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Subject: Articles found by RefScout 10/2007<br><br><br></span>
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This is <span id="st" name="st" class="st">RefScout</span>-Newsletter 10/2007.<br><br>
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REQUEST: [ leishmania ]<br>
(51 articles match this request. 1 article matching other requests removed)<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-10.xml&id=17169165" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17169165</a>
<input name="id_17169165" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17169165" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Shuttle mutagenesis and targeted disruption of a telomere-located essential gene of
<b>Leishmania</b>.</a><br>
AUTHORS: F M Squina, A L Pedrosa, V S Nunes, A K Cruz, L R O Tosi<br>
AFFILIATION: Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil.<br>
REFERENCE: Parasitology 2007 Apr 134(Pt 4):511-22<br>
<b>Leishmania</b> mutants have contributed greatly to extend our knowledge of
this parasite's biology. Here we report the use of the mariner in vitro
transposition system as a source of reagents for shuttle mutagenesis and
targeted disruption of <b>Leishmania</b> genes. The locus-specific integration
was achieved by the disruption of the subtelomeric gene encoding a DNA-
directed RNA polymerase III subunit (RPC2). Further inactivation of RPC2
alleles required the complementation of the intact gene, which was
transfected in an episomal context. However, attempts to generate a RPC2
chromosomal null mutant resulted in genomic rearrangements that
maintained copies of the intact locus in the genome. The maintenance of
the RPC2 chromosomal locus in complemented mutants was not mediated by
an increase in the number of copies and did not involve chromosomal
translocations, which are the typical characteristics of the genomic
plasticity of this parasite. Unlike the endogenous locus, the selectable
marker used to disrupt RPC2 did not display a tendency to remain in its
chromosomal location but was targeted into supernumerary episomal
molecules.<br>
<br><br>
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PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-10.xml&id=17206506" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17206506</a>
<input name="id_17206506" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17206506" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">In vitro activity of perifosine: a novel alkylphospholipid against the promastigote stage of
<b>Leishmania</b> species.</a><br>
AUTHORS: MarÃa Gabriela Cabrera-Serra, Jacob Lorenzo-Morales, Marialina Romero, Basilio Valladares, José E Piñero<br>
AFFILIATION: Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, University of La Laguna, Avda. AstrofÃsico Fco. Sánchez, S/N 38203 La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain, <a href="mailto:jpinero@ull.es" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
jpinero@ull.es</a>.<br>
REFERENCE: Parasitol Res 2007 Apr 100(5):1155-7<br>
Perifosine is a novel alkylphospholipid. Perifosine has displayed
significant antiproliferative activity in vitro and in vivo in several
human tumor model systems and has recently entered phase II clinical
trials. Other alkylphospholipids have been previously used as
antileishmanial agents, and miltefosine (Impavido) is now established as
the first oral drug for the treatment of visceral and cutaneous
leishmaniasis. Perifosine showed the higher activity against all tested
strains. This study demonstrates for, the first time, an in vitro
activity of perifosine against different species of <b>Leishmania</b> in the
promastigote stage.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-10.xml&id=17157469" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17157469</a>
<input name="id_17157469" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17157469" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Development and validation of RP-HPLC-UV method for simultaneous determination of buparvaquone, atenolol, propranolol, quinidine and verapamil: A tool for the standardization of rat in situ intestinal permeability studies.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Gantala Venkatesh, S Ramanathan, S M Mansor, N K Nair, Munavvar Abdul Sattar, Simon L Croft, V Navaratnam<br>
AFFILIATION: Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia.<br>
REFERENCE: J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007 Mar 43(4):1546-51<br>
A simple, sensitive and specific reversed phase high performance liquid
chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method with UV detection at 251nm was
developed for simultaneous quantitation of buparvaquone (BPQ), atenolol
, propranolol, quinidine and verapamil. The method was applicable in rat
in situ intestinal permeability study to assess intestinal permeability
of BPQ, a promising lead compound for <b>Leishmania</b> donovani infections.
The method was validated on a C-4 column with mobile phase comprising
ammonium acetate buffer (0.02M, pH 3.5) and acetonitrile in the ratio of
30:70 (v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0ml/min. The retention times for
atenolol, quinidine, propranolol, verapamil and BPQ were 4.30, 5.96, 6.
55, 7.98 and 8.54min, respectively. The calibration curves were linear (
correlation coefficient >/=0.996) in the selected range of each analyte
. The method is specific and sensitive with limit of quantitation of
15mug/ml for atenolol, 0.8mug/ml for quinidine, 5mug/ml for propranolol
, 10mug/ml for verapamil and 200ng/ml for BPQ. The validated method was
found to be accurate and precise in the working calibration range.
Stability studies were carried out at different storage conditions and
all the analytes were found to be stable. This method is simple,
reliable and can be routinely used for accurate permeability
characterization.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-10.xml&id=17287029" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17287029</a>
<input name="id_17287029" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17287029" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Clinical value of anti-
<b>Leishmania</b> (<b>Leishmania</b>) chagasi IgG titers detected by flow cytometry to distinguish infected from vaccinated dogs.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Renata Aline de Andrade, Alexandre Barbosa Reis, Célia Maria Ferreira Gontijo, Lidiane Bento Braga, Roberta Dias Rodrigues Rocha, Márcio Sobreira Silva Araújo, Leonardo Rocha Vianna, Olindo Assis Martins-Filho
<br>
AFFILIATION: Laboratório de Doença de Chagas, CPqRR-FIOCRUZ/MG, Avenida Augusto de Lima 1715, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30190-002, Brazil.<br>
REFERENCE: Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2007 Mar 116(1-2):85-97<br>
Leishmune((R)) vaccination covers a broader number of endemic areas of
canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) and therefore the development of new
serological devices able to discriminate CVL from Leishmune((R))
vaccinees becomes an urgent need considering the post-vaccine
seroconversion detected throughout conventional methodologies. Herein,
we have described the establishment of a flow cytometry based
methodology to detect anti-fixed L. (L.) chagasi promastigotes
antibodies (FC-AFPA-IgG, FC-AFPA-IgG1 and FC-AFPA-IgG2) in sera samples
from <b>Leishmania</b> (<b>Leishmania</b>) chagasi infected dogs and Leishmune((R))
vaccinees. The results of FC-AFPA were reported along the sera titration
curve (1:128-1:524,288), as percentage-of-positive-fluorescent-parasite
(PPFP). The use of PPFP=20% as a cut-off edge to segregate negative and
positive results at sera dilution 1:2048 revealed outstanding
performance indexes that elect FC-AFPA-IgG and IgG2 (both detected by
polyclonal FITC-labeled second step reagent) applicable to the
serological diagnosis of CVL, with 100% of specificity for both IgG and
IgG2 and 97 and 93% of sensitivity, respectively. Moreover, FC-AFPA-IgG
, applied at sera dilution 1:2048, also appeared as a useful tool to
discriminate L. chagasi infected dogs from Leishmune((R)) vaccinees,
with 76% of specificity. Outstanding likelihood indexes further support
the performance of FC-AFPA-IgG for exclusion diagnosis of CVL in
Leishmune((R)) vaccinees. Analysis of FC-AFPA-IgG at sera dilution 1:
8192 revealed the most outstanding indexes, demonstrating that besides
the ability of PPFP </=20% to exclude the diagnosis of CVL, a PPFP
values higher 80%, mostly observed for infected dogs (INF) have a
minimal change to come from a non-infected animal (NI) or Leishmune((R
)) vaccinees (VAC). Together, our findings showed the potential of both
anti-L. chagasi FC-AFPA-IgG and IgG2 to distinguish the serological
reactivity of L. chagasi infected dogs from Leishmune((R)) vaccinees,
which will further contribute for the differential diagnosis in the
context of CVL immunoprophylaxis.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-10.xml&id=17242034" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17242034</a>
<input name="id_17242034" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17242034" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Inhibition of <b>
Leishmania</b> (<b>Leishmania</b>) amazonensis growth and infectivity by aureobasidin A.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Ameria K Tanaka, Valderez B Valero, Helio K Takahashi, Anita H Straus<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo/Escola Paulista de Medicina, Rua Botucatu 862, São Paulo, SP, 04023-900, Brazil.<br>
REFERENCE: J Antimicrob Chemother 2007 Mar 59(3):487-92<br>
Objectives To study the effect of aureobasidin A, an inhibitor of
inositol phosphorylceramide (IPC) synthase, on <b>Leishmania</b> growth and
infectivity. Methods Effects of aureobasidin A were determined for: (i)
promastigote growth in axenic culture; (ii) promastigote infectivity in
macrophage monolayers; (iii) development of footpad lesions in BALB/c
mice; (iv) differentiation of amastigotes into promastigotes. Results
Aureobasidin A (20 microM) inhibited 90% of <b>Leishmania</b> (<b>Leishmania</b>)
amazonensis promastigote growth in axenic culture, but the parasites
remained viable, i.e. growth curves returned to normal after
aureobasidin A was removed from culture medium. The aureobasidin A IC(50
) was determined by MTT assay as 4.1 microM for L. (L.) amazonensis
promastigotes, 12.6 microM for <b>Leishmania</b> (<b>Leishmania</b>) major and 13.7
microM for <b>Leishmania</b> (Viannia) braziliensis. There was a significant
delay in infection when L. (L.) amazonensis promastigotes pre-treated
with aureobasidin A were inoculated into BALB/c mouse footpads. When
aureobasidin A was added to cultured macrophages infected with
amastigotes, the number of infected macrophages was reduced by >90%.
Conclusions Aureobasidin A is an interesting pharmacological tool to
investigate the effect of lipid metabolism inhibition in <b>Leishmania</b> spp.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-10.xml&id=17170076" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17170076</a>
<input name="id_17170076" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17170076" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Role of protein tyrosine phosphatases in the regulation of interferon-{gamma}-induced macrophage nitric oxide generation: implication of ERK pathway and AP-1 activation.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Julie Blanchette, Philippe Pouliot, Martin Olivier<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Duff Medical Building, Room 511, 3775 University Street, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 2B4. <a href="mailto:martin.olivier@mcgill.ca" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
martin.olivier@mcgill.ca</a>.<br>
REFERENCE: J Leukoc Biol 2007 Mar 81(3):835-44<br>
NO is a potent molecule involved in the cytotoxic events mediated by
macrophages (MØ) against microorganisms. We reported previously that
inhibition of MØ protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) mediates a
protective effect against <b>Leishmania</b> infection, which was NO-dependent.
Herein, we show that the PTP inhibitors of the peroxovanadium (pV) class
, bpV(phen) and bpV(pic), can similarly increase murine MØ IFN-gamma-
induced NO generation. Using various second messenger (JAK2, MEK, Erk1/
Erk2, and p38) antagonists, we found that the Erk1/Erk2 pathway was the
principal pathway submitted to regulation by PTPs in the context of IFN-
gamma-driven MØ activation and increase in NO production. We observed
that bpV(phen) increases inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression,
resulting in enhanced NO production, whereas the bpV(pic) increase of NO
production does not seem to result from a modulation of iNOS expression
. Transcription factors STAT-1alpha and NF-kappaB, recognized for their
importance in NO generation, were not affected by the pV treatment.
However, AP-1 was strongly activated by bpV(phen) but not by bpV(pic).
Collectively, our results suggest that increased IFN-gamma-induced NO
production, observed after bpV(phen) treatment, involves the activation
of the transcription factor AP-1 by Erk1/Erk2- and stress-activated
protein kinase/JNK-dependent transduction mechanisms.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-10.xml&id=17077330" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17077330</a>
<input name="id_17077330" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17077330" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">IL-21 receptor signaling is integral to the development of Th2 effector responses in vivo.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Anja Fröhlich, Benjamin J Marsland, Ivo Sonderegger, Michael Kurrer, Martin R Hodge, Nicola L Harris, Manfred Kopf<br>
AFFILIATION: Institute of Integrative Biology, Molecular Biomedicine, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Switzerland.<br>
REFERENCE: Blood 2007 Mar 109(5):2023-31<br>
Interleukin 21 (IL-21) is a member of the common gamma-chain family of
cytokines, which influence a broad spectrum of immunologic responses. A
number of studies have examined the function of IL-21, but its specific
role in Th1/Th2-cell differentiation and related effector responses
remains to be clarified. Thus, we generated IL-21R-deficient mice and
have investigated the role of IL-21R signaling using a series of in vivo
experimentally induced disease models. We first addressed the role of
IL-21R signaling in Th2 immune responses by examining allergic airway
inflammation, and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Heligmosomoides
polygyrus antihelminth responses. In each of these systems, IL-21R
signaling played a clear role in the development of Th2 responses.
Comparatively, IL-21R signaling was not required for the containment of
<b>Leishmania</b> major infection or the development of experimental autoimmune
myocarditis, indicative of competent Th1 and Th17 responses,
respectively. Adoptive transfer of T cells and analysis of IL-21R+/+/IL-
21R-/- chimera mice revealed that IL-21R-signaling was central to Th2-
cell survival or migration to peripheral tissues. Overall, our data show
IL-21 plays a crucial role in supporting polarized Th2 responses in
vivo, while appearing superfluous for Th1 and Th17 responses.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-10.xml&id=16580229" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">16580229</a>
<input name="id_16580229" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16580229" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">A strategy for identifying serodiagnostically relevant antigens of
<b>Leishmania</b> or other pathogens in genetic libraries.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Márcia C A Teixeira, Geraldo G S Oliveira, Marco A Silvany, Neuza M Alcântara-Neves, Milena B P Soares, Ricardo Ribeiro-Dos-Santos, Selma M B Jerônimo, Carlos H Costa, Washington L C Dos-Santos, Daniel Eichinger, Lain Pontes-de-Carvalho
<br>
AFFILIATION: Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Valdemar Falcão 121, 40295-001, Salvador, Brazil; Faculdade de Tecnologia e Ciências - FTC, Salvador, Brazil.<br>
REFERENCE: Biologicals 2007 Mar 35(1):51-4<br>
Different individuals, when infected with the same parasite, rarely
produce antibodies against the same set of antigens. Indeed, unless a
particular antigen happens to be recognized by antibodies in all
individuals, the use of a single antigen in the serodiagnosis of
parasitic diseases leads, invariably, to false-negative results. A
straightforward method for pin-pointing, in genetic libraries, the
precise antigens that would increase serodiagnostic assay sensitivities
is presented. The method is based on the utilization of sera that
produced false-negative results against previously available antigens.
Employing this false-negative serum-selection methodology for the
identification of new <b>Leishmania</b> infantum recombinant antigens (rAgs),
the sensitivity of a dipstick assay for anti-<b>Leishmania</b> antibodies in a
panel of sera from patients with visceral leishmaniasis was increased
from 83.3% to 98.1%, without affecting its specificity, by the inclusion
of a fifth and a sixth L. infantum rAg.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-10.xml&id=16569432" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">16569432</a>
<input name="id_16569432" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16569432" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Multifocal cutaneous leishmaniasis.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Pascal Del Giudice<br>
REFERENCE: J Infect 2007 Feb 54(2):207; author reply 208<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-10.xml&id=17319595" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17319595</a>
<input name="id_17319595" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17319595" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Investigation of asymptomatic visceral leishmaniasis cases using western blot in an endemic area in Turkey.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Nermin Sakru, Metin Korkmaz, Yusuf Ozbel, Hatice Ertabaklar, Mustafa Sengul, Seray Ozensoy Toz<br>
AFFILIATION: Ege University, Medical School Department of Parasitology, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.<br>
REFERENCE: New Microbiol 2007 Jan 30(1):13-8<br>
In Turkey, <b>Leishmania</b> infantum is responsible for human visceral
leishmaniasis (VL), which is seen mainly in the Aegean, Mediterranean,
and Central Anatolia Regions. This study aimed to determine asymptomatic
infections in an endemic area of VL in Turkey using the western blot
technique. A total of 82 persons including children and adults were
chosen randomly in Denizli province which is one of the endemic sites
for VL. Serum samples were collected and screened using indirect
immunofluorescent test (IFAT), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA
) and western blot (WB). One year later, 35 of the 82 persons were
sampled and screened serologically for the second time. Seven out of 82
samples were found to be positive by western blot analysis with the
presence of 14 and/or 18 kDa bands. Two of these seven sera were also
positive by IFAT, but only one of these two was positive by ELISA. Only
one person showing seropositivity with all three tests had clinical
symptoms and was diagnosed as VL with the presence of amastigotes in
bone marrow aspirate. Because six people, including the one found to be
seropositive in all two tests, had no clinical symptoms, they were
accepted as asymptomatic carriers. The ratio of asymptomatic infection
was calculated as 7.41% (6/81) in the region. In the second sampling,
the western blot revealed antibodies against the same antigens in all
seven subjects. Our findings showed that the presence of antibodies
against 14 and 18 kDa antigens are important for the diagnosis of
symptomatic and asymptomatic infections. Western blot was found to be
effective in the detection of asymptomatic persons in the
epidemiological studies in endemic areas.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-10.xml&id=17319967" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17319967</a>
<input name="id_17319967" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17319967" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Compared genomics of the strand switch region of
<b>Leishmania</b> chromosome 1 reveal a novel genus-specific gene and conserved structural features and sequence motifs.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Jacques Puechberty, Christine Blaineau, Sabrina Meghamla, Lucien Crobu, Michel Pagès, Patrick Bastien<br>
AFFILIATION: CNRS/Université Montpellier I FRE 3013 "Biologie Moléculaire, Biologie Cellulaire et Biodiversité des Protozoaires Parasites", Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, UFR Médecine, 163 Rue Auguste Broussonet, 34090 Montpellier, France.
<a href="mailto:gpp@univ-montp1.fr" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">gpp@univ-montp1.fr</a>.<br>
REFERENCE: BMC Genomics 2007 8():57<br>
ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Trypanosomatids exhibit a unique gene organization
into large directional gene clusters (DGCs) in opposite directions. The
transcription "strand switch region" (SSR) separating the two
large DGCs that constitute chromosome 1 of <b>Leishmania</b> major has been
the subject of several studies and speculations. Thus, it has been
suspected of being the single replication origin of the chromosome, the
transcription initiation site for both DGCs or even a centromere. Here,
we have used an inter-species compared genomics approach on this locus
in order to try to identify conserved features or motifs indicative of a
putative function. RESULTS: We isolated, and compared the structure and
nucleotide sequence of, this SSR in 15 widely divergent species of
<b>Leishmania</b> and Sauroleishmania. As regards its intrachromosomal position
, size and AT content, the general structure of this SSR appears
extremely stable among species, which is another demonstration of the
remarkable structural stability of these genomes at the evolutionary
level. Sequence alignments showed several interesting features. Overall
, only 30% of nucleotide positions were conserved in the SSR among the
15 species, versus 74% and 62% in the 5' parts of the adjacent XPP and
PAXP genes, respectively. However, nucleotide divergences were not
distributed homogeneously along this sequence. Thus, a central fragment
of approximately 440 bp exhibited 54% of identity among the 15 species.
This fragment actually represents a new <b>Leishmania</b>-specific CDS of
unknown function which had been overlooked since the annotation of this
chromosome. The encoded protein comprises two trans-membrane domains and
is classified in the "structural protein" GO category. We
cloned this novel gene and expressed it as a recombinant green
fluorescent protein-fused version, which showed its localisation to the
endoplasmic reticulum. The whole of these data shorten the actual SSR to
an 887-bp segment as compared with the original 1.6 kb. In the rest of
the SSR, the percentage of identity was much lower, around 22%.
Interestingly, the 72-bp fragment where the putatively single
transcription initiation site of chromosome 1 was identified is located
in a low-conservation portion of the SSR and is itself highly
polymorphic amongst species. Nevertheless, it is highly C-rich and
presents a unique poly(C) tract in the same position in all species.
CONCLUSION: This inter-specific comparative study, the first of its kind
, (a) allowed to reveal a novel genus-specific gene and (b) identified a
conserved poly(C) tract in the otherwise highly polymorphic region
containing the putative transcription initiation site. This allows
hypothesising an intervention of poly(C)-binding proteins known
elsewhere to be involved in transcriptional control.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-10.xml&id=17093038" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17093038</a>
<input name="id_17093038" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17093038" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Molecular diagnosis of leishmaniasis: current status and future applications.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Richard Reithinger, Jean-Claude Dujardin<br>
AFFILIATION: Clinical Trials Area, Westat, 1441 W. Montgomery Ave., Rockville, MD 20850, USA. <a href="mailto:rreithinger@yahoo.co.uk" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">rreithinger@yahoo.co.uk
</a><br>
REFERENCE: J Clin Microbiol 2007 Jan 45(1):21-5<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-10.xml&id=17304790" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17304790</a>
<input name="id_17304790" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17304790" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">The ultrastructure of the parasitophorous vacuole formed by
<b>Leishmania</b> major.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Ramon Castro, Khara Scott, Tiffany Jordan, Brette Evans, Joyce Craig, Eric L Peters, Kevin Swier<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Biological Sciences, Chicago State University, 9501 South King Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60628, USA.<br>
REFERENCE: J Parasitol 2006 Dec 92(6):1162-70<br>
Protozoan parasites of <b>Leishmania</b> spp. invade macrophages as
promastigotes and differentiate into replicative amastigotes within
parasitophorous vacuoles. Infection of inbred strains of mice with
<b>Leishmania</b> major is a well-studied model of the mammalian immune
response to <b>Leishmania</b> species, but the ultrastructure and biochemical
properties of the parasitophorous vacuole occupied by this parasite have
been best characterized for other species of <b>Leishmania</b>. We examined
the parasitophorous vacuole occupied by L. major in lymph nodes of
infected mice and in bone marrow-derived macrophages infected in vitro.
At all time points after infection, single L. major amastigotes were
wrapped tightly by host membrane, suggesting that amastigotes segregate
into separate vacuoles during replication. This small, individual
vacuole contrasts sharply with the large, communal vacuoles occupied by
<b>Leishmania</b> amazonensis. An extensive survey of the literature revealed
that the single vacuoles occupied by L. major are characteristic of
those formed by Old World species of <b>Leishmania</b>, while New World species
of <b>Leishmania</b> form large vacuoles occupied by many amastigotes.<br>
<br><br>
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PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-10.xml&id=17326936" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17326936</a>
<input name="id_17326936" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17326936" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Distinct Transmission Cycles of
<b>Leishmania</b> tropica in 2 Adjacent Foci, Northern Israel.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Milena Svobodova<br>
AFFILIATION: Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.<br>
REFERENCE: Emerg Infect Dis 2006 Dec 12(12):1860-8<br>
Transmission of <b>Leishmania</b> tropica was studied in 2 adjacent foci in
Israel where vector populations differ. Only Phlebotomus sergenti was
found infected with L. tropica in the southern focus; P. arabicus was
the main vector in the northern focus. Rock hyraxes (Procavia capensis)
were incriminated as reservoir hosts in both foci. L. tropica strains
from the northern focus isolated from sand flies, cutaneous
leishmaniasis cases, and rock hyraxes were antigenically similar to L.
major, and strains from the southern focus were typically L. tropica.
Laboratory studies showed that P. arabicus is a competent vector of L.
tropica, and P. sergenti is essentially refractory to L. tropica from
the northern focus. Susceptibility of P. arabicus may be mediated by O
glycoproteins on the luminal surface of its midgut. The 2 foci differ
with respect to parasites and vectors, but increasing peridomestic rock
hyrax populations are probably responsible for emergence of cutaneous
leishmaniasis in both foci.<br>
<br><br>
********************************************************************************************************************<br>
The following references are revised files and are brought to you in accordance to license agreement with the NLM.<br>
********************************************************************************************************************<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-10.xml&id=15936088" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">15936088</a>
<input name="id_15936088" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15936088" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Atypical multifocal cutaneous leishmaniasis in an immunocompetent patient treated by liposomal amphotericin B.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: A Paradisi, R Capizzi, A Zampetti, I Proietti, C De Simone, C Feliciani, P L Amerio<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Dermatology, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy. <a href="mailto:iclde@rm.unicatt.it" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">iclde@rm.unicatt.it</a><br>
REFERENCE: J Infect 2005 Dec 51(5):e261-4<br>
Multifocal cutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL) is an extremely rare disease in
South Europe, and it mainly affects immunosuppressed patients. We
report a case of MCL in an immunocompetent patient affected by type II
diabetes mellitus that clinically presented with three large ulcers on
the legs with a non-linear distribution and several months later with an
erythematous-crusty lesion on the left cheek. Diagnosis of
leishmaniasis due to <b>Leishmania</b> infantum was formulated by PCR analysis
. Given the diffuse and wide lesions, the unresponsiveness to previous
local and systemic treatments, a parenteral i.v. therapy with liposomal
amphotericin B at a dosage of 3mg/kg/day for 5 days was started and then
repeated on the 14th and 21st days, leading to a clear improvement in
the clinical picture. The different clinical expression and the
evolution of leishmaniasis depend on both the parasite subtype and the
host's immunity status. L. infantum manifests with an atypical clinical
feature more frequently than other species. The differential diagnosis
for multiple ulcers must include several skin diseases, such as
cutaneous TBC, bacterial ulcers, traumatic ulcers, deep mycoses, and
sarcoidosis. However, an MCL should always be considered in subjects
coming from endemic areas. In our case, the multifocality, the size of
the lesions and the unresponsiveness to other treatment indicate a short
course treatment with liposomal B amphotericin that proved to be a
suitable alternative to traditional drugs used in MCL.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-10.xml&id=14334351" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">14334351</a>
<input name="id_14334351" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14334351" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">METABOLISM OF GLUCOSE LABELLED WITH CARBON - 14 IN
<b>LEISHMANIA</b> ENRIETTII.</a><br>
AUTHORS: R MANCILLA, C NAQUIRA, C LANAS<br>
REFERENCE: Nature 1965 Apr 206():27-8<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-10.xml&id=14296058" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">14296058</a>
<input name="id_14296058" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14296058" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">TEMPERATURE EFFECT ON
<b>LEISHMANIA</b> ENRIETTII IN VITRO.</a><br>
AUTHORS: C L GREENBLATT, P GLASER<br>
REFERENCE: Exp Parasitol 1965 Feb 16():36-52<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-10.xml&id=14292557" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">14292557</a>
<input name="id_14292557" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14292557" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON GROWTH AND NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF
<b>LEISHMANIA</b> TARENTOLAE IN A DEFINED MEDIUM.</a><br>
AUTHORS: S M KRASSNER<br>
REFERENCE: J Protozool 1965 Feb 12():73-8<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-10.xml&id=14242028" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">14242028</a>
<input name="id_14242028" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14242028" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF DNA FROM KINETOPLASTS OF
<b>LEISHMANIA</b> ENRIETTII.</a><br>
AUTHORS: H G DUBUY, C F MATTERN, F L RILEY<br>
REFERENCE: Science 1965 Feb 147():754-6<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-10.xml&id=14280472" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">14280472</a>
<input name="id_14280472" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14280472" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">SYNTHESIS OF UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS IN THE SLIME MOLD PHYSARUM POLYCEPHALUM AND THE ZOOFLAGELLATES
<b>LEISHMANIA</b> TARENTOLAE, TRYPANOSOMA LEWISI, AND CRITHIDIA SP.: A COMPARATIVE STUDY.</a><br>
AUTHORS: E D KORN, C L GREENBLATT, A M LEES<br>
REFERENCE: J Lipid Res 1965 Jan 6():43-50<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-10.xml&id=14242263" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">14242263</a>
<input name="id_14242263" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14242263" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">EXTRACELLULAR CULTIVATION OF THE LEISHMANIAL BODIES OF SPECIES BELONGING TO THE PROTOZOAN GENUS
<b>LEISHMANIA</b>.</a><br>
AUTHORS: A LEMMA, E L SCHILLER<br>
REFERENCE: Exp Parasitol 1964 Dec 15():503-13<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-10.xml&id=14249021" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">14249021</a>
<input name="id_14249021" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14249021" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">CHEMOTHERAPY OF CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS:
<b>LEISHMANIA</b> TROPICA INFECTIONS IN MICE.</a><br>
AUTHORS: R A NEAL<br>
REFERENCE: Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1964 Dec 58():420-30<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-10.xml&id=14215476" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">14215476</a>
<input name="id_14215476" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14215476" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">EVALUATION OF THE VIABILITY AND PATHOGENICITY OF HEMOFLAGELLATES AFTER FREEZING AND STORAGE.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: D S ALLAIN<br>
REFERENCE: J Parasitol 1964 Oct 50():604-7<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-10.xml&id=14340332" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">14340332</a>
<input name="id_14340332" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14340332" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[BEHAVIOR OF <b>
LEISHMANIA</b> DONOVANI IN VARIOUS RODENT SPECIES.]</a><br>
AUTHORS: H MUEHLPFORDT, H E KRAMPITZ<br>
REFERENCE: Z Parasitenkd 1964 Oct 25():21-2<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-10.xml&id=14316627" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">14316627</a>
<input name="id_14316627" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14316627" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[ON THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SOME XEROTHERMOPHILIC RODENTS FOR EXPERIMENTAL INFECTIONS WITH
<b>LEISHMANIA</b> DONOVANI (CALCUTTA STRAIN).]</a><br>
AUTHORS: H E KRAMPITZ, H MUEHLPFORDT<br>
REFERENCE: Z Tropenmed Parasitol 1964 Oct 15():269-78<br>
<br><br>
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</map><img usemap="#1112f63accc7f03e_boxmap-p6" alt="Shop at Amazon.com" border="0" height="150" width="120"><br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-10.xml&id=14191362" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">14191362</a>
<input name="id_14191362" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14191362" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[WILD RODENTS (ORYZOMYS GOELDI) OF AMAZONIA WITH NATURAL
<b>LEISHMANIA</b> INFECTION. (1)]</a><br>
AUTHORS: F NERY-GUIMARAES, M AZEVEDO<br>
REFERENCE: Hospital (Rio J) 1964 Aug 66():279-85<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-10.xml&id=14191363" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">14191363</a>
<input name="id_14191363" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14191363" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[OBSERVATIONS ON THE BEHAVIOR OF
<b>LEISHMANIA</b> PRODUCING NATURAL INFECTION IN ORYZOMYS GOELDI IN AMAZONIA. (2)]</a><br>
AUTHORS: F NERY-GUIMARAES, O R DA COSTA<br>
REFERENCE: Hospital (Rio J) 1964 Aug 66():287-92<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-10.xml&id=14172852" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">14172852</a>
<input name="id_14172852" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14172852" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[COMMENTS ON THE PHYLOGENY AND PATHOGENICITY OF
<b>LEISHMANIA</b> DONOVANI.]</a><br>
AUTHORS: S B PESSOA<br>
REFERENCE: Hospital (Rio J) 1964 Jun 65():1169-84<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-10.xml&id=14184112" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">14184112</a>
<input name="id_14184112" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14184112" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">THE FINE STRUCTURE OF
<b>LEISHMANIA</b> DONOVANI AND THE ROLE OF THE KINETOPLAST IN THE LEISHMANI-LEPTOMONAD TRANSFORMATION.</a><br>
AUTHORS: M A RUDZINSKA, P A D ALESANDRO, W TRAGER<br>
REFERENCE: J Protozool 1964 May 11():166-91<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-10.xml&id=14119555" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">14119555</a>
<input name="id_14119555" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14119555" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">THE RIBOFLAVIN REQUIREMENT AND THE EFFECTS OF ACRIFLAVIN ON THE FINE STRUCTURE OF THE KINETOPLAST OF
<b>LEISHMANIA</b> TARENTOLAE.</a><br>
AUTHORS: W TRAGER, M A RUDZINSKA<br>
REFERENCE: J Protozool 1964 Feb 11():133-45<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-10.xml&id=14134740" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">14134740</a>
<input name="id_14134740" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14134740" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">PRESERVATION OF
<b>LEISHMANIA</b> DONOVANI BY LOW-TEMPERATURE FREEZING.</a><br>
AUTHORS: H MOST, N ALGER, M YOELI<br>
REFERENCE: Nature 1964 Feb 201():735-6<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-10.xml&id=14178043" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">14178043</a>
<input name="id_14178043" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14178043" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">STUDIES ON THE THERAPEUTIC RESISTANCE OF CUTANEOUS
<b>LEISHMANIA</b> INFECTIONS.</a><br>
AUTHORS: N ERCOLI<br>
REFERENCE: Chemotherapy 1964 64():3-20<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-10.xml&id=14250154" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">14250154</a>
<input name="id_14250154" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14250154" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[DECREASED PATHOGENICITY OF
<b>LEISHMANIA</b> ENTRIETTII FOLLOWING 15-YEAR MAINTENANCE OF A CULTURE.]</a><br>
AUTHORS: Z I GLAZUNOVA<br>
REFERENCE: Med Parazitol (Mosk) 1964 Jul-Aug 33():479-82<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-10.xml&id=14321574" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">14321574</a>
<input name="id_14321574" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14321574" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[GENERAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE CYTOPATHOGENIC EFFECT OF
<b>LEISHMANIA</b> IN TISSUE CULTURES.]</a><br>
AUTHORS: S E GLEIBERMAN, E M BELOVA<br>
REFERENCE: Med Parazitol (Mosk) 1964 Nov-Dec 33():650-4<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-10.xml&id=14321575" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">14321575</a>
<input name="id_14321575" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14321575" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[STUDIES ON STRAINS OF
<b>LEISHMANIA</b> TROPICA ISOLATED FROM A FOCUS OF CUTANEOUS LEISHMAINIASIS OF THE RURAL TYPE FROM GERBILS AND SIMILAR CULTURES OF FLAGELLATA ISOLATED FROM PHLABOTOMUS.]</a><br>
AUTHORS: Z E SHUIKINA<br>
REFERENCE: Med Parazitol (Mosk) 1964 Nov-Dec 33():654-61<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-10.xml&id=14346886" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">14346886</a>
<input name="id_14346886" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14346886" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[THE SPECIFICITY OF TOXOPLASMA GONDII, TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS AND
<b>LEISHMANIA</b> TROPICA ANTIGENS IN THE COMPLEMENT FIXATION TEST.]</a><br>
AUTHORS: D KOZLOWSKA<br>
REFERENCE: Wiad Parazytol 1964 10():390-1<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-10.xml&id=14220582" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">14220582</a>
<input name="id_14220582" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14220582" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[ANTIGENIC BEHAVIOR OF VARIOUS FLAGELLATES DURING CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL LEISHMANIASIS.]
</a><br>
AUTHORS: J RANQUE, S DUNAN<br>
REFERENCE: Ann Parasitol Hum Comp 1964 Mar-Apr 39():117-30<br>
<br><br>
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PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-10.xml&id=14183231" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">14183231</a>
<input name="id_14183231" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14183231" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION OF CERDOCYON THOUS (COMMON FOX) WITH
<b>LEISHMANIA</b> DONOVANI. PRELIMINARY NOTE.]</a><br>
AUTHORS: J W TORREALBA, J F TORREALBA<br>
REFERENCE: Gac Med Caracas 1964 Jan-Mar 72():117-8<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-10.xml&id=14074842" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">14074842</a>
<input name="id_14074842" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14074842" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">SYNTHESIS OF ALPHA-LINOLENIC ACID BY
<b>LEISHMANIA</b> ENRIETTII.</a><br>
AUTHORS: E D KORN, C L GREENBLATT<br>
REFERENCE: Science 1963 Dec 142():1301-3<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-10.xml&id=14101928" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">14101928</a>
<input name="id_14101928" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14101928" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">THE EFFECTS OF TWO ANTIMONY DRUGS ON THE IN VITRO METABOLISM OF RADIOACTIVE GLUCOSE BY CULTURE FORMS OF
<b>LEISHMANIA</b> TROPICA (WRIGHT, 1903).</a><br>
AUTHORS: A VOLLER, J J SHAW, C BRYANT<br>
REFERENCE: Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1963 Dec 57():404-8<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-10.xml&id=14076073" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">14076073</a>
<input name="id_14076073" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14076073" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">ACTION OF AN ANTIFUNGAL ANTIBIOTIC NYSTATIN ON THE PROTOZOA
<b>LEISHMANIA</b> DONOVANI. VI. STUDIES ON THE ACTION ON ISOLATED MEMBRANE AND THE ISOLATION OF ANTIBIOTIC-RICH CELL PARTICLE FROM L. DONOVANI.</a><br>
AUTHORS: B K GHOSH<br>
REFERENCE: Ann Biochem Exp Med 1963 Sep 23():337-44<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-10.xml&id=14076078" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">14076078</a>
<input name="id_14076078" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14076078" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">FREE AMINO-ACID POOL OF
<b>LEISHMANIA</b> DONOVANI.</a><br>
AUTHORS: D K GHOSH<br>
REFERENCE: Ann Biochem Exp Med 1963 Sep 23():381-3<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-10.xml&id=14053097" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">14053097</a>
<input name="id_14053097" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14053097" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">LEPTOMONADS OF WILD-CAUGHT PANAMANIAN PHLEBOTOMUS: CULTURE AND ANIMAL INOCULATION.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: E MCCONNELL<br>
REFERENCE: Exp Parasitol 1963 Aug 14():123-8<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-10.xml&id=14053104" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">14053104</a>
<input name="id_14053104" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14053104" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">A NEW EXPERIMENTAL HOST OF
<b>LEISHMANIA</b> DONOVANI.</a><br>
AUTHORS: M H SATI<br>
REFERENCE: Exp Parasitol 1963 Aug 14():52-3<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-10.xml&id=14057655" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">14057655</a>
<input name="id_14057655" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14057655" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">ACTION OF AN ANTIFUNGAL ANTIBIOTIC, NYSTATIN, ON THE PROTOZOA,
<b>LEISHMANIA</b> DONOVANI. V: STUDIES ON THE ABSORPTION OF NYSTATIN BY L. DONOVANI.</a><br>
AUTHORS: B K GHOSH, A N CHATTERJEE<br>
REFERENCE: Ann Biochem Exp Med 1963 Aug 23():309-18<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-10.xml&id=14053108" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">14053108</a>
<input name="id_14053108" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14053108" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION OF PANAMANIAN PHLEBOTOMUS SANDFLIES WITH
<b>LEISHMANIA</b>.</a><br>
AUTHORS: M HERTIG, E MCCONNELL<br>
REFERENCE: Exp Parasitol 1963 Aug 14():92-106<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-10.xml&id=14053096" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">14053096</a>
<input name="id_14053096" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14053096" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">NATURAL INFECTIONS OF LEPTOMONAD FLAGELLATES IN PANAMANIAN PHLEBOTOMUS SANDFLIES.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: P T JOHNSON, E MCCONNELL, M HERTIG<br>
REFERENCE: Exp Parasitol 1963 Aug 14():107-22<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-10.xml&id=14050730" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">14050730</a>
<input name="id_14050730" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14050730" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">RESISTANCE TO THE DRUG PROPAMIDINE IN
<b>LEISHMANIA</b> DONOVANI.</a><br>
AUTHORS: E D HANSON, T NAKABAYASHI, M ISHIBASHI, S INOKI<br>
REFERENCE: Biken J 1963 Apr 6():1-7<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-10.xml&id=14075064" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">14075064</a>
<input name="id_14075064" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14075064" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE CULTURE OF
<b>LEISHMANIA</b> DONOVANI IN CHICK EMBRYOS.]</a><br>
AUTHORS: G LUPASCO, A BOSSIE-AGAVRILOAIEI, M DINCOULESCO<br>
REFERENCE: Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 1963 Mar 22():167-72<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-10.xml&id=14159547" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">14159547</a>
<input name="id_14159547" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14159547" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[SOME PATHOMORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN EXPERIMENTAL LEISHMANIASIS IN CRICETULUS AURATUS IN INFECTION WITH THE CENTRAL ASIAN STRAINS OF
<b>LEISHMANIA</b> CANIS AND <b>LEISHMANIA</b> TROPICA MAJOR.]</a><br>
AUTHORS: M P VAVILOVA, V A ALIMOV<br>
REFERENCE: Med Parazitol (Mosk) 1963 Nov-Dec 32():648-55<br>
<br><br>
REQUEST: [ sand fly NOT culicoides ]<br>
(0 articles match this request)<br><br>
REQUEST: [ sandfly NOT culicoides ]<br>
(0 articles match this request)<br><br>
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