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This is RefScout-Newsletter 6/2007 for user Jeff155960.<br><br>
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REQUEST: [ leishmania ]<br>
(25 articles match this request)<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-06.xml&id=17142057" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17142057</a>
<input name="id_17142057" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17142057" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Molecular cloning and biochemical characterization of
<b>Leishmania</b> donovani serine hydroxymethyltransferase.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Rit Vatsyayan, Uma Roy<br>
AFFILIATION: Biochemistry Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India.<br>
REFERENCE: Protein Expr Purif 2007 Apr 52(2):433-40<br>
Serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) catalyzes the inter conversion of
serine and tetrahydrofolate (H(4)-folate) to form glycine and 5,10-
methylene H(4)-folate and generates one-carbon fragments for the
synthesis of nucleotides, methionine, thymidylate, choline, etc. In
spite of being an indispensable enzyme of the thymidylate cycle, SHMT in
<b>Leishmania</b> donovani remains uncharacterized. The study of L. donovani
SHMT (ldSHMT) becomes important as this gene is preferentially expressed
in the amastigote stage of parasite, which resides in human macrophages
. Here we report cloning, expression and purification of a catalytically
active ldSHMT. The homogeneity of recombinant protein was analyzed by
denaturing gel electrophoresis and protein was found to be 95% pure
having yield of 1mg/l. The recombinant protein is a tetramer of 216kDa
as evidenced by gel filtration chromatography and uses serine and
tetrahydrofolate as substrates with Km of 1.6 and 2.4mM, respectively.
Further biochemical studies revealed that pH optimum of ldSHMT is 7.8
and enzyme is thermally stable up to 45 degrees C. ldSHMT was found
sensitive towards denaturants as manifested by loss of enzyme activity
at the concentration of 1M urea or 0.25M guanidine hydrochloride. This
is the first report of purification and characterization of recombinant
SHMT from any protozoan source. Studies on recombinant ldSHMT will help
in evaluating this enzyme as potential drug target.<br>
<br><br>
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PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-06.xml&id=16786361" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">16786361</a>
<input name="id_16786361" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16786361" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">A new view on cutaneous dendritic cell subsets in experimental leishmaniasis.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Uwe Ritter, Anke Osterloh<br>
AFFILIATION: Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Strasse 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany, <a href="mailto:ritter@bni-hamburg.de" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
ritter@bni-hamburg.de</a>.<br>
REFERENCE: Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl) 2007 Mar 196(1):51-9<br>
Because of their anatomical distribution epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs
) are discussed to be crucial for antigen uptake and subsequent
presentation to naïve T cells in skin-draining lymph nodes. The use of
LC-specific markers like Langerin or knock-in mice expressing green
fluorescent protein under the control of the Langerin promotor now
facilitates the dissection of LCs from other dendritic cell (DC) subsets
. Surprisingly, current data indicate that LCs are not generally
involved in the induction of cellular immune responses. Moreover, the
widely accepted paradigm postulating that LCs in principle act as T cell
activators is contested by recent publications. Consequently, the
biological role of LCs, in particular in cutaneous immune responses,
needs to be revisited. The experimental model of leishmaniasis
represents a suitable model to study the origin of an antigen-specific T
cell response in mice. With this model the transport and presentation
of skin derived <b>Leishmania</b> (L.) major antigens can be monitored in vivo
. Furthermore, the quality of T cell-DC interactions can be determined.
Considering recent progress in LC research we propose a novel concept of
LCs in T cell meditated immunity against L. major parasites.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-06.xml&id=17266739" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17266739</a>
<input name="id_17266739" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17266739" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Monocyte cytokine and costimulatory molecule expression in patients infected with
<b>Leishmania</b> mexicana.</a><br>
AUTHORS: G Carrada, C Cañeda, N Salaiza, J Delgado, A Ruiz, B Sanchez, L Gutiérrez-Kobeh, M Aguirre, I Becker<br>
AFFILIATION: Departamento de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., México.<br>
REFERENCE: Parasite Immunol 2007 Mar 29(3):117-26<br>
<b>Leishmania</b> mexicana causes localized and diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis
. Patients with localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) develop a benign
disease, whereas patients with diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL)
suffer from a progressive disease associated with anergy of the cellular
response towards <b>Leishmania</b> antigens. We evaluated the production of
the interleukins (IL) IL-12, IL-15, IL-18 and tumour necrosis factor-
alpha (TNF-alpha) and the expression of the costimulatory molecules CD40
, B7-1 and B7-2 in monocytes from LCL and DCL patients, stimulated in
vitro with <b>Leishmania</b> mexicana lipophosphoglycan (LPG) for 18 h. LCL
monocytes significantly increased TNF-alpha, IL-15 and IL-18 production
, and this increase was associated with reduced amounts of IL-12. DCL
monocytes produced no IL-15 or IL-18 and showed a decreasing tendency of
TNF-alpha and IL-12 production as the severity of the disease increased
. No difference was observed in the expression of CD40 and B7-1 between
both groups of patients, yet B7-2 expression was significantly augmented
in DCL patients. It remains to be established if this elevated B7-2
expression in DCL patients is cause or consequence of the Th2-type
immune response that characterizes these patients. These data suggest
that the diminished ability of the monocytes from DCL patients to
produce cell-activating innate proinflammatory cytokines when stimulated
with LPG is a possible cause for disease progression.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-06.xml&id=17129395" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17129395</a>
<input name="id_17129395" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17129395" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Specific cpb copies within the
<b>Leishmania</b> donovani complex: evolutionary interpretations and potential clinical implications in humans.</a><br>
AUTHORS: M Hide, R Bras-Gonçalves, A L Bañuls<br>
AFFILIATION: Génétique et Evolution des Maladies Infectieuses, IRD/CNRS (UMR 2724), F-34394, France.<br>
REFERENCE: Parasitology 2007 Mar 134(Pt 3):379-89<br>
<b>Leishmania</b> infantum and <b>Leishmania</b> donovani both pertain to the L. (L.)
donovani complex and are responsible for visceral leishmaniasis. To
explore the L. donovani complex, we focused our study on cysteine
protease B (cpb) and especially on 2 cpb copies: cpbE and cpbF. We
selected cpb genes because of their phylogenetic interest and host-
parasite interaction involvement. Sequencing these 2 copies revealed (i
) that cpbE is specific to L. infantum and cpbF is specific to L.
donovani and (ii) that these 2 copies are different in length and
sequence.Nucleotide sequence data reported in this paper are available
in the GenBank database under Accession numbers AY896776 AY896777,
AY896778, AY896779, AY896780, AY896781, AY896782, AY896783, AY896784,
AY896785, AY896786, AY896787, AY896788, AY896789, AY896790, AY896791.
Phylogenetic analysis and protein predictions were carried out in order
to compare these copies (i) with other trypanosomatid cpb, especially L
. mexicana, and (ii) within the L. donovani complex. Our results
revealed patterns specific to the L. donovani complex such as the COOH-
terminal extension, potential epitopes and N-glycosylation sites.
Moreover, phylogenetic analysis revealed different levels of
polymorphism between L. infantum and L. donovani and confirmed the
ancestral status of the latter. L. infantum has a shorter sequence and a
deleted sequence responsible for modifications in protein conformation
and catalytic triad. Considering the clinical aspect, L. infantum
dermotropic strains appeared more polymorphic than L. infantum
viscerotropic strains.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-06.xml&id=17262718" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17262718</a>
<input name="id_17262718" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17262718" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Selective Expression of the V beta 14 T Cell Receptor on
<b>Leishmania</b> guyanensis-Specific CD8+ T Cells during Human Infection.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Amina Kariminia, Eliane Bourreau, Catherine Ronet, Pierre Couppie, Dominique Sainte-Marie, Fabienne Tacchini-Cottier, Pascal Launois<br>
AFFILIATION: Immunologie des Leishmanioses, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guyana. <a href="mailto:pascal.launois@unil.ch" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">pascal.launois@unil.ch
</a>.<br>
REFERENCE: J Infect Dis 2007 Mar 195(5):739-47<br>
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from subjects never exposed to
<b>Leishmania</b> were stimulated with <b>Leishmania</b> guyanensis. We demonstrated
that L. guyanensis-stimulated CD8(+) T cells produced interferon (IFN)-
gamma and preferentially expressed the V beta 14 T cell receptor (TCR)
gene family. In addition, these cells expressed cutaneous lymphocyte
antigen and CCR4 surface molecules, suggesting that they could migrate
to the skin. Results obtained from the lesions of patients with
localized cutaneous leishmaniaisis (LCL) showed that V beta 14 TCR
expression was increased in most lesions (63.5%) and that expression of
only a small number of V beta gene families (V beta 1, V beta 6, V beta
9, V beta 14, and V beta 24) was increased. The presence of V beta 14 T
cells in tissue confirmed the migration of these cells to the lesion
site. Thus, we propose the following sequence of events during infection
with L. guyanensis. After initial exposure to L. guyanensis, CD8(+) T
cells preferentially expressing the V beta 14 TCR and secreting IFN-
gamma develop and circulate in the periphery. During the infection,
these cells migrate to the skin at the site of the parasitic infection.
The role of these V beta 14 CD8(+) T cells in resistance to infection
remains to be determined conclusively.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-06.xml&id=17257310" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17257310</a>
<input name="id_17257310" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17257310" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Molecular dissection and expression of the LdK39 kinesin in the human pathogen,
<b>Leishmania</b> donovani.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Noel J Gerald, Isabelle Coppens, Dennis M Dwyer<br>
AFFILIATION: Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.<br>
REFERENCE: Mol Microbiol 2007 Feb 63(4):962-79<br>
In this study we show for the first time the intracellular distribution
of a K39 kinesin homologue in <b>Leishmania</b> donovani, a medically important
parasite of humans. Further, we demonstrated that this motor protein is
expressed in both the insect and mammalian developmental forms (i.e.
promastigote and amastigotes) of this organism. Moreover, in both of
these parasite developmental stages, immunofluorescence indicated that
the LdK39 kinesin accumulated at anterior and posterior cell poles and
that it displayed a peripheral localization consistent with the cortical
cytoskeleton. Using a molecular approach, we identified, cloned and
characterized the first complete open reading frame for the gene (LdK39
) encoding this large (> 358 kDa) motor protein in L. donovani. Based on
these observations, we subsequently used a homologous episomal
expression system to dissect and express the functional domains that
constitute the native molecule. Cell fractionation experiments
demonstrated that LdK39 was soluble and that it bound to detergent-
extracted cytoskeletons of these parasites in an ATP-dependent manner.
The cumulative results of these experiments are consistent with LdK39
functioning as an ATP-dependent kinesin which binds to and travels along
the cortical cytoskeleton of this important human pathogen.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-06.xml&id=16945323" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">16945323</a>
<input name="id_16945323" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16945323" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Interaction of sitamaquine with membrane lipids of
<b>Leishmania</b> donovani promastigotes.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Ana Maria Dueñas-Romero, Philippe M Loiseau, Michèle Saint-Pierre-Chazalet<br>
AFFILIATION: Groupe Chimiothérapie Antiparasitaire, UMR 8076 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud XI, rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F-92290-Châtenay-Malabry, France.<br>
REFERENCE: Biochim Biophys Acta 2007 Feb 1768(2):246-52<br>
Sitamaquine is an 8-aminoquinoline which is active by the oral route for
the treatment of life-threatening visceral leishmaniasis caused by
<b>Leishmania</b> donovani, with an IC(50) of 29.2 muM against the promastigote
form in vitro. At high concentration (100 muM), sitamaquine affected
parasite motility, morphology and growth in a way that was only
partially reversible. As a first approach to determine its mechanism of
action, we describe the interaction of sitamaquine with parasite
membrane components, representing the first barrier to be crossed by the
drug. Analysis of the physicochemical interactions of sitamaquine with
monolayers of phospholipids and sterols at the air-water interface
showed that these interactions only occurred in the presence of anionic
phospholipids. Thus, electrostatic interactions between positively
charged sitamaquine and the negative polar headgroups are a pre-
requisite for subsequent hydrophobic interactions between the
sitamaquine aromatic ring and the alkyl chains of phospholipids leading
to drug insertion into the monolayer.<br>
<br><br>
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PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-06.xml&id=17259689" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17259689</a>
<input name="id_17259689" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17259689" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Oral ulcer as an unusual feature of visceral leishmaniasis in an AIDS patient.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Pramod Kumar, P K Sharma, R K Jain, R K Gautam, M Bhardwaj, H K Kar<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Dermatology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India,. <a href="mailto:kumarpramod5@rediffmail.com" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">kumarpramod5@rediffmail.com
</a>.<br>
REFERENCE: Indian J Med Sci 2007 Feb 61(2):97-101<br>
Leishmaniasis, a globally prevalent parasitic disease, occurs in three
forms, viz, visceral, cutaneous and mucocutaneous. It is transmitted by
female Phlebotomus sandflies. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
infection is increasing worldwide and several reports indicate a rising
trend of VL / HIV co-infection, modifying the traditional anthroponotic
pattern of VL transmission. India is one of the countries having the
largest burden of leishmaniasis; nevertheless, there are very few HIV /
<b>leishmania</b> co-infection cases reported so far. We report a 35-year-old
homemaker infected with the human immunodeficiency virus; she presented
with an oral ulcer. The investigations carried out on her revealed that
she was afflicted by visceral leishmaniasis and the oral ulceration was
a part of the same. This is only the second such case from the Indian
subcontinent and more significantly from a non-endemic area.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-06.xml&id=16945542" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">16945542</a>
<input name="id_16945542" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16945542" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Synthesis of 2,4,6-trisubstituted pyrimidine and triazine heterocycles as antileishmanial agents.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Naresh Sunduru, Anu Agarwal, Sanjay Babu Katiyar, Nishi, Neena Goyal, Suman Gupta, Prem M S Chauhan<br>
AFFILIATION: Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India.<br>
REFERENCE: Bioorg Med Chem 2006 Dec 14(23):7706-15<br>
A series of 2,4,6 trisubstituted pyrimidines and triazines have been
synthesized and screened for its in vitro antileishmanial activity
profile in promastigote model. Nine compounds have shown > 94%
inhibition against promastigotes at a concentration of 10 microg/mL.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-06.xml&id=17176341" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17176341</a>
<input name="id_17176341" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17176341" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Comparative evaluation of freeze-dried and liquid antigens in the direct agglutination test for serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (ITMA-DAT/VL).
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Diane Jacquet, Marleen Boelaert, Jill Seaman, Suman Rijal, Shyam Sundar, Joris Menten, Eddy Magnus<br>
AFFILIATION: Applied Technology and Production Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium. <a href="mailto:djacquet@itg.be" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">djacquet@itg.be
</a><br>
REFERENCE: Trop Med Int Health 2006 Dec 11(12):1777-84<br>
OBJECTIVE: The direct agglutination test (DAT) for visceral
leishmaniasis (VL) with liquid (LQ) antigen is known to be only
moderately reproducible because of inter-observer and batch-to-batch
variability as well as its sensitivity to temperature and shaking during
transport. We evaluated a DAT with freeze-dried (FD) antigen and
compared it with the LQ antigen version. METHODS: Blood samples of
clinical VL suspects and healthy endemic controls were collected in
Sudan, Nepal and India. Both test versions were performed in duplicate
in the respective countries and in the reference laboratory. Interbatch
variability and stability tests were conducted and agreement was
examined within and between centres on a dichotomic scale by Cohen's
kappa as well as on a continuous scale through Bland-Altman plots.
RESULTS: The FD antigen remains fully active even after storage at 45
degrees C for 24 months. Using a cut-off titre of 1:6400, the agreement
between the FD and the LQ formats was excellent. CONCLUSION: The major
advantages of FD antigen are its better stability at higher temperatures
and its longer shelf life, which make it much more suitable than the LQ
version for use in the field.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-06.xml&id=17045480" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17045480</a>
<input name="id_17045480" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17045480" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Modification at the C9 position of the marine natural product isoaaptamine and the impact on HIV-1, mycobacterial, and tumor cell activity.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Waseem Gul, Nicholas L Hammond, Muhammad Yousaf, John J Bowling, Raymond F Schinazi, Susan S Wirtz, Garcia de Castro Andrews, Carmen Cuevas, Mark T Hamann<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Pharmacognosy and the National Center for Natural Products Research (NCNPR), University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, MS 38677, USA.<br>
REFERENCE: Bioorg Med Chem 2006 Dec 14(24):8495-505<br>
As part of an investigation to generate optimized drug leads from marine
natural pharmacophores for the treatment of neoplastic and infectious
diseases, a series of novel isoaaptamine analogs were prepared by
coupling acyl halides to the C9 position of isoaaptamine (2) isolated
from the Aaptos sponge. This library of new semisynthetic products was
evaluated for biological activity against HIV-1, Mtb, AIDS-OI, tropical
parasitic diseases, and cancer. Compound 4 showed potent activity
against HIV-1 (EC(50) 0.47microg/mL), compound 19 proved to possess
remarkable activity against Mycobacterium intracellulare with an IC(50)
and MIC value of 0.15 and 0.31microg/mL, while compounds 4 and 17
possessed anti-leishmanial activity with IC(50) values of 0.1 and 0.
4microg/mL, respectively. Compounds 16 and 17 showed antimalarial
activity with EC(50) values of 230 and 240ng/mL, respectively, and
compound 14 exhibited an EC(50) of 0.05microM against the Leukemia cell
line K-562.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-06.xml&id=16328362" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">16328362</a>
<input name="id_16328362" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16328362" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Visceral leishmaniasis in a patient with Down syndrome.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Claudia Colomba, Laura Saporito, Salvatore Giordano, Laura Infurnari, Patrizia Ajovalasit, Lucina Titone<br>
AFFILIATION: Istituto di Patologia Infettiva e Virologia, Università di Palermo, Piazza Porta Montalto, 8-90134 Palermo, Italy. <a href="mailto:claudia.colomba@libero.it" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
claudia.colomba@libero.it</a><br>
REFERENCE: Eur J Pediatr 2006 Feb 165(2):140<br>
<br><br>
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PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-06.xml&id=17264434" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17264434</a>
<input name="id_17264434" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17264434" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Chronic diarrhea and malabsorption caused by
<b>Leishmania</b> donovani.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Chalamalasetty Sreenivasa Baba, Govind K Makharia, Purva Mathur, Ruma Ray, Siddhartha Datta Gupta, J C Samantaray<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110 029, India. <a href="mailto:govindmakharia@gmail.com" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
govindmakharia@gmail.com</a>.<br>
REFERENCE: Indian J Gastroenterol 2006 Nov-Dec 25(6):309-10<br>
Chronic diarrhea and malabsorption are uncommon in immunocompetent
patients with visceral leishmaniasis. We report two immunocompetent
patients with visceral leishmaniasis where the predominant presentation
was chronic diarrhea. One of them had clinically overt malabsorption and
duodenal mucosa was loaded with <b>Leishmania</b> donovani bodies. The other
patient had diffuse colonic aphthous and discrete ulcerations and
<b>Leishmania</b> donovani bodies were seen in the crush smears of the colonic
mucosa. With amphotericin B, there was reversal of malabsorption and
healing of colonic ulcers.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-06.xml&id=17265631" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17265631</a>
<input name="id_17265631" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17265631" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">A comparison of promastigote and amastigote antigens of
<b>Leishmania</b> infantum in the diagnosis of visceral Leishmaniosis by ELISA and IFA tests in Turkey.</a><br>
AUTHORS: N AltintaÅŸ, Y Ozbel<br>
AFFILIATION: Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Parasitology, Izmir, Turkey.<br>
REFERENCE: J Egypt Public Health Assoc 1997 72(1-2):189-97<br>
This study was designed to evaluate the ELISA and IFA tests for
diagnosis of visceral leishmaniosis (VL) using soluble and crude
antigens from promastigote and amastigote forms of <b>Leishmania</b> infantum.
A total of 70 sera were tested, including 30 patients who were suspected
for Leishmaniosis (10 healthy persons, 10 patients with Toxoplasmosis,
10 patients with Giardiosis). In the 30 patients suspected to have
Leishmaniosis, smears were prepared from bone marrow aspirates and all
material aspirated was cultured in NNN medium. The results were compared
with those of parasitological and serological tests. While 2 patients
were serologically positive and parasitologically negative from the 30
patients, 8 patients were serologically and parasitologically positive.
The amastigote and promastigote antigens were 100% specific. Using these
antigens with ELISA and IFA tests did not result and diagnosis
different than VL.<br>
<br><br>
********************************************************************************************************************<br>
The following references are revised files and are brought to you in accordance to license agreement with the NLM.<br>
********************************************************************************************************************<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-06.xml&id=16778314" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">16778314</a>
<input name="id_16778314" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16778314" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar): challenges ahead.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: R K Singh, H P Pandey, S Sundar<br>
AFFILIATION: Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University,Varanasi, India. <a href="mailto:rakeshbhu@yahoo.com" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
rakeshbhu@yahoo.com</a><br>
REFERENCE: Indian J Med Res 2006 Mar 123(3):331-44<br>
Indian visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a parasitic disease caused by a
haemoflagellete <b>Leishmania</b> donovani and transmitted by the bite of sand
fly Phlebotomus argentipes. It affects various age groups. In India
about 1,00,000 cases of VL are estimated to occur annually; of these,
the State of Bihar accounts for over than 90 per cent of the cases.
Diagnosis of VL typically relies on microscopic examination of tissue
smears but serology and molecular methods are better alternatives
currently. Notwithstanding the growing incidence of resistance,
pentavalent antimony complex has been the mainstay for the treatment of
VL during the last several decades. The second line drugs such as
amphotericin B, lipid formulations of amphotericin B, paromomycin and
recently developed miltefosine are the other alternatives. In spite of
significant development in various areas of <b>Leishmania</b> research, there
is a pressing need for the technological advancement in the
understanding of immune response, drug resistance and the pathogenesis
of leishmaniasis that could be translated into field applicable and
affordable methods for diagnosis, treatment, and control of the disease.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-06.xml&id=16259128" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">16259128</a>
<input name="id_16259128" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16259128" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Screening of <b>
Leishmania</b> APRT enzyme inhibitors.</a><br>
AUTHORS: A R P Ambrozin, A C Leite, M Silva, P C Vieira, J B Fernandes, O H Thiemann, M F das G F da Silva, G Oliva<br>
AFFILIATION: Departamento de QuÃmica, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Brazil.<br>
REFERENCE: Pharmazie 2005 Oct 60(10):781-4<br>
Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) enzyme from <b>Leishmania</b>
tarentolae has been proposed as a target for the rational search of new
leishmanicidal drugs. In this paper, we describe the evaluation of the
inhibitory activity on L. tarentolae APRT enzyme of 46 crude extracts of
Meliaceae and Rutaceae plants, besides three furoquinolone alkaloids.
The results showed that 21 extracts were able to decrease the APRT
enzymatic activity (IA% > or = 50). The methanolic extracts from roots
and leaves of Cedrela fissilis and from fruits, branches and leaves of
Cipadessa fruticosa have showed strong activities. Therefore, these
species could be a promising source of lead compounds for the rational
design of new leishmanicidal drugs. The phytochemical investigation of
an active fraction from Almeidea rubra afforded the alkaloids
isodutaduprine, isoskimmianine and isokokusagine, which showed low to
moderate activity on APRT.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-06.xml&id=15587590" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">15587590</a>
<input name="id_15587590" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15587590" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Inhibition of both Trypanosoma brucei bloodstream form and related glycolytic enzymes by a new kolavic acid derivative isolated from Entada abyssinica.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: B Nyasse, I Ngantchou, E M Tchana, B Sonké, C Denier, C Fontaine<br>
AFFILIATION: Laboratory of Bio-organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, Cameroon. <a href="mailto:bnyasse@uycdc.uninet.cm" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
bnyasse@uycdc.uninet.cm</a><br>
REFERENCE: Pharmazie 2004 Nov 59(11):873-5<br>
A new kolavic acid derivative known from spectroscopic analyses as
monomethyl ester-15-kolavic acid was isolated from the stem bark of
Entada abyssinica, a plant traditionally used in West and East Africa
for the management of sleeping sickness. The new derivative showed a
strong and selective inhibitory activity on the GAPDH enzyme of
Trypanosoma brucei with an IC50 value of 0.012 mM.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-06.xml&id=15074591" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">15074591</a>
<input name="id_15074591" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15074591" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Formulation and evaluation of oil-in-water emulsions of piperine in visceral leishmaniasis.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: P R Veerareddy, V Vobalaboina, A Nahid<br>
AFFILIATION: University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kakatiya University, Warangal, Andhra Pradesh, India.<br>
REFERENCE: Pharmazie 2004 Mar 59(3):194-7<br>
Present studies are aimed to find out the utility of oil-in-water
emulsions also known as lipid nanospheres (LN) or fat emulsions for
delivering piperine for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. Lipid
nanosphere formulations of piperine were prepared using soybean oil, egg
lecithin, cholesterol, stearylamine and phosphatidylethanolamine
distearylmethoxypolyethyleneglycol (DSPE-PEG) by homogenization followed
by ultrasonication of oil and aqueous phases. Antileishmanial activity
of all the formulations was assessed in BALB/c mice infected with
<b>Leishmania</b> donovani AG83 for 60 days. A single dose (5 mg/kg) of
piperine, or lipid nanospheres of piperine (LN-P), or lipid nanosphere
of piperine with stearylamine (LN-P-SA) or pegylated lipid nanospheres
of piperine (LN-P-PEG) was injected intravenously. Mice were sacrificed
after 15 days of treatment with piperine or formulations and Leishman
Donovan Unit (LDU) is counted. Toxicity of formulations and pure
piperine was assessed in normal mice. The size distribution of
formulations ranged from 200 to 885 nm. Piperine reduced the parasite
burden in liver and spleen by 38% and 31% after 15 days post infection
respectively. LN-P reduced the parasite burden in liver and spleen by 63
% and 52% after 15 days post infection, respectively. LN-P-PEG reduced
the parasite burden in liver and spleen by 78% and 75% after 15 days
post infection, respectively. LN-P-SA reduced the parasite burden in
liver and spleen by 90% and 85% after 15 days post infection,
respectively. LN-P, LN-P-PEG, LN-P-SA treated mice did not show any
significant changes in the serum levels of SGOT, ALP, creatinine and
urea compared to normal mice. Stable and sterile formulations of lipid
nanospheres of piperine were developed. A single dose of 5 mg/kg of
lipid nanospheres of piperine could significantly reduce the liver and
splenic parasite burden.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-06.xml&id=14651635" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">14651635</a>
<input name="id_14651635" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14651635" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Heterologous expression of a mammalian protein tyrosine phosphatase gene in
<b>Leishmania</b>: effect on differentiation.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Mirna Nascimento, Nay Abourjeily, Anirban Ghosh, Wen Wei Zhang, Greg Matlashewski<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Microbiology of Microbiology and Immunology, 3775 University Street, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 2B4.<br>
REFERENCE: Mol Microbiol 2003 Dec 50(5):1517-26<br>
<b>Leishmania</b> is a protozoan pathogen which is transmitted to humans
through the bite of an infected sandfly. This infection results in a
spectrum of diseases throughout the developing world, collectively known
as leishmaniasis. During its life cycle, <b>Leishmania</b> differentiates from
the promastigote stage in the sandfly vector into the amastigote stage
in the mammalian host where it multiplies exclusively in macrophage
phagolysosomes. Although differentiation of <b>Leishmania</b> is essential for
its survival and pathogenesis in the mammalian host, this process is
poorly understood. In higher eukaryotic cells, protein tyrosine
phosphorylation plays a central role in cell proliferation,
differentiation and overall function. We have therefore investigated the
role of protein tyrosine phosphorylation in <b>Leishmania</b> differentiation
by undertaking complementary approaches to mediate protein tyrosine
dephosphorylation in vivo. In the present study, L. donovani were
engineered to express a mammalian protein tyrosine phosphatase, or were
treated with inhibitors of protein tyrosine kinases, and the resulting
phenotype was examined. Both approaches resulted in a partial
differentiation from promastigotes to amastigotes including the
expression of the amastigote specific A2 protein, morphological change
and increased virulence. These data provide support for the involvement
of tyrosine phosphorylation in the differentiation of <b>Leishmania</b>.<br>
<br><br>
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PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-06.xml&id=11745335" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">11745335</a>
<input name="id_11745335" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11745335" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Role of host phosphotyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 in the development of murine leishmaniasis.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: G Forget, K A Siminovitch, S Brochu, S Rivest, D Radzioch, M Olivier<br>
AFFILIATION: Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie CHUQ, Université Laval, Ste-Foy, Québec, Canada.<br>
REFERENCE: Eur J Immunol 2001 Nov 31(11):3185-96<br>
Activation of host phosphotyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 by <b>Leishmania</b> and
its subsequent impact on tyrosine phosphorylation-based signaling
cascades were shown to represent an important mechanism whereby this
pathogen may alter host cell functions. Herein, we report that
<b>Leishmania</b>-induced macrophage SHP-1 activity is necessary for its
survival within phagocytes through the attenuation of nitric oxide-
dependent and -independent microbicidal mechanisms. In vivo, <b>Leishmania</b>
major infection, which footpad inflammation is mostly undetectable in
SHP-1-deficient viable motheaten mice, was accompanied by increased
inducible nitric oxide synthase and activation of neutrophils. These
enhanced cellular activities were paralleled by a marked activation of
signaling events usually negatively regulated by SHP-1. Overall, this
study firmly establishes that modulation of the signaling terminator SHP
-1 by <b>Leishmania</b> is essential for its installment and propagation.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-06.xml&id=10989833" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">10989833</a>
<input name="id_10989833" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10989833" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">New pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazines: synthesis and biological activity.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: H S el-Kashef, T I el-Emary, M Gasquet, P Timon-David, J Maldonado, P Vanelle<br>
AFFILIATION: Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Egypt. <a href="mailto:elkashef@aun.eun.eg" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">elkashef@aun.eun.eg</a><br>
REFERENCE: Pharmazie 2000 Aug 55(8):572-6<br>
Some new pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazines and related heterocycles were
synthesized and evaluated for their antifungal and antiparasitic
activities. The key intermediate, 6-amino-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazolo[
3,4-b]pyrazine-5-carbonitrile (3) was obtained in a one-pot synthesis
via the reaction of 5-amino-3-methyl-4-nitroso-1-phenylpyrazole 2 with
malononitrile.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-06.xml&id=10798254" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">10798254</a>
<input name="id_10798254" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10798254" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Antifungal and antiprotozoal activities of saponins from Hedera colchica.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: V Mshvildadze, A Favel, F Delmas, R Elias, R Faure, G Decanosidze, E Kemertelidze, G Balansard<br>
AFFILIATION: Institute of Pharmacochemistry, Academy of Sciences, Tbilisi, Georgia.<br>
REFERENCE: Pharmazie 2000 Apr 55(4):325-6<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-06.xml&id=10556830" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">10556830</a>
<input name="id_10556830" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10556830" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)"><b>Leishmania</b>
-induced increases in activation of macrophage SHP-1 tyrosine phosphatase are associated with impaired IFN-gamma-triggered JAK2 activation.</a><br>
AUTHORS: J Blanchette, N Racette, R Faure, K A Siminovitch, M Olivier<br>
AFFILIATION: Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Laval University Medical Research Center, Université Laval, Ste-Foy, Canada.<br>
REFERENCE: Eur J Immunol 1999 Nov 29(11):3737-44<br>
<b>Leishmania</b>-induced macrophage (Mphi) dysfunctions have been correlated
with altered signaling events. Recent findings from our laboratory
suggest that modulation of host protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP)
following <b>Leishmania</b> infection could lead to these Mphi defects. To
address this issue, Mphi PTP activity and IFN-gamma-inducible signaling
events were evaluated in <b>Leishmania</b> donovani (Ld)-infected cells. We
observed that Ld promastigotes can rapidly trigger host PTP activity
simultaneously with dephosphorylation of Mphi protein tyrosyl residues
and inhibition of protein tyrosine kinase (PTK). Our results further
revealed that Mphi SHP-1 PTP was rapidly activated by the infection.
This Ld-evoked signaling alteration was reflected by absence of IFN-
gamma-induced intracellular phosphorylation. IFN-gamma-inducible JAK2
PTK phosphorylation was also markedly diminished in Ld-infected cells.
We also observed that co-immunoprecipitation of JAK2 with SHP-1 was
considerably higher in infected as compared to uninfected cells.
Altogether, these results suggest that SHP-1-mediated JAK2
dephosphorylation triggered by <b>Leishmania</b> is partly responsible for
abnormal Mphi IFN-gamma signaling and represent an important mechanism
supporting persistent parasitic infection.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-06.xml&id=10417174" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">10417174</a>
<input name="id_10417174" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10417174" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Activation of phosphotyrosine phosphatase activity attenuates mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and inhibits c-FOS and nitric oxide synthase expression in macrophages infected with
<b>Leishmania</b> donovani.</a><br>
AUTHORS: D Nandan, R Lo, N E Reiner<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 3J5.<br>
REFERENCE: Infect Immun 1999 Aug 67(8):4055-63<br>
Intracellular protozoan parasites of the genus <b>Leishmania</b> antagonize
host defense mechanisms by interfering with cell signaling in
macrophages. In this report, the impact of <b>Leishmania</b> donovani on
mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases and nitric oxide synthase (NOS)
expression in the macrophage cell line RAW 264 was investigated.
Overnight infection of cells with <b>leishmania</b> led to a significant
decrease in phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)-stimulated MAP kinase
activity and inhibited PMA-induced phosphorylation of the MAP kinase
substrate and transcription factor Elk-1. Simultaneously, <b>leishmania</b>
infection markedly attenuated the induction of c-FOS and inducible
nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in response to PMA and gamma
interferon (IFN-gamma), respectively. These effects correlated with
decreased phosphorylation of p44 and p42 MAP kinases on tyrosine
residues. Consistent with the latter finding, lysates prepared from
<b>leishmania</b>-infected cells contained an activity that dephosphorylated
MAP kinase in vitro, suggesting the possibility of a phosphatase acting
in vivo. Attenuation of both MAP kinase activity and c-FOS and iNOS
expression was reversed by treatment of macrophages with sodium
orthovanadate prior to infection. It was also found that the specific
activity of the Src homology 2 domain containing tyrosine phosphatase (
SHP-1) toward MAP kinase was markedly increased in <b>leishmania</b>-infected
cells. These findings indicate that infection with L. donovani
attenuates MAP kinase signaling and c-FOS and iNOS expression in
macrophages by activating cellular phosphotyrosine phosphatases. This
may represent a novel mechanism of macrophage deactivation during
intracellular infection.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-06.xml&id=8115445" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">8115445</a>
<input name="id_8115445" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8115445" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Substructures of CNS pharmaceuticals show additional antiprotozoan action.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: A Gruska, R Franke, M Vogel, D Herrmann, B Hegenscheid, W Presber<br>
AFFILIATION: Institute of Medical Microbiology, Berlin.<br>
REFERENCE: Pharmazie 1993 Dec 48(12):950-1<br>
<br><br>
REQUEST: [ sand fly NOT culicoides ]<br>
(1 article matches this request. 1 article matching other requests removed)<br><br>
REQUEST: [ sandfly NOT culicoides ]<br>
(1 article matches this request. 1 article matching other requests removed)<br><br>
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