar phenotypes were observed in
sphingolipid (SL) mutant lacking the degradatory enzyme sphingosine 1-
phosphate lyase (spl(-)). This epistatic interaction suggested that a
metabolite downstream of SLs was responsible. Here we show that unlike
other organisms, the <b>Leishmania</b> SL pathway has evolved to be the major
route for ethanolamine (EtN) synthesis, as EtN supplementation
completely reversed the viability and differentiation defects of both
mutants. Thus <b>Leishmania</b> has undergone two major metabolic shifts: first
in de-emphasizing the metabolic roles of SLs themselves in growth,
signaling, and maintenance of membrane microdomains, which may arise
from the unique combination of abundant parasite lipids; Second, freed
of typical SL functional constraints and a lack of alternative routes to
produce EtN, <b>Leishmania</b> redirected SL metabolism toward bulk EtN
synthesis. Our results thus reveal a striking example of remodeling of
the SL metabolic pathway in <b>Leishmania</b>.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-09.xml&id=17283207" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17283207</a>
<input name="id_17283207" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17283207" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">CD4+CD25-Foxp3- Th1 cells are the source of IL-10-mediated immune suppression in chronic cutaneous leishmaniasis.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Charles F Anderson, Mohammed Oukka, Vijay J Kuchroo, David Sacks<br>
AFFILIATION: Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.<br>
REFERENCE: J Exp Med 2007 Feb 204(2):285-97<br>
Nonhealing forms of leishmaniasis in humans are commonly associated with
elevated levels of the deactivating cytokine IL-10, and in the mouse,
normally chronic infections can be cleared in the absence of IL-10.
Using a <b>Leishmania</b> major strain that produces nonhealing dermal lesions
in a T helper type 1 (Th1) cell-polarized setting, we have analyzed the
cellular sources of IL-10 and their relative contribution to immune
suppression. IL-10 was produced by innate cells, as well as CD4(+)CD25
(+)Foxp3(+) and CD4(+)CD25(-)Foxp3(-) T cells in the chronic lesion.
Nonetheless, only IL-10 production by antigen-specific CD4(+)CD25(-)
Foxp3(-) T cells, the majority of which also produced IFN-gamma, was
necessary for suppression of acquired immunity in Rag(-/-) reconstituted
mice. Surprisingly, Rag(-/-) mice reconstituted with naive CD4(+) T
cells depleted of natural T regulatory cells developed more severe
infections, associated with elevated levels of IL-10 and, especially,
Th2 cytokines in the site. The data demonstrate that IL-10-producing Th1
cells, activated early in a strong inflammatory setting as a mechanism
of feedback control, are the principal mediators of T cell-derived IL-10
-dependent immune suppression in a chronic intracellular infection.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-09.xml&id=17296788" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17296788</a>
<input name="id_17296788" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17296788" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Dyslipidemia inhibits Toll-like receptor-induced activation of CD8{alpha}-negative dendritic cells and protective Th1 type immunity.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Abdijapar T Shamshiev, Franziska Ampenberger, Bettina Ernst, Lucia Rohrer, Benjamin J Marsland, Manfred Kopf<br>
AFFILIATION: Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Integrative Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich, 8952 Zürich, Switzerland.<br>
REFERENCE: J Exp Med 2007 Feb 204(2):441-52<br>
Environmental factors, including diet, play a central role in
influencing the balance of normal immune homeostasis; however, many of
the cellular mechanisms maintaining this balance remain to be elucidated
. Using mouse models of genetic and high-fat/cholesterol diet-induced
dyslipidemia, we examined the influence of dyslipidemia on T cell and
dendritic cell (DC) responses in vivo and in vitro. We show that
dyslipidemia inhibited Toll-like receptor (TLR)-induced production of
proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-12, IL-6, and
tumor necrosis factor-alpha, as well as up-regulation of costimulatory
molecules by CD8alpha(-) DCs, but not by CD8alpha(+) DCs, in vivo.
Decreased DC activation profoundly influenced T helper (Th) cell
responses, leading to impaired Th1 and enhanced Th2 responses. As a
consequence of this immune modulation, host resistance to <b>Leishmania</b>
major was compromised. We found that oxidized low-density lipoprotein (
oxLDL) was the key active component responsible for this effect, as it
could directly uncouple TLR-mediated signaling on CD8alpha(-) myeloid
DCs and inhibit NF-kappaB nuclear translocation. These results show that
a dyslipidemic microenvironment can directly interfere with DC
responses to pathogen-derived signals and skew the development of T cell
-mediated immunity.<br>
<br><br>
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PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-09.xml&id=17023215" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17023215</a>
<input name="id_17023215" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17023215" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Leishmaniasis and poverty.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Jorge Alvar, Sergio Yactayo, Caryn Bern<br>
AFFILIATION: Communicable Diseases, Neglected Tropical Diseases Control, World Health Organization, 20 Ave Appia, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. <a href="mailto:alvarj@who.int" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
alvarj@who.int</a><br>
REFERENCE: Trends Parasitol 2006 Dec 22(12):552-7<br>
Leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease, has strong but complex
links with poverty. The burden of leishmaniasis falls disproportionately
on the poorest segments of the global population. Within endemic areas
, increased infection risk is mediated through poor housing conditions
and environmental sanitation, lack of personal protective measures and
economically driven migration and employment that bring nonimmune hosts
into contact with infected sand flies. Poverty is associated with poor
nutrition and other infectious diseases, which increase the risk that a
person (once infected) will progress to the clinically manifested
disease. Lack of healthcare access causes delays in appropriate
diagnosis and treatment and accentuates leishmaniasis morbidity and
mortality, particularly in women. Leishmaniasis diagnosis and treatment
are expensive and families must sell assets and take loans to pay for
care, leading to further impoverishment and reinforcement of the vicious
cycle of disease and poverty. Public investment in treatment and
control would decrease the leishmaniasis disease burden and help to
alleviate poverty.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-09.xml&id=17315475" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17315475</a>
<input name="id_17315475" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17315475" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis in a patient with AIDS]
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Carlos Pérez, Yoanet SolÃas, GerzaÃn RodrÃguez<br>
AFFILIATION: Departamentos de Medicina Interna y Servicio de DermatologÃa, Hospital Militar Central, Bogotá D.C., Colombia.<br>
REFERENCE: Biomedica 2006 Dec 26(4):485-97<br>
OBJECTIVE: A patient with a leishmaniasis-Aids co-infection was
presented and discussed.. METHODS AND RESULTS: A 29-year -old soldier,
coming from the Province of San José del Guaviare, Colombia, complained
of a weight loss of 18 kgs in the previous ten months as well as a two-
month-old cutaneous leision. Elisa and Western blot tests were positive
for HIV infection. LT CD4 were 92/mm3. He had a generalized erythematous
, psoriasiform dermal lesion, which, upon biopsy, revealed an abundance
of phagocytosed microorganisms that stained black with Gomory's
technique. Disseminated histoplasmosis was diagnosed. The patient
received anti-retroviral therapy and itraconazole, without regression of
the lesions. Amphotericin B was beneficial but the lesions recurred
several months later, more numerous, nodular and with occurrence in the
oral mucosa. Nine months after the initial diagnosis additional skin
biopsies and review of the previous biopsies established that the
patient had diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis. The <b>leishmania</b> parasite did
not grow in culture. Miltefosine produced marked improvement, but the
lesions recurred and were cured finally with 52 Glucantime injections
administered for two months. Presently, the patient remains in good
condition 21 months after diagnosis of leishmaniasis. CONCLUSIONS:
Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis may be a common clinical manifestation
when leishmaniasis and AIDS co-occur. Its treatment is difficult and
must include an antiparasitic drug as well as prophylactic, and anti-
retroviral therapy. <b>Leishmania</b> amastigotes typically are not Gomory-
positive and can be differentiated from Histoplasma by morphology,
immunohistochemistry, culture, antibody-specific response and PCR. The
leishmaniasis-AIDS co-infection enhances invasive capacity for both
causal microorganisms. Increasing case numbers can be expected in
Colombia, due to the high frequency of both diseases.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-09.xml&id=17304790" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17304790</a>
<input name="id_17304790" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17304790" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">The ultrastructure of the parasitophorous vacuole formed by
<b>Leishmania</b> major.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Ramon Castro, Khara Scott, Tiffany Jordan, Brette Evans, Joyce Craig, Eric L Peters, Kevin Swier<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Biological Sciences, Chicago State University, 9501 South King Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60628, USA.<br>
REFERENCE: J Parasitol 2006 Dec 92(6):1162-70<br>
Protozoan parasites of <b>Leishmania</b> spp. invade macrophages as
promastigotes and differentiate into replicative amastigotes within
parasitophorous vacuoles. Infection of inbred strains of mice with
<b>Leishmania</b> major is a well-studied model of the mammalian immune
response to <b>Leishmania</b> species, but the ultrastructure and biochemical
properties of the parasitophorous vacuole occupied by this parasite have
been best characterized for other species of <b>Leishmania</b>. We examined
the parasitophorous vacuole occupied by L. major in lymph nodes of
infected mice and in bone marrow-derived macrophages infected in vitro.
At all time points after infection, single L. major amastigotes were
wrapped tightly by host membrane, suggesting that amastigotes segregate
into separate vacuoles during replication. This small, individual
vacuole contrasts sharply with the large, communal vacuoles occupied by
<b>Leishmania</b> amazonensis. An extensive survey of the literature revealed
that the single vacuoles occupied by L. major are characteristic of
those formed by Old World species of <b>Leishmania</b>, while New World species
of <b>Leishmania</b> form large vacuoles occupied by many amastigotes.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-09.xml&id=17308698" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17308698</a>
<input name="id_17308698" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17308698" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[Molecular diagnosis of the natural infection rate due to
<b>Leishmania</b> sp in sandflies (Psychodidae, Lutzomyia) in the Amazon region of Maranhão, Brazil.]</a><br>
AUTHORS: Yrla NÃvea Oliveira-Pereira, José Manuel Macário Rebêlo, Jorge Luiz Pinto Moraes, Silma Regina Ferreira Pereira<br>
AFFILIATION: Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São LuÃs, MA.<br>
REFERENCE: Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2006 Nov-Dec 39(6):540-3<br>
The natural infection rate due to <b>Leishmania</b> was studied in three
different sandfly species using the polymerase chain reaction technique
. <b>Leishmania</b> specific primers were designed to examine whether sandfly
pools were infected. In total 1,100 female sandflies separated into
pools of 10 individuals, consisting of 50 pools of Lutzomyia whitmani,
43 of Lutzomyia triacantha and 17 of Lutzomyia choti, were analyzed.
Among all the pools examined, four pools of Lutzomyia whitmani were
positive, but none of the pools of the other two species were infected.
Thus, a total infection rate of 0.4% was established in this study. A
similar infection rate was found in previous studies, suggesting that
Lutzomyia whitmani transmits <b>Leishmania</b> to mammals in Buriticupu, Maranh
ão.<br>
<br><br>
********************************************************************************************************************<br>
The following references are revised files and are brought to you in accordance to license agreement with the NLM.<br>
********************************************************************************************************************<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-09.xml&id=15378355" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">15378355</a>
<input name="id_15378355" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15378355" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Complement C3 is required for the progression of cutaneous lesions and neutrophil attraction in
<b>Leishmania</b> major infection.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Thomas Jacobs, Jörg Andrä, Iris Gaworski, Sebastian Graefe, Katja Mellenthin, Manfred Krömer, Roman Halter, Jürgen Borlak, Joachim Clos<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany. <a href="mailto:tjacobs@bni-hamburg.de" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
tjacobs@bni-hamburg.de</a><br>
REFERENCE: Med Microbiol Immunol 2005 May 194(3):143-9<br>
To elucidate the role of complement-mediated uptake in <b>Leishmania</b> major
infection in vivo, transgenic BALB/c mice that express the cobra venom
factor (CVF) under control of the alpha1-antitrypsin promoter were
infected. CVF expression in these mice leads to a continuous activation
and subsequent consumption of complement C3 in the serum. In contrast to
susceptible non-transgenic BALB/c mice, CVF-transgenic mice are highly
resistant to L. major infection and show a significantly reduced
parasite dissemination. Transient depletion of C3 in wild-type BALB/c
mice delays progression of lesions for some days. Both CVF-transgenic
and non-transgenic mice exhibit similar T cell responses upon infection
. However, in CVF-transgenic mice, no infiltration of neutrophils, which
were the prominent infiltrating cells at the site of infection in
normal susceptible mice, could be detected. We conclude that C3 cleavage
is required for the attraction of neutrophils that participate in
parasite dissemination.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-09.xml&id=12827512" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">12827512</a>
<input name="id_12827512" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12827512" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Comparative analysis of the nitric oxide production by
<b>Leishmania</b> sp.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Marcelo Genestra, Wilson Jacinto Silva de Souza, Léa Cysne-Finkelstein, Leonor L Leon<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Immunology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation--FIOCRUZ, RJ Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.<br>
REFERENCE: Med Microbiol Immunol 2003 Nov 192(4):217-23<br>
The present report explores a comparative analysis of nitric oxide (NO
(*)) production by three different species of <b>Leishmania</b> (L. amazonensis
, L. braziliensis and L. chagasi). Among these species, L. braziliensis
produced the highest amount of NO(*), measured in the supernatants of
promastigotes cultures as nitrite, a stable by-product derived from NO
(*). We have previously described the expression of a constitutive
nitric oxide synthase (cNOS) in L. amazonensis promastigotes and axenic
amastigotes. Comparing those results with the present work, using
immunofluorescence assay, it was shown that both L. braziliensis and L.
chagasi also express a cNOS. Immunostaining experiments showed that
promastigotes from early passages of these species in culture had a
strong immunoreactivity against anti-cNOS and anti-endothelial cell NOS
, in comparison with the same parasite cultured for long time,
suggesting a correlation between the NO(*) production and the presence
of metacyclic forms prominent in those newly isolated parasites. These
data corroborate findings of a higher NO(*) production by those
parasites, following the growth curve. The relationship between the two
NO(*)-generating systems in the parasite and in their host cell warrants
further investigation. The presence of cNOS raises the possibility of a
similar type of cross-talk or down-regulation between the NO(*)
signaling systems in host cells and the lower eukaryotic-like <b>Leishmania</b>
sp.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-09.xml&id=12170836" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">12170836</a>
<input name="id_12170836" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12170836" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Leishmanial polyarthritis in a dog.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Sandra E McConkey, Alfonso López, Darcy Shaw, Jill Calder<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3.<br>
REFERENCE: Can Vet J 2002 Aug 43(8):607-9<br>
A dog adopted as a stray in Spain and then brought to Canada 4 years
prior to presentation was evaluated for polyarthritis. An
electrophoresis showed a marked polyclonal gammopathy and synovial
smears contained leishmanial organisms within macrophages.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-09.xml&id=11770112" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">11770112</a>
<input name="id_11770112" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11770112" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Molecular epidemiology and population genetics in
<b>Leishmania</b>.</a><br>
AUTHORS: G Schönian, M El Fari, S Lewin, C Schweynoch, W Presber<br>
AFFILIATION: Institut für Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, Germany.<br>
REFERENCE: Med Microbiol Immunol 2001 Nov 190(1-2):61-3<br>
Polymorphic DNA sequences have been amplified using different PCR-based
techniques and used for species identification, strain discrimination
and population genetic studies in <b>Leishmania</b>. A PCR fingerprinting
method that uses single non-specific primers generates species-specific
banding patterns with some intraspecies variation. This approach can be
used to identify <b>Leishmania</b> species and also to discriminate strains of
different <b>Leishmania</b> species. Cultivation of the parasites is, however,
mandatory. PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism of the internal
transcribed spacer (ITS) in the ribosomal operon differentiates all
<b>Leishmania</b> species, except members of the L. donovani and L.
brasiliensis complexes. ITS-single-strand conformation polymorphism or
ITS sequencing can detect strain specific-variation (except in L.
infantum); culturing is not required. Species of <b>Leishmania</b> exhibit
different degrees of genetic variation (L. tropica > L. aethiopica > L.
major > L. donovani). Population analysis using co-dominant DNA markers
developed by sequence-confirmed amplified region analysis revealed a
primarily clonal structure in a L. donovani population from Sudan and
suggested that occasional recombination events may occur in this
population.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-09.xml&id=11770113" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">11770113</a>
<input name="id_11770113" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11770113" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Emerging <b>Leishmania
</b>/HIV co-infection in Africa.</a><br>
AUTHORS: D Wolday, N Berhe, H Akuffo, P Desjeux, S Britton<br>
AFFILIATION: Ethio-Netherlands AIDS Research Project at the Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, Addis Ababa.<br>
REFERENCE: Med Microbiol Immunol 2001 Nov 190(1-2):65-7<br>
The HIV/AIDS pandemic is spreading at an alarmingly high rate in Africa
. Leishmaniasis is also highly prevalent in the continent. Despite the
emergence of <b>Leishmania</b>/HIV co-infection in Africa, the numbers reported
are disproportionately low. Moreover, the number of cases of co-
infection is expected to rise in Africa owing to the simultaneous spread
of the two infectious diseases and their increasingly overlapping
geographical distribution.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-09.xml&id=11770115" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">11770115</a>
<input name="id_11770115" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11770115" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Chemokines, natural killer cells and granulocytes in the early course of
<b>Leishmania</b> major infection in mice.</a><br>
AUTHORS: K Müller, G van Zandbergen, B Hansen, H Laufs, N Jahnke, W Solbach, T Laskay<br>
AFFILIATION: Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical University of Lübeck, Germany.<br>
REFERENCE: Med Microbiol Immunol 2001 Nov 190(1-2):73-6<br>
In the present study the early recruitment of leukocytes into the
infected skin and into the draining lymph node (LN) was investigated
after subcutaneous infection of mice with <b>Leishmania</b> major promastigotes
. Flow cytometric analysis of cells recovered from the infected skin
revealed that GR-1+ granulocytes were present as early as 10 h after
infection, thus representing the first leukocyte population to be
recruited to the site of infection. The migration of granulocytes was
shown to be associated with a rapid mRNA expression of the neutrophil-
attracting chemokine KC in the infected skin. Moreover, L. major
promastigotes were found to produce factor(s) that are chemotactic for
human neutrophils in vitro. Experiments with human neutrophils revealed
that these cells are able to phagocytose the parasites. Natural killer (
NK) cells appeared at the site of infection 24 h after infection. The
migration of NK cells in resistant mice was found to correlate with the
expression of the NK cell-activating chemokine IP-10. Treatment of
susceptible BALB/c mice with recombinant mouse IP-10 resulted in a
significantly increased NK cell cytotoxic activity in the draining LN.
These data suggest that both the early chemokine gene expression and the
production of chemotactic factors by the parasites themselves regulate
the site-directed migration and activation of cells of the innate immune
response, and suggest a role of chemotactic factors in the early
defense against the parasites.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-09.xml&id=11770114" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">11770114</a>
<input name="id_11770114" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11770114" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Development and application of 'simple' diagnostic tools for visceral leishmaniasis.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: H D Schallig, G J Schoone, C C Kroon, A Hailu, F Chappuis, H Veeken<br>
AFFILIATION: Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT) Biomedical Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. <a href="mailto:H.Schallig@kit.nl" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
H.Schallig@kit.nl</a><br>
REFERENCE: Med Microbiol Immunol 2001 Nov 190(1-2):69-71<br>
The diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis is difficult. Due to the
limitations of direct methods to detect parasites, indirect
immunological methods are widely employed. The simple affordable and
sensitive/specific direct agglutination test (DAT) is perhaps the most
important diagnostic tool under field conditions. A significant
improvement of this test is the use of a freeze-dried antigen, which is
heat-stable and has a long shelf-live even under harsh conditions. The
performance of this antigen in DAT has been evaluated using samples
collected in East Africa. The results of these studies are presented.
The detection of <b>Leishmania</b> infection in HIV-co-infected patients is
difficult. The combination of DAT-PCR may be useful for the detection of
parasite infection in these patients. Finally, we present data to show
that the DAT based on the freeze-dried antigen can also be used for the
detection of anti-<b>Leishmania</b> antibodies in dogs.<br>
<br><br>
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PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-09.xml&id=11770100" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">11770100</a>
<input name="id_11770100" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11770100" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Proceedings of an international workshop held at the Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany, 10-11 November 2000.
</a><br>
REFERENCE: Med Microbiol Immunol 2001 Nov 190(1-2):1-95<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-09.xml&id=11770105" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">11770105</a>
<input name="id_11770105" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11770105" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Leishmaniases--their relationships to monoxenous and dixenous trypanosomatids.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: G Grimaldi, J Schottelius<br>
AFFILIATION: Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.<br>
REFERENCE: Med Microbiol Immunol 2001 Nov 190(1-2):3-8<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-09.xml&id=11770120" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">11770120</a>
<input name="id_11770120" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11770120" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">The <b>Leishmania
</b> genome project: new insights into gene organization and function.</a><br>
AUTHORS: P J Myler, S M Beverley, A K Cruz, D E Dobson, A C Ivens, P D McDonagh, R Madhubala, S Martinez-Calvillo, J C Ruiz, A Saxena, E Sisk, S M Sunkin, E Worthey, S Yan, K D Stuart<br>
AFFILIATION: Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, WA 98109-1651, USA. <a href="mailto:mylerpj@sbri.org" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">mylerpj@sbri.org</a><br>
REFERENCE: Med Microbiol Immunol 2001 Nov 190(1-2):9-12<br>
The sequencing of <b>Leishmania</b> major Friedlin chromosome 1 (Chr1), Chr3,
and Chr4 has been completed. and several other chromosomes are well
underway. The complete genome sequence should be available by 2003. Over
1,000 full-length new genes have been identified, with the majority (
approximately 75%) having unknown function. Many of these may be
<b>Leishmania</b> (or kinetoplastid) specific. Most interestingly, the genes
are organized into large (> 100-500 kb) polycistronic clusters of
adjacent genes on the same DNA strand. Chr1 contains two such clusters
organized in a "divergent" manner, i.e., the mRNAs for the two
sets of genes are both transcribed towards the telomeres. Nuclear run-
on analysis suggests that transcription is initiated in both directions
within the "divergent" region. Chr3 and Chr4 contain two &quot
;convergent" clusters, with a single "divergent" gene at
one telomere of Chr3. Sequence analysis of several genes from the LD1
region of Chr35 indicates a high degree of sequence conservation between
L. major and L. donovani/L. infantum within protein-coding open reading
frames (ORFs), with a lower degree of conservation within the non-
coding regions. Immunization of mice with recombinant antigen from two
of these genes, BTI (formerly ORFG) and ORFF, results in significant
reduction in parasite burden following <b>Leishmania</b> challenge. Recombinant
ORFF antigen shows promise as a serodiagnostic. We have also developed
a tetracycline-regulated promoter system, which allows us to modulate
gene expression in <b>Leishmania</b>.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-09.xml&id=11770101" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">11770101</a>
<input name="id_11770101" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11770101" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Lipophosphoglycan of the protozoan parasite
<b>Leishmania</b>: stage- and species-specific importance for colonization of the sandfly vector, transmission and virulence to mammals.</a><br>
AUTHORS: T Ilg<br>
AFFILIATION: Max-Planck-Institut für Biologie, Abteilung Membranbiochemie, Tübingen, Germany. <a href="mailto:thomas.ilg@tuebingen.mpg.de" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">thomas.ilg@tuebingen.mpg.de
</a><br>
REFERENCE: Med Microbiol Immunol 2001 Nov 190(1-2):13-7<br>
Leishmaniasis is a major health problem to the human population of the
tropics, subtropics and Mediterranean regions. This disease is caused by
the parasitic protozoa <b>Leishmania</b>, which have adapted to survive in
several hostile environments such as the vector insect midgut, blood and
the mammalian macrophage phagolysosome. Several <b>Leishmania</b>
glycoconjugates have been implicated as key molecules for these
remarkable capabilities. This review summarizes the current knowledge on
potential and proven functions of the most prominent of the <b>Leishmania</b>
glycoconjugates, the lipophosphoglycan.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-09.xml&id=11770102" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">11770102</a>
<input name="id_11770102" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11770102" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Homologues of LMPK, a mitogen-activated protein kinase from
<b>Leishmania</b> mexicana, in different <b>Leishmania</b> species.</a><br>
AUTHORS: M Wiese, I Görcke<br>
AFFILIATION: Max-Planck-Institut für Biologie, Abteilung Membranbiochemie, Tübingen, Germany. <a href="mailto:martin.wiese@bni-hamburg.de" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">martin.wiese@bni-hamburg.de
</a><br>
REFERENCE: Med Microbiol Immunol 2001 Nov 190(1-2):19-22<br>
LMPK, a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase homologue of <b>Leishmania</b>
mexicana, is essential for the proliferation of the amastigote, the
mammalian stage of the protozoan parasite. This has been demonstrated
using deletion mutant promastigotes, the insect stage of the parasite:
first, in vitro after differentiation to amastigotes, which subsequently
lost their potential to proliferate; second, by infection of peritoneal
macrophages, which were able to cope with the infection and cleared the
parasites; third, by infection of BALB/c mice, which showed no lesion
development. The lmpk deletion mutant promastigotes are a potential live
vaccine because they infect macrophages, transform to amastigotes and
deliver amastigote antigens to raise an immune response without causing
the disease. In addition, inhibition of LMPK in a wild-type infection is
likely to resolve the disease and as such, is an ideal target for drug
development against leishmaniasis. Here we investigated the presence and
copy number of lmpk homologues in <b>Leishmania</b> amazonensis, L. major, L.
tropica, L. aethiopica, L. donovani, L. infantum, and L. braziliensis
and discuss the results with regard to drug development and vaccination
using kinase deletion mutants.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-09.xml&id=11770103" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">11770103</a>
<input name="id_11770103" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11770103" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Post transcriptional control of gene expression in
<b>Leishmania</b>.</a><br>
AUTHORS: M Shapira, A Zilka, S Garlapati, E Dahan, I Dahan, V Yavesky<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel. <a href="mailto:shapiram@bgumail.bgu.ac.il" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">shapiram@bgumail.bgu.ac.il
</a><br>
REFERENCE: Med Microbiol Immunol 2001 Nov 190(1-2):23-6<br>
<b>Leishmania</b> parasites are ancient eukaryotes, characterized by unusual
molecular mechanisms. We have used the gene encoding for Hsp83 as a
model system for studying regulatory mechanisms that control
developmental gene regulation. We previously showed that protein coding
genes are regulated exclusively by post-transcriptional mechanisms,
while no transcriptional activation could be observed even for the
conserved Hsp83 gene. We now show that processing and maturation of the
Hsp83 polycistronic primary transcripts is more efficient at elevated
temperatures. The mature transcripts are more stable during heat shock,
with regulation conferred by 3' UTRs. Poly(A) tails of Hsp83 are
approximately 30 nucleotides long, as common for other low eukaryotes.
The mechanism that signals differential degradation is still unclear,
since it was not possible to detect differences in deadenylation of
Hsp83 transcripts at varying temperatures. Heat shock transcripts are
preferentially translated at 33-37 degrees C, but unlike Drosophila,
translational regulation is controlled by a region within the 3' UTR.
Using this traditionally conserved system emphasizes that regulatory
mechanisms in <b>Leishmania</b> differ from those prevailing in other
eukaryotes.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-09.xml&id=11770104" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">11770104</a>
<input name="id_11770104" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11770104" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">The heat shock protein 90 of
<b>Leishmania</b> donovani.</a><br>
AUTHORS: M Wiesgigl, J Clos<br>
AFFILIATION: Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.<br>
REFERENCE: Med Microbiol Immunol 2001 Nov 190(1-2):27-31<br>
The 90-kDa heat shock protein (Hsp90) of <b>Leishmania</b> donovani is a highly
abundant cytoplasmic protein and is involved in a variety of cellular
processes. Pharmacological deactivation of Hsp90 leads to growth arrest
and induces the synthesis of heat shock proteins. Moreover, treatment of
promastigote parasites with Hsp90 inhibitors induces the synthesis of
amastigote-specific marker proteins and a morphological alteration
similar to axenic amastigote differentiation. We propose a role for
Hsp90 in the feedback control of the cellular stress response and in the
control of the parasite's life cycle.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-09.xml&id=11770106" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">11770106</a>
<input name="id_11770106" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11770106" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Comparative proteome analysis of
<b>Leishmania</b> donovani at different stages of transformation from promastigotes to amastigotes.</a><br>
AUTHORS: M Thiel, I Bruchhaus<br>
AFFILIATION: Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.<br>
REFERENCE: Med Microbiol Immunol 2001 Nov 190(1-2):33-6<br>
To pass through its life cycle, protozoan parasites of the genus
<b>Leishmania</b> have to differentiate from promastigotes to amastigotes. The
molecular basis underiving this major transformation is poorly
understood. One way to study this phenomenon is to isolate and
characterize proteins that are specifically expressed in one of the two
stages of the life cycle or during the stage differentiation. Using two-
dimensional gel electrophoresis, we mapped the <b>Leishmania</b> donovani
proteome during stage differentiation to identify stage-specific
proteins and regulons. A protocol for extracting proteins of both
promastigote and amastigote L. donovani cells was developed, which is
compatible with isoelectric focusing. Up to 400 L. donovani protein
spots were visualized on a silver-stained gel. Metabolic labeling of the
cells was used to compare directly the protein synthesis pattern with
the protein level pattern. The silver-stained images of L. donovani
cells harvested on different days of stage differentiation were compared
to the corresponding autoradiographs. A marked decrease in protein
synthesis during stage differentiation from promastigotes to amastigotes
was observed. The stained protein pattern as well as the protein
pattern on the autoradiograph changed dramatically, especially after day
3 (about 24 h after pH shift) of transformation.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-09.xml&id=11770107" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">11770107</a>
<input name="id_11770107" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11770107" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)"><b>Leishmania</b>
infection and virulence.</a><br>
AUTHORS: G Matlashewski<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. <a href="mailto:greg_matlashewski@maclan.mcgill.ca" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
greg_matlashewski@maclan.mcgill.ca</a><br>
REFERENCE: Med Microbiol Immunol 2001 Nov 190(1-2):37-42<br>
Leishmaniasis is among the most important infectious diseases of the
developing world. With the advent of effective culture conditions for
the various stages of the life cycle, together with state of the art
biochemical, genomics, and reverse genetic approaches, it has been
possible to identify virulence factors required for the infection
process. Several of these virulence factors are discussed within
including lipophosphoglygan, A2, cysteine proteinases, and gp63.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-09.xml&id=11770108" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">11770108</a>
<input name="id_11770108" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11770108" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Use of genetic complementation to identify gene(s) which specify species-specific organ tropism of
<b>Leishmania</b>.</a><br>
AUTHORS: C Hoyer, K Mellenthin, M Schilhabel, M Platzer, J Clos<br>
AFFILIATION: Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.<br>
REFERENCE: Med Microbiol Immunol 2001 Nov 190(1-2):43-6<br>
We have employed a genetic complementation screening to identify genetic
markers of heat stress tolerance and visceralisation of <b>Leishmania</b>
infection. <b>Leishmania</b> major, which has a low thermotolerance and which
causes cutaneous lesions, was transfected with a cosmid library of L.
donovani DNA. The recombinant parasites were then screened either for
thermotolerance or selected by repeated passage in BALB/c mice. Cosmids
which conferred selective advantage were isolated. Several strategies
were tested to identify the gene(s) within the cosmids responsible for
the observed selective advantages. Of the approaches tested, the
complete sequence analysis of the cosmids and subsequent screening of
defined candidate ORFs proved to be the method of choice. Other
approaches, such as creation of sub-libraries or transposon insertion
strategies proved to be unsuccessful.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-09.xml&id=11770109" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">11770109</a>
<input name="id_11770109" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11770109" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Heat shock protein 100 and the amastigote stage-specific A2 proteins of
<b>Leishmania</b> donovani.</a><br>
AUTHORS: J Clos, L Klaholz, M Kroemer, S Krobitsch, S Lindquist<br>
AFFILIATION: Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany. <a href="mailto:clos@bni.uni-hamburg.de" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">clos@bni.uni-hamburg.de</a><br>
REFERENCE: Med Microbiol Immunol 2001 Nov 190(1-2):47-50<br>
HSP100 protein in <b>Leishmania</b> spp. plays an important role for the
survival and integrity of intracellular amastigotes. The A2 proteins of
L. donovani are functionally linked to HSP100. There is evidence for an
interdependence between these two proteins, which are both expressed
predominantly in the amastigote stage of <b>Leishmania</b> donovani. Mutant
strains lacking either of these proteins display very similar phenotypes
, i.e. loss of virulence both in vivo and in vitro. Also, both proteins
colocalise specifically to small foci within the cytoplasm of
amastigotes.<br>
<br><br>
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</map><img usemap="#11105fbf5ee0b7ad_boxmap-p6" alt="Shop at Amazon.com" border="0" height="150" width="120"><br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-09.xml&id=11770110" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">11770110</a>
<input name="id_11770110" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11770110" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">The biological function of sand fly and
<b>Leishmania</b> glycosidases.</a><br>
AUTHORS: R L Jacobson, Y Schlein, C L Eisenberger<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Parasitology, The Kuvin Center for Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel. <a href="mailto:jacobsr@cc.huji.ac.il" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
jacobsr@cc.huji.ac.il</a><br>
REFERENCE: Med Microbiol Immunol 2001 Nov 190(1-2):51-5<br>
This is a summary of the recent work on some glycosidases of sand flies
and their <b>Leishmania</b> parasites. Glycosidases catalyze the hydrolysis of
complex sugar subunits of polysaccharides into simple sugars. <b>Leishmania</b>
major parasites secrete chitinase and N-acetylglucosaminase, which
enables them to survive in the gut of the sand fly and are important in
facilitating their transmission by the phlebotomine sand fly Phlebotomus
papatasi. These enzymes are found in a wide range of trypanosomatids
and the gene locus is highly conserved. The sand flies feed on plants
and the ingested tissues may contain cellulose particles that the sand
flies are unable to digest. Cellulolytic enzymes are secreted by L.
major promastigotes and this may help to break down cellulose in
infected flies and sustain their growth. Starch is a main photosynthesis
product that is stored in leaves. Starch grains have been found in the
midguts of field caught sand flies and alpha-amylase, the specific
enzyme for starch, has been found in the salivary glands and other
organs of Lutzomyia longipalpis and P. papatasi. Alpha-amylase and alpha
-glucosidase are expressed by L. major promastigotes and alpha-
glucosidase is secreted by several trypanosomatid genera, but not by all
those examined. Primers originally designed to amplify P. papatasi
amylase DNA sequences, by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), also
amplified DNA from all Old World <b>Leishmania</b> species, indicating that the
gene is highly conserved between sand flies and these parasites.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-09.xml&id=11770111" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">11770111</a>
<input name="id_11770111" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11770111" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Recent advances in the taxonomy of the New World leishmanial parasites.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: E Cupolillo, F Aguiar Alves, L R Brahim, M F Naiff, L O Pereira, M P Oliveira-Neto, A Falqueto, G Grimaldi<br>
AFFILIATION: Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Hospital Evandro Chagas/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.<br>
REFERENCE: Med Microbiol Immunol 2001 Nov 190(1-2):57-60<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-09.xml&id=9574904" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">9574904</a>
<input name="id_9574904" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9574904" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Genetic polymorphism of
<b>Leishmania</b> species using kinetoplast DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism and cDNA probe of <b>Leishmania</b> donovani.</a><br>
AUTHORS: G S Kapoor, S K Arora, S Sehgal<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.<br>
REFERENCE: Med Microbiol Immunol 1998 Mar 186(4):209-14<br>
Leishmaniasis represents a group of diseases that range from simple
cutaneous lesions through metastasizing diffused cutaneous to severe
systemic infection depending upon the taxon to which the causative
parasite belongs. Therefore, it is important to identify the infecting
<b>Leishmania</b>. Methods presently being used, including immunology,
biochemistry and molecular biology have one or the other limitations,
leaving scope for the search for newer probes. This study reports the
characterization of <b>leishmania</b> isolates both by restriction fragment
length polymorphism of kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) and genomic DNA. The
genomic DNA was probed with a cDNA probe B2a1. Using a kDNA restriction
pattern technique, different isolates of <b>Leishmania</b> donovani could be
differentiated from the UR6 strain of L. tropica, but it was not
possible to differentiate between newer local isolates of L. donovani
with most of the restriction enzymes except AluI. However, the B2a1 cDNA
probe was able to differentiate these isolates effectively. Both of
these techniques could differentiate newer local isolates of L. donovani
from the older isolates of L. donovani from India, i.e., DD8, RMRI and
SS. The Indian isolates of L. donovani could also be differentiated from
isolates of L. donovani from Jeddah and Germany using both techniques.
The present study indicates that the cDNA probe B2a1 can be used as an
important adjunct to kDNA restriction analysis for the characterization
of <b>Leishmania</b> species.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-09.xml&id=9403834" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">9403834</a>
<input name="id_9403834" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9403834" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)"><b>Leishmania</b>
major infection in C57BL/10 mice differing at the Lps locus: a new non-healing phenotype.</a><br>
AUTHORS: I Müller, M Freudenberg, P Kropf, A F Kiderlen, C Galanos<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA. <a href="mailto:muller.4.@nd.edu" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">muller.4.@nd.edu</a><br>
REFERENCE: Med Microbiol Immunol 1997 Oct 186(2-3):75-81<br>
The course of cutaneous leishmaniasis was examined in mice from two
genetically closely related strains, C57BL/10ScCr (Cr) and C57BL/10ScSn
(Sn). Sn mice are able to heal <b>Leishmania</b> major infections, while Cr
mice are unable to heal. The cutaneous lesions of the Cr mice progressed
continuously and the increase in lesion size was paralleled by an
unrestricted growth of the parasites in vivo. Cr mice, in contrast to
their Sn counterparts, are highly resistant to all effects of
lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The nonhealing L. major infection in Cr mice
is in sharp contrast to the course of infection in another endotoxin-
nonresponder mouse strain, C3H/HeJ, which heal infections with L. major
. Cr mice exhibit, in addition to the defective LPS responsiveness, an
impaired interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) response after infection with a
variety of microorganisms. The insufficient activation of parasitized
macrophages to kill intracellular L. major could be due to the inability
of splenocytes from infected Cr mice to secrete IFN-gamma upon
restimulation with L. major. IFN-gamma is essential for the efficient
activation of parasitized macrophages to kill intracellular L. major by
producing nitric oxide (NO). Although bone marrow-derived Cr macrophage
do not produce NO in response to LPS, both Sn and Cr macrophages release
NO upon stimulation with IFN-gamma and tumor necrosis factor,
indicating that they are responsive to activation by these cytokines.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-09.xml&id=8811647" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">8811647</a>
<input name="id_8811647" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8811647" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Cutaneous leishmaniasis: a model for analysis of the immunoregulation by accessory cells.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: H Moll, U Ritter, S Flohé, K Erb, C Bauer, C Blank<br>
AFFILIATION: Research Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Würzburg, Germany.<br>
REFERENCE: Med Microbiol Immunol 1996 Feb 184(4):163-8<br>
In the mammalian host, <b>Leishmania</b> are obligate intracellular parasites
and invade macrophages and Langerhans cells. The accessory functions of
both types of host cells are important for regulation of the specific
cellular immune response and involve the following activities:
infiltration into the site of infection, initiation of a T cell response
, maintenance of immunity and the effector mechanisms that control
intracellular parasite replication.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-09.xml&id=1349724" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">1349724</a>
<input name="id_1349724" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=1349724" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Immunobiology of experimental leishmaniasis.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: I Müller, U Fruth, J A Louis<br>
AFFILIATION: WHO Immunology Research and Training Centre, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.<br>
REFERENCE: Med Microbiol Immunol 1992 181(1):1-12<br>
Self-cure versus uncontrolled disease progression in experimental murine
cutaneous leishmaniasis depends upon a delicate interplay among various
activated cells of the host's immune system. Susceptibility or
resistance to infection with <b>Leishmania</b> major is correlated with the
ability of different inbred strains of mice to produce the
characteristic spectra of lymphokines upon infection. Appropriate
experimental interventions now allow the modulation of these responses,
providing the possibility to render genetically susceptible mice
resistant to infection and, vice versa, to cause genotypically "
healer" strains to express a "non-healer" phenotype.
These experimental manipulations have proven to be powerful tools in the
dissection of the underlying immune mechanisms and cellular parameters
responsible for susceptibility and resistance, and will perhaps allow
the identification of molecules of parasite origin that induce
deleterious immune responses to infection with <b>Leishmania</b>, and thus to
exclude them from future vaccines. More importantly, rational immune
intervention could permit the diversion of established host-damaging
immune responses to host-protective immunization.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-09.xml&id=2056963" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">2056963</a>
<input name="id_2056963" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=2056963" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Use of in vitro method to assess different brands of anti-leishmanial drugs.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: S K Arora, R Sinha, S Sehgal<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.<br>
REFERENCE: Med Microbiol Immunol 1991 180(1):21-7<br>
Reports in the literature indicate the use of animal models for testing
newer anti-leishmanial drugs in vivo. However, in certain established
cell lines and macrophages in vitro models have the advantage over the
in vivo system of simplicity and speed with which the results can be
obtained. A simple in vitro system using peritoneal exudate macrophages
of BALB/c mice infected with <b>Leishmania</b> donovani promastigotes has been
tested for its use in determining the efficacy of several new drugs. Two
well-established drugs, amphotericin B and sodium stibogluconate, as
expected, could kill the intracellular parasites effectively. Two
relatively new drugs not routinely used against <b>leishmania</b>, rifampicin
and metronidazole at concentrations of 20 micrograms/ml and 10
micrograms/ml, respectively, were also able to kill the intracellular
<b>leishmania</b> parasites effectively. Critical factors for drug testing in
vitro have been elucidated: the most important being the temperature of
incubation after infection.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-09.xml&id=2733636" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">2733636</a>
<input name="id_2733636" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=2733636" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Identification of major antigens of
<b>Leishmania</b> donovani using kala azar sera.</a><br>
AUTHORS: S K Arora, S Sehgal<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.<br>
REFERENCE: Med Microbiol Immunol 1989 178(2):81-8<br>
The study was conducted with the prime objective of isolating an antigen
from the crude preparation of whole promastigotes (<b>Leishmania</b> donovani
) with a view to future exploitation in serodiagnosis and production of
monoclonal antibodies. Soluble antigen, prepared from promastigotes
isolated from actively growing cultures, was fractionated by gel
filtration chromatography over a column of Sephadex G200. Three peaks of
proteins could be recovered. The antigenic reactivity of different
fractions was checked against sera of kala azar patients by
immunoelectrophoresis (IEP), rocket immunoelectrophoresis (RIEP) and
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The first peak was found to
be highly reactive in comparison with other peaks. SDS-PAGE and western
blot analysis of this antigen revealed a major antigen of promastigotes
in the vicinity of 65 to 66 kDa, while a weakly reactive triplet could
also be detected in the low molecular weight region.<br>
<br><br>
REQUEST: [ sand fly NOT culicoides ]<br>
(3 articles match this request. 1 article matching other requests removed)<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-09.xml&id=17308810" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17308810</a>
<input name="id_17308810" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17308810" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Pintomyia (Pifanomyia) paleotownsendi, a new
<b>sand fly</b> from the Miocene amber of Dominican Republic (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae).</a><br>
AUTHORS: José Dilermando Andrade Filho, Alda Lima Falcão, Eunice A Bianchi Galati, Reginaldo Peçanha Brazil<br>
AFFILIATION: Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou-Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.<br>
REFERENCE: Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2006 Dec 101 Suppl 2():57-8<br>
Phlebotominae includes some vector species, mainly that of leishmaniases
, with a very old host-parasite relationship. Some species fossils of
this subfamily have been recently described and this paper presents the
description of a new <b>sand fly</b> Pintomyia (Pifanomyia) paleotownsendi sp.
nov in amber. The gonostyle present four spines, being one apical, one
external superior implanted close to the apical third, one external
inferior in the middle of the structure and one internal implanted in
the basal third. This disposition of the spines may separate the new
species from others in the sub genus.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-09.xml&id=17315482" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17315482</a>
<input name="id_17315482" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17315482" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[Redescription of the female of Lutzomyia vattierae (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) from the serranÃa de La Macarena, Central Colombia]
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Eduar ElÃas Bejarano, Patricia Duque, Iván DarÃo Vélez<br>
AFFILIATION: Grupo de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Sucre, Sincelejo, Colombia. <a href="mailto:eduarelias@yahoo.com" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">eduarelias@yahoo.com
</a><br>
REFERENCE: Biomedica 2006 Dec 26(4):556-61<br>
INTRODUCTION: Lutzomyia species of the subgenus Sciopemyia show
restricted distribution and are rarely represented in <b>sand fly</b> captures
, with the exception of L. sordellii, which is found from Costa Rica to
Argentina. To date, only two of these species. L. sordellii and L.
preclara have been reported in Colombia. OBJECTIVE: The female of L.
vattierae was redescribed and the record of this Sciopemyia species
established for in the Colombian national park, serranÃa de La Macarena
. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was carried out in the Serrania de La
Macarena, in western province of Meta. The serrania is a small mountain
range situated between the Orinoco and Amazon River basins and
geographically separated from the Andes. Sand flies were collected
during two consecutive nights with a CDC light trap placed from 18:00 to
06:00 hours in a primary forest. RESULTS: Four females belonging to the
subgenus Sciopemyia were identified as L. vattierae, which differs from
L. preclara by the presence of papillae on the third flagellomere and
from L. sordellii by the form and length of the spermathecae and
individual sperm ducts. CONCLUSION: The number of known species of
Sciopemyia in Colombia is now three and include L. sordellii, L.
preclara, and L. vattierae.<br>
<br><br>
REQUEST: [ sandfly NOT culicoides ]<br>
(4 articles match this request. 3 articles matching other requests removed)<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-09.xml&id=17313512" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17313512</a>
<input name="id_17313512" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17313512" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Evaluation of a mass distribution programme for fine-mesh impregnated bednets against visceral leishmaniasis in eastern Sudan.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Koert Ritmeijer, Clive Davies, Ruth van Zorge, Shr-Jie Wang, Judy Schorscher, Salah Ibrahim Dongu'du, Robert N Davidson<br>
AFFILIATION: Médecins Sans Frontières-Holland, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.<br>
REFERENCE: Trop Med Int Health 2007 Mar 12(3):404-14<br>
Summary During an epidemic of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in eastern
Sudan, Médecins Sans Frontières distributed 357 000 insecticide-
treated bednets (ITN) to 155 affected villages between May 1999 and
March 2001. To estimate the protective effect of the ITN, we evaluated
coverage and use of ITN, and analysed VL incidence by village from March
1996 to June 2002. We provided ITN to 94% of the individuals >5 years
old. Two years later, 44% (95% CI 39-48%) of nets were reasonably intact
. Because ITN were mainly used as protection against nuisance mosquitoes
, bednet use during the VL transmission season ranged from <10%
during the hot dry months to 55% during the beginning of the rainy
season. ITN were put up from 9 to 11 p.m., leaving children unprotected
during a significant period of <b>sandfly</b>-biting hours after sunset.
Regression analysis of incidence data from 114 villages demonstrated a
significant reduction of VL by village and month following ITN provision
. The greatest effect was 17-20 months post-intervention, with VL cases
reduced by 59% (95% CI: 25-78%). An estimated 1060 VL cases were
prevented between June 1999 and January 2001, a mean protective effect
of 27%. Although results need to be interpreted with caution, this
analysis indicates a potentially strong reduction in VL incidence
following a community distribution of ITN. The effectiveness of ITN
depends on behavioural factors, which differ between communities.<br>
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