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This is RefScout-Newsletter 5/2007 for user Jeff155960.<br><br>
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REQUEST: [ leishmania ]<br>
(26 articles match this request. 1 article matching other requests removed)<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-05.xml&id=17186402" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17186402</a>
<input name="id_17186402" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17186402" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Occurrence of <b>
leishmania</b> DNA in urines of dogs naturally infected with leishmaniasis.</a><br>
AUTHORS: A Franceschi, V Merildi, G Guidi, F Mancianti<br>
AFFILIATION: Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Profilassi ed Igiene degli Alimenti, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy, <a href="mailto:alberto.franceschi@vet.unipi.it" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
alberto.franceschi@vet.unipi.it</a>.<br>
REFERENCE: Vet Res Commun 2007 Apr 31(3):335-41<br>
<br><br>
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PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-05.xml&id=17204342" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17204342</a>
<input name="id_17204342" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17204342" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Analysis of the
<b>Leishmania</b> donovani transcriptome reveals an ordered progression of transient and permanent changes in gene expression during differentiation.</a><br>
AUTHORS: A Saxena, T Lahav, N Holland, G Aggarwal, A Anupama, Y Huang, H Volpin, P J Myler, D Zilberstein<br>
AFFILIATION: Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109-5219, USA.<br>
REFERENCE: Mol Biochem Parasitol 2007 Mar 152(1):53-65<br>
<b>Leishmania</b> donovani is an intracellular protozoan parasite that causes
kala-azar in humans. During infection the extracellular insect forms (
promastigotes) undergo rapid differentiation to intracellular
amastigotes that proliferates in phagolysosomes of mammalian macrophages
. We used microarray-based expression profiling to investigate the time-
course of changes in RNA abundance during promastigote-to-amastigote
differentiation in a host-free system that mimics this process. These
studies revealed that several hundred genes underwent an ordered
progression of transient or permanent up- and down-regulation during
differentiation. Genes that were permanently up-regulated in amastigotes
were enriched for transporters and surface proteins, but under-
represented in genes involved in protein and other metabolism. Most of
these changes occurred late in the differentiation process, when
morphological differentiation was essentially complete. Down-regulated
genes were over-represented in those involved in cell motility, growth
and/or maintenance, and these changes generally occurred earlier in the
process. Genes that were transiently up- or down-regulated during
differentiation included those encoding heat shock proteins, ubiquitin
hydrolases, RNA binding proteins, protein kinases, a protein phosphatase
, and a histone deacetylase. These results suggest that changes in mRNA
abundance may be important in signal transduction, as well as protein
and mRNA turnover, during differentiation. In addition to these mRNA
changes, other transcripts including one or more rRNAs and snoRNAs, and
non-coding RNAs from several telomeres, also showed substantial changes
in abundance during the differentiation process. This paper provides the
first genome-scale quantitative analysis of gene expression during the
transition from promastigotes to amastigotes and demonstrates the
utility of the host-free differentiation system.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-05.xml&id=17169445" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17169445</a>
<input name="id_17169445" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17169445" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Kinetoplastid PPEF phosphatases: Dual acylated proteins expressed in the endomembrane system of
<b>Leishmania</b>.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Elena Mills, Helen P Price, Andrea Johner, Jenny E Emerson, Deborah F Smith<br>
AFFILIATION: Wellcome Trust Laboratories for Molecular Parasitology, Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.<br>
REFERENCE: Mol Biochem Parasitol 2007 Mar 152(1):22-34<br>
Bioinformatic analyses have been used to identify potential downstream
targets of the essential enzyme N-myristoyl transferase in the TriTryp
species, <b>Leishmania</b> major, Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma cruzi.
These database searches predict approximately 60 putative N-
myristoylated proteins with high confidence, including both previously
characterised and novel molecules. One of the latter is an N-
myristoylated protein phosphatase which has high sequence similarity to
the Protein Phosphatase with EF-Hand (PPEF) proteins identified in
sensory cells of higher eukaryotes. In L. major and T. brucei, the PPEF-
like phosphatases are encoded by single-copy genes and are
constitutively expressed in all parasite life cycle stages. The N-
terminus of LmPPEF is a substrate for N-myristoyl transferase and is
also palmitoylated in vivo. The wild type protein has been localised to
the endocytic system by immunofluorescence. The catalytic and fused C-
terminal domains of the kinetoplastid and other eukaryotic PPEFs share
high sequence similarity, but unlike their higher eukaryotic relatives,
the C-terminal parasite EF-hand domains are degenerate and do not bind
calcium.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-05.xml&id=17173987" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17173987</a>
<input name="id_17173987" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17173987" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Kinetic characterization of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase of
<b>Leishmania</b> donovani.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Fredrick Dobie, Amanda Berg, Jan M Boitz, Armando Jardim<br>
AFFILIATION: Institute of Parasitology, Macdonald Campus of McGill University, 21, 111 Lakeshore Road, Ste. Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada H9X 3V9.<br>
REFERENCE: Mol Biochem Parasitol 2007 Mar 152(1):11-21<br>
Trypanosomatid protozoan pathogens are purine auxotrophs that are highly
dependent on the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) for
the synthesis of guanylate nucleotides. Enzymatic characterization of
the <b>Leishmania</b> donovani IMPDH (LdIMPDH) overexpressed in E. coli
revealed that this enzyme was highly specific for the substrates IMP and
NAD(+) with K(m)(app) values of 33 and 390muM, respectively. In
contrast to other IMPDHs, LdIMPDH exhibits no substrate inhibition in
high concentrations of NAD(+). Kinetic studies revealed that XMP and GMP
were inhibitors with K(i) values of approximately 26 and 210muM,
respectively, suggesting that these nucleotides may regulate LdIMPDH
activity. Mycophenolic acid was also a potent inhibitor of L. donovani
IMPDH with a K(i) value of approximately 25nM. Confocal
immunofluorescence microscopy and subcellular fractionation localized
LdIMPDH to the glycosome. Protein-protein interaction assays revealed
that LdIMPDH associated tightly with glycosomal protein sorting receptor
LdPEX5.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-05.xml&id=17188763" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17188763</a>
<input name="id_17188763" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17188763" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Genomic and proteomic expression analysis of
<b>Leishmania</b> promastigote and amastigote life stages: The <b>Leishmania</b> genome is constitutively expressed.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Kirk Leifso, Gabriela Cohen-Freue, Nisha Dogra, Angus Murray, W Robert McMaster<br>
AFFILIATION: Immunity and Infection Research Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, 451-2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6H 3Z6.<br>
REFERENCE: Mol Biochem Parasitol 2007 Mar 152(1):35-46<br>
<b>Leishmania</b> are protozoan parasites that cause a wide spectrum of
clinical diseases in humans and are a major public health risk in
several countries. <b>Leishmania</b> life cycle consists of an extracellular
flagellated promastigote stage within the midgut of a sandfly vector,
and a morphological distinct intracellular amastigote stage within
macrophages of a mammalian host. This study reports the use of DNA
oligonucleotide genome microarrays representing 8160 genes to analyze
the mRNA expression profiles of L. major promastigotes and lesion
derived amastigotes. Over 94% of the genes were expressed in both life
stages. Advanced statistical analysis identified a surprisingly low
degree of differential mRNA expression: 1.4% of the total genes in
amastigotes and 1.5% in promastigotes. These microarray results
demonstrate that the L. major genome is essentially constitutively
expressed in both life stages and suggest that <b>Leishmania</b> is
constitutively adapted for survival and replication in either the
sandfly vector or macrophage host utilizing an appropriate set of genes
for each vastly different environment. Quantitative proteomics, using
the isotope coded affinity tag (ICAT) technology and mass spectrometry,
was used to identify L. infantum promastigote and axenic amastigote
differentially expressed proteins. Of the 91 distinct proteins
identified, 8% were differentially expressed in the amastigote stage, 20
% were differentially expressed in the promastigote stage, and the
remaining 72% were considered constitutively expressed. The differential
expression was validated by the identification of previously reported
stage specific proteins and identified several amastigote and
promastigote novel stage specific proteins.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-05.xml&id=17047999" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17047999</a>
<input name="id_17047999" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17047999" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Translation of open reading frame in kinetoplast DNA minicircles of clinical isolates of L. donovani.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Hema Kothari, Pranav Kumar, Rohit Saluja, Shyam Sundar, Neeloo Singh<br>
AFFILIATION: Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India, <a href="mailto:neeloo888@yahoo.com" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">neeloo888@yahoo.com</a>.<br>
REFERENCE: Parasitol Res 2007 Mar 100(4):893-7<br>
Till today, it remains an enigma whether the open reading frames said to
be transcribed in minicircle sequences are indeed translated into
protein products or not. We establish a protein-coding gene in
minicircle variable region of kinetoplast DNA from clinical isolates of
<b>Leishmania</b> donovani. The protein was expressed as an N-tagged green
fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein in leishmanial expression
system. Fluorescence microscopy of the transfectants carrying
recombinant GFP construct showed the protein to be localized on the
plasmalemma of the parasite. This shows that the minicircle transcript
is indeed translated into a protein product in the parasite cell and
further points toward probable biological function of minicircles in
kinetoplastids.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-05.xml&id=17061112" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17061112</a>
<input name="id_17061112" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17061112" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Purification and characterization of hexokinase from
<b>Leishmania</b> mexicana.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Miguel A Pabón, Ana J Cáceres, Melisa Gualdrón, Wilfredo Quiñones, Luisana Avilán, Juan L Concepción<br>
AFFILIATION: Laboratorio de EnzimologÃa de Parásitos, Centro de IngenierÃa Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, La Hechicera, Mérida, 5101, Venezuela, <a href="mailto:concepci@ula.ve" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
concepci@ula.ve</a>.<br>
REFERENCE: Parasitol Res 2007 Mar 100(4):803-10<br>
Hexokinase from <b>Leishmania</b> mexicana was purified to homogeneity from a
glycosome-enriched fraction obtained after a differential centrifugation
of promastigote form. The kinetic properties of the pure enzyme were
determined and the Km values for glucose (Km = 66 muM) and ATP (Km = 303
muM) were comparable to those from hexokinase of Trypanosoma cruzi. L.
mexicana hexokinase was able to use fructose (Km = 142 muM), which
reflects the condition found in the insect host. In contrast with
hexokinases from other trypanosomatids, the enzyme exhibited a moderate
sensitivity to inhibition by glucose 6-phosphate. This inhibition was
competitive with respect to both ATP and glucose, indicating that an
allosteric site for glucose 6-phosphate does not exist in this enzyme.
The enzyme was also inhibited by inorganic pyrophosphate, the inhibition
being higher than that observed for T. cruzi enzyme. As expected, the
enzyme was localized, by immunofluorescence analysis, in glycosomes and
is present in both promastigotes and true amastigotes obtained from
hamster lesion. Hexokinase specific activity increased with the aging of
promastigote culture, and this increment was related to glucose
consumption. However, the level of the hexokinase protein remains
constant as determined by Western blotting. Several hypotheses are
discussed to explain this result.<br>
<br><br>
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</map><img usemap="#11074fc02ce19f68_boxmap-p6" alt="Shop at Amazon.com" border="0" height="150" width="120"><br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-05.xml&id=17096142" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17096142</a>
<input name="id_17096142" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17096142" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Proof of interaction between
<b>Leishmania</b> SIR2RP1 deacetylase and chaperone HSP83.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Monte-Alegre Adriano, Baptiste Vergnes, Joel Poncet, Françoise Mathieu-Daude, Anabela Cordeiro da Silva, Ali Ouaissi, Denis Sereno<br>
AFFILIATION: UR008 "Pathogénie des Trypanosomatidés", Centre IRD de Montpellier, 911 Avenue Agropolis, Montpellier, 34394, France, <a href="mailto:sereno@mpl.ird.fr" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
sereno@mpl.ird.fr</a>.<br>
REFERENCE: Parasitol Res 2007 Mar 100(4):811-8<br>
The cytoplasmic <b>Leishmania</b> silent information regulator 2 (SIR2)RP1
protein is essential for parasite growth and survival and constitutes an
attractive therapeutic target. Little information is available on
putative substrate(s) and/or partner(s) that could shed light on the
pathways in which this enzyme plays a role. We carried out co-
immunoprecipitation experiments on the soluble fractions of wild-type
and parasites overexpressing LmSIR2RP1 and found that the essential
chaperone heat shock protein (HSP) 83, the <b>Leishmania</b> ortholog of the
mammalian HSP90, constantly co-immunoprecipitated with LmSIR2RP1. We
found that <b>Leishmania</b> HSP83 is among the lysine acetylated protein, but
the intracellular level of SIR2RP1 does not influence the acetylation
status of HSP83. Finally, the modified Geldanamycin susceptibility (an
inhibitor of HSP83) exhibited by SIR2RP1 mutant parasites support an in
vivo relationship between the chaperone activity of HSP83 and LmSIR2RP1
. An insight on the nature of the interaction in <b>Leishmania</b> is required
to understand its role in the cell fate control during
cytodifferentiation.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-05.xml&id=17111176" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17111176</a>
<input name="id_17111176" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17111176" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">A cathepsin L-like cysteine proteinase gene from the protozoan parasite, Cryptobia salmositica.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Palmy R R Jesudhasan, Chung-Wei Tan, Nikos Hontzeas, Patrick T K Woo<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada, <a href="mailto:jesudhasan@poultry.tamu.edu" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">jesudhasan@poultry.tamu.edu
</a>.<br>
REFERENCE: Parasitol Res 2007 Mar 100(4):881-6<br>
The present study describes the identification of a cathepsin L-like
cysteine proteinase gene (CYS) from the hemoflagellate Cryptobia
salmositica. Genomic DNA sequence of cysteine proteinase was obtained by
genome walking using degenerate primers. Specific primers were designed
to amplify the cDNA of cysteine proteinase from mRNA by rapid
amplification of cDNA ends-PCR. The open reading frame of CYS is 1,329
bp, with 443 deduced amino acids. Based on the sequence analysis,
cysteine proteinase of C. salmositica is similar to the cathepsin L-like
cysteine proteinase of kinetoplastid parasites such as <b>Leishmania</b> spp.
and Trypanosoma spp. The identification of CYS proteinase gene could
help to design cysteine proteinase specific inhibitors. Further studies
are required to characterize the complete genomic organization of the
cysteine proteinase.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-05.xml&id=17101647" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17101647</a>
<input name="id_17101647" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17101647" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Heterologous Priming-Boosting with DNA and Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Expressing Tryparedoxin Peroxidase Promotes Long-Term Memory against
<b>Leishmania</b> major in Susceptible BALB/c Mice.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Carmel B Stober, Uta G Lange, Mark T M Roberts, Antonio Alcami, Jenefer M Blackwell<br>
AFFILIATION: Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Rd., Cambridge, CB2 2XY, United Kingdom. <a href="mailto:jennie.blackwell@cimr.cam.ac.uk" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
jennie.blackwell@cimr.cam.ac.uk</a>.<br>
REFERENCE: Infect Immun 2007 Feb 75(2):852-60<br>
Leishmaniasis affects 12 million people, but there are no vaccines in
routine clinical use. Th1 polarizing vaccines that elicit long-term
protection are required to prevent disease in susceptible populations.
We recently showed that heterologous priming-boosting with tryparedoxin
peroxidase (TRYP) DNA followed by TRYP-modified vaccinia virus Ankara (
TRYP MVA) protected susceptible BALB/c mice from <b>Leishmania</b> major. Here
we compared treatment with TRYP DNA with treatment with TRYP DNA/TRYP
MVA. We found that equivalent levels of protection during the
postvaccination effector phase correlated with equivalent levels of
serum immunoglobulin G2a and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) in draining
lymph nodes. In contrast, challenge infection during the memory phase
revealed that there was enhanced clinical efficacy with TRYP DNA/TRYP
MVA. This correlated with higher levels of effector phase splenic IFN-
gamma, sustained prechallenge levels of memory phase IFN-gamma, and a
more polarized post-L. major challenge Th1 response compared to the Th2/
T(reg) response. Thus, TRYP DNA/TRYP MVA, but not TRYP DNA alone,
provides long-term protection against murine leishmaniasis.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-05.xml&id=17118986" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17118986</a>
<input name="id_17118986" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17118986" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Oxidant generation by single infected monocytes after short-term fluorescence labeling of a protozoan parasite.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Haeok K Chang, Colin Thalhofer, Breck A Duerkop, Joanna S Mehling, Shilpi Verma, Kenneth J Gollob, Roque Almeida, Mary E Wilson<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Internal Medicine, SW34-GH, 200 Hawkins Dr., Iowa City, IA 52242. <a href="mailto:mary-wilson@uiowa.edu" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">mary-wilson@uiowa.edu
</a>.<br>
REFERENCE: Infect Immun 2007 Feb 75(2):1017-24<br>
<b>Leishmania</b> spp. are intracellular protozoa residing in mononuclear
phagocytes. <b>Leishmania</b> organisms are susceptible to microbicidal
responses generated in response to phagocytosis. Assuming that both
phagocyte and parasite populations are heterogeneous, it is advantageous
to examine the response of individual cells phagocytosing living
parasites. Because <b>Leishmania</b> spp. lose virulence during the raising of
transfectants, we developed a method to label live <b>Leishmania</b> chagasi
short-term with fluorescent dyes. Up to six parasite divisions were
detected by flow cytometry after labeling with carboxyfluorescein
diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE), dioctadecyl-tetramethylindo
carbocyanine perchlorate, or chloromethyl tetramethylrhodamine. Labeled
parasites entered mononuclear phagocytes as determined by confocal and
time-lapse microscopy. Dihydroethidium (DHE) was used to detect
macrophage-derived oxidants generated during phagocytosis. Presumably
<b>Leishmania</b> organisms are opsonized with host serum/tissue components
such as complement prior to phagocytosis. Therefore, we investigated the
effects of opsonization and found that this increased the efficiency of
CFSE-labeled parasite entry into monocytes (84.6% +/- 8.8% versus 20.2
% +/- 3.8% monocytes infected; P < 0.001). Opsonization also
increased the percentage of phagocytes undergoing a respiratory burst (
66.0% +/- 6.3% versus 41.0% +/- 8.3% of monocytes containing CFSE-
labeled parasites; P < 0.001) and the magnitude of oxidant generation
by each infected monocyte. Inhibitor data indicated that DHE was
oxidized by products of the NADPH oxidase. These data suggest that
opsonized serum components such as complement lead to more efficient
entry of <b>Leishmania</b> into their target cells but at the same time
activate the phagocyte oxidase to generate microbicidal products in
infected cells. The parasite must balance these positive and negative
survival effects in order to initiate a viable infection.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-05.xml&id=16979825" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">16979825</a>
<input name="id_16979825" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16979825" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Evaluation of transformation growth factor beta(1), interleukin-10, and interferon-gamma in male symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs naturally infected by
<b>Leishmania</b> (<b>Leishmania</b>) chagasi.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Ana Paula Ferreira Lopes Corrêa, Ana Cláudia Silva Dossi, Rosemeri de Oliveira Vasconcelos, DanÃsio Prado Munari, Valéria Marçal Felix de Lima<br>
AFFILIATION: Mestre, Microbiologia Agropecuária, FCAV, UNESP, Jaboticabal, S.P, Brasil.<br>
REFERENCE: Vet Parasitol 2007 Feb 143(3-4):267-74<br>
The aims of this study were to evaluate the immunomodulatory role of TGF
-beta(1), IL-10, and INF-gamma in spleen and liver extracts and
supernatant cultures of white spleen cells from male symptomatic and
asymptomatic dogs, naturally infected by <b>Leishmania</b> (<b>Leishmania</b>) chagasi
. Thirty dogs from Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil, an endemic
leishmaniosis area, were selected by positive ELISA serological reaction
for <b>Leishmania</b> sp. and divided into two groups: asymptomatic (n=15) and
symptomatic (n=15) consisting of animals with at least three
characteristic signs (fever, dermatitis, lymphoadenopathy,
onychogryphosis, weight loss, cachexia, locomotion problems,
conjunctivitis, epistaxis, hepatosplenomegaly, edema, and apathy). After
euthanasia, spleen and liver fragments were collected for ex vivo
quantification of TGF-beta(1), IL-10, and INF-gamma. Naturally active in
vitro produced TGF-beta(1) was also evaluated in spleen cell culture
supernatant. Spleen and liver extract of asymptomatic dogs had higher
mean TGF-beta(1) levels than symptomatic dogs. High concentrations of IL
-10 were found in spleen, and mainly in liver extract of both groups.
Higher INF-gamma concentrations were found in spleen extracts of
symptomatic dogs, and in liver extracts of asymptomatic dogs. Extract of
this cytokine was lower in spleen extract. Although INF-gamma is being
produced in canine infection, mean levels of TGF-beta(1) and IL-10 from
spleen and liver extracts were quantitatively much higher; suggesting
that immune response in both asymptomatic and symptomatic dogs was
predominantly type Th2.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-05.xml&id=16996214" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">16996214</a>
<input name="id_16996214" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16996214" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Clinical and parasitological evaluation of dogs naturally infected by
<b>Leishmania</b> (<b>Leishmania</b>) chagasi submitted to treatment with meglumine antimoniate.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Fabiana Augusta Ikeda-Garcia, Raimundo Souza Lopes, Fábia Judice Marques, Valéria Marçal Félix de Lima, Celina Kazue Morinishi, Fábio LuÃs Bonello, MaurÃcio Franco Zanette, SÃlvia Helena Venturoli Perri, Mary Marcondes Feitosa
<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Clinics, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, UNESP, São Paulo State University, Rua: Clóvis Pestana n. 793, CEP 16050-680, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.<br>
REFERENCE: Vet Parasitol 2007 Feb 143(3-4):254-9<br>
Aiming to evaluate the efficacy of the treatment of canine visceral
leishmaniasis, to verify the occurrence of a possible disease relapse,
and to search for the presence of the parasites after the end of the
treatment, seven dogs naturally infected by <b>Leishmania</b> (<b>Leishmania</b>)
chagasi were used. The dogs were subjected to a treatment with 75mg/kg
meglumine antimoniate subcutaneously every 12h for 21 days, and followed
-up for a period of 6 months. During the whole experimental period the
animals wore deltamethrin collars and were kept in a screened kennel to
avoid reinfection. Lymph node and bone marrow aspiration biopsy was
carried out to search for the parasite at seven moments: before the
treatment, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 days after the start of the
treatment. After the end of the experiment all dogs were humanely
euthanized. Then, spleen and liver "imprints" and in vitro
cultures were carried out to search for amastigote forms of the parasite
. During the treatment all animals presented remission of symptoms.
However, two dogs were observed to present new symptoms in the course of
the experiment. At the end of the experiment, the presence of
amastigote forms of the parasite was evidenced in five of the seven dogs
. This enabled us to conclude that the treatment promoted clinical cure
but did not eliminate the parasites completely.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-05.xml&id=17045743" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17045743</a>
<input name="id_17045743" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17045743" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Peripheral blood mononuclear cell supernatants from asymptomatic dogs immunized and experimentally challenged with
<b>Leishmania</b> chagasi can stimulate canine macrophages to reduce infection in vitro.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Cleusa Alves Theodoro Rodrigues, LuÃs Fábio da Silva Batista, Márcia Cristina Aquino Teixeira, Andréa Mendes Pereira, PatrÃcia Oliveira Meira Santos, Geraldo Gileno de Sá Oliveira, Luiz Antônio Rodrigues de Freitas, PatrÃcia Sampaio Tavares Veras
<br>
AFFILIATION: Laboratório de Patologia e Biointervenção, CPqGM, FIOCRUZ/BA, Brazil; Depto. de Morfofisiologia da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.<br>
REFERENCE: Vet Parasitol 2007 Feb 143(3-4):197-205<br>
<b>Leishmania</b> chagasi is the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis in
both humans and dogs in the New World. The dog is the main domestic
reservoir and its infection displays different clinical presentations,
from asymptomatic to severe disease. Macrophages play an important role
in the control of <b>Leishmania</b> infection. Although it is not an area of
intense study, some data suggest a role for canine macrophages in
parasite killing by a NO-dependent mechanism. It has been proposed that
control of human disease could be possible with the development of an
effective vaccine against canine visceral leishmaniasis. Development of
a rapid in vitro test to predict animal responses to <b>Leishmania</b>
infection or vaccination should be helpful. In this study, an in vitro
model was established to test whether peripheral blood mononuclear cell
(PBMC) supernatants from dogs immunized with promastigote lysates and
infected with L. chagasi promastigotes could stimulate macrophages from
healthy dogs in order to control parasite infection. PBMC from a
majority of the immunized and experimentally infected dogs expressed IFN
-gamma mRNA and secreted IFN-gamma when stimulated with soluble L.
chagasi antigen (SLA) in vitro. Additionally, the supernatants from
stimulated PBMC were able to reduce the percentage of infected donor
macrophages. The results also indicate that parasite killing in this
system is dependent on NO, since aminoguanidine (AMG) reversed this
effect. This in vitro test appears to be useful for screening animal
responses to parasite inoculation as well as studying the lymphocyte
effector mechanisms involved in pathogen killing by canine macrophages.<br>
<br><br>
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PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-05.xml&id=17056182" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17056182</a>
<input name="id_17056182" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17056182" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Evaluation of the efficacy of a topically administered combination of imidacloprid and permethrin against Phlebotomus perniciosus in dog.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Guadalupe Miró, Rosa Gálvez, Marta Mateo, Ana Montoya, Miguel Angel Descalzo, Ricardo Molina<br>
AFFILIATION: Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.<br>
REFERENCE: Vet Parasitol 2007 Feb 143(3-4):375-9<br>
The phlebotomine sand fly Phlebotomus perniciosus is one of the main
vectors of <b>Leishmania</b> infantum, responsible for human and canine
leishmaniasis in the Mediterranean Basin. The objective of this study
was to evaluate the repellent and insecticidal efficacy of imidacloprid
10% (w/v)/permethrin 50% (w/v) spot-on against sand flies (P.
perniciosus) on dogs. The dogs used in this trial were laboratory-bred
beagles: eight were impregnated with the solution (treated group), while
the other eight were left untreated (control group). On day 0 the
animals in the treatment group received 0.1ml/kg body weight of the
combination imidacloprid/permethrin spot-on. Dogs were exposed for 1h to
about 100 female sand flies at weekly intervals for a period of 4 weeks
, on day 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 after applying the product. The repellency
criterion was based on the feeding rate of sand flies in the treated
compared to the untreated group. The insecticidal efficacy criterion was
based on comparison of the survival rate of sand flies between the two
groups. The product had an insecticidal efficacy on female sand flies of
53.2% (day 1), 49.4% (day 7), 15.1% (day 14), 13.2% (day 22), and 2.9
% (day 29). The product showed a repellent effect of 97.7% (day 1), 96.3
% (day 7), 96.5% (day 14), 92.7% (day 22), and 74.0% (day 29). Within
the first week of application the insecticidal effect was significant;
however it did not surpass 50%. On the other hand, the product showed a
potent anti-feeding effect of over 90% during the first 3 weeks of this
trial. Therefore, the application of this product every 3 weeks would be
a good tool to significantly reduce sand fly bites over the period of
transmission of vectorial diseases such as leishmaniasis and several
arbovirosis such as Toscana virus.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-05.xml&id=17244793" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17244793</a>
<input name="id_17244793" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17244793" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Molecular mechanisms of antimony resistance in
<b>Leishmania</b>.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Ashutosh, Shyam Sundar, Neena Goyal<br>
AFFILIATION: 1Division of Biochemistry, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226001 (UP) India.<br>
REFERENCE: J Med Microbiol 2007 Feb 56(Pt 2):143-53<br>
Leishmaniasis causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. The
disease is endemic in developing countries of tropical regions, and in
recent years economic globalization and increased travel have extended
its reach to people in developed countries. In the absence of effective
vaccines and vector-control measures, the main line of defence against
the disease is chemotherapy. Organic pentavalent antimonials [Sb(V)]
have been the first-line drugs for the treatment of leishmaniasis for
the last six decades, and clinical resistance to these drugs has emerged
as a primary obstacle to successful treatment and control. A
multiplicity of resistance mechanisms have been described in resistant
<b>Leishmania</b> mutants developed in vitro by stepwise increases of the
concentration of either antimony [Sb(III)] or the related metal arsenic
[As(III)], the most prevalent mechanism being upregulated Sb(III)
detoxification and sequestration. With the availability of resistant
field isolates, it has now become possible to elucidate mechanisms of
clinical resistance. The present review describes the mechanisms of
antimony resistance in <b>Leishmania</b> and highlights the links between
previous hypotheses and current developments in field studies.
Unravelling the molecular mechanisms of clinical resistance could allow
the prevention and circumvention of resistance, as well as rational drug
design for the treatment of drug-resistant <b>Leishmania</b>.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-05.xml&id=17101681" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17101681</a>
<input name="id_17101681" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17101681" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Antileishmanial effect of 3-aminooxy-1-aminopropane is due to polyamine depletion.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Sushma Singh, Angana Mukherjee, Alex R Khomutov, Lo Persson, Olle Heby, Mitali Chatterjee, Rentala Madhubala<br>
AFFILIATION: School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India. <a href="mailto:madhubala@mail.jnu.ac.in" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">madhubala@mail.jnu.ac.in
</a>.<br>
REFERENCE: Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007 Feb 51(2):528-34<br>
The polyamines putrescine, spermidine, and spermine are organic cations
that are required for cell growth and differentiation. Ornithine
decarboxylase (ODC), the first and rate-limiting enzyme in the polyamine
biosynthetic pathway, catalyzes the conversion of ornithine to
putrescine. As the polyamine biosynthetic pathway is essential for the
growth and survival of <b>Leishmania</b> donovani, the causative agent of
visceral leishmaniasis, inhibition of the pathway is an important
leishmaniacidal strategy. In the present study, we examined for the
first time the effects of 3-aminooxy-1-aminopropane (APA), an ODC
inhibitor, on the growth of L. donovani. APA inhibited the growth of
both promastigotes in vitro and amastigotes in the macrophage model,
with the 50% inhibitory concentrations being 42 and 5 muM, respectively
. However, concentrations of APA up to 200 muM did not affect the
viability of macrophages. The effects of APA were completely abolished
by the addition of putrescine or spermidine. APA induced a significant
decrease in ODC activity and putrescine, spermidine, and trypanothione
levels in L. donovani promastigotes. Parasites were transfected with an
episomal ODC construct, and these ODC overexpressers exhibited
significant resistance to APA and were concomitantly resistant to sodium
antimony gluconate (Pentostam), indicating a role for ODC
overexpression in antimonial drug resistance. Clinical isolates with
sodium antimony gluconate resistance were also found to overexpress ODC
and to have significant increases in putrescine and spermidine levels.
However, no increase in trypanothione levels was observed. The ODC
overexpression in these clinical isolates alleviated the
antiproliferative effects of APA. Collectively, our results demonstrate
that APA is a potent inhibitor of L. donovani growth and that its
leishmaniacidal effect is due to inhibition of ODC.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-05.xml&id=17116678" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17116678</a>
<input name="id_17116678" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17116678" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)"><b>Leishmania</b>
donovani Polyamine Biosynthetic Enzyme Overproducers as Tools To Investigate the Mode of Action of Cytotoxic Polyamine Analogs.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Sigrid C Roberts, Yuqui Jiang, Judith Gasteier, Benjamin Frydman, Laurence J Marton, Olle Heby, Buddy Ullman<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098. <a href="mailto:ullmanb@ohsu.edu" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
ullmanb@ohsu.edu</a>.<br>
REFERENCE: Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007 Feb 51(2):438-45<br>
A number of anticancer and antiparasitic drugs are postulated to target
the polyamine biosynthetic pathway and polyamine function, but the exact
mode of action of these compounds is still being elucidated. To
establish whether polyamine analogs specifically target enzymes of the
polyamine pathway, a model was developed using strains of the protozoan
parasite <b>Leishmania</b> donovani that overproduce each of the polyamine
biosynthetic enzymes. Promastigotes overexpressing episomal constructs
encoding ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), S-adenosylmethionine
decarboxylase (ADOMETDC), or spermidine synthase (SPDSYN) revealed
robust overproduction of the corresponding polyamine biosynthetic enzyme
. Polyamine pools, however, were either unchanged or only marginally
affected, implying that regulatory mechanisms must exist. The ODC,
ADOMETDC, and SPDSYN overproducer strains exhibited a high level of
resistance to difluoromethylornithine, 5'-{[(Z)-4-amino-2-butenyl]
methylamino}-5'-deoxyadenosine, and n-butylamine, respectively,
confirming previous observations that these agents specifically target
polyamine enzymes. Conversely, augmented levels of polyamine
biosynthetic enzymes did not affect the sensitivity of L. donovani
promastigotes to pentamidine, berenil, and mitoguazone, drugs that were
postulated to target the polyamine pathway, implying alternative and/or
additional targets for these agents. The sensitivities of wild-type and
overproducing parasites to a variety of polyamine analogs were also
tested. The polyamine enzyme-overproducing lines offer a rapid cell-
based screen for assessing whether synthetic polyamine analogs exert
their mechanism of action predominantly on the polyamine biosynthetic
pathway in L. donovani. Furthermore, the drug resistance engendered by
the amplification of target genes and the overproduction of the encoded
protein offers a general strategy for evaluating and developing
therapeutic agents that target specific proteins in <b>Leishmania</b>.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-05.xml&id=17088347" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17088347</a>
<input name="id_17088347" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17088347" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)"><b>Leishmania</b>
-Derived Murine Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1 Enhances the Recruitment of a Restrictive Population of CC Chemokine Receptor 2-Positive Macrophages.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Sean M Conrad, Dalit Strauss-Ayali, Ann E Field, Matthias Mack, David M Mosser<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Rm. 1103 Microbiology Bldg., University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742. <a href="mailto:dmosser@umd.edu" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">
dmosser@umd.edu</a>.<br>
REFERENCE: Infect Immun 2007 Feb 75(2):653-65<br>
Transgenic <b>Leishmania</b> parasites that encode the murine chemokine
monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) were generated. These
parasites transcribed MCP-1 mRNA and secreted MCP-1 protein. Infection
of BALB/c, C57BL/6, or MCP-1 knockout (KO) mice with these parasites
resulted in minimal lesion development with fewer parasites in the
infected foot, lymph node, and spleen compared to wild-type-infected
mice. In contrast, transgenic parasites caused substantial lesions with
relatively high numbers of parasites in CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2)
KO mice, indicating that the parasites are viable and healthy and that
the lack of lesion development is CCR2 dependent. Prior infection of
mice with transgenic parasites offered no protection to subsequent wild-
type L. major challenge, suggesting that the transgenic parasites are
controlled by an early innate immune response. Consistent with innate
immunity, flow cytometry of cells from the ears of mice infected with
transgenic parasites revealed an increase in the number of CCR2-positive
macrophages by day 7 postinfection. The enumeration of transgenic
parasites in ear lesions demonstrated a significant reduction in
parasite numbers, which coincided with the increased CCR2-positive
macrophage migration. CCR2-positive macrophages isolated from ears of
mice infected with transgenic parasites contained virtually no parasites
. In vitro studies revealed that optimal parasite killing required the
recruitment of CCR2-positive macrophages, followed by stimulation with a
combination of both MCP-1 and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma). This work
suggests that the parasite-derived MCP-1 can recruit a restrictive
population of CCR2-positive macrophages into lesions that can be
optimally stimulated by MCP-1 and IFN-gamma to efficiently kill
<b>Leishmania</b> parasites.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-05.xml&id=17088350" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17088350</a>
<input name="id_17088350" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17088350" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Bioinformatic Identification of Tandem Repeat Antigens of the
<b>Leishmania</b> donovani Complex.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Yasuyuki Goto, Rhea N Coler, Steven G Reed<br>
AFFILIATION: Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1124 Columbia St, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98104. <a href="mailto:sreed@idri.org" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">sreed@idri.org</a>
.<br>
REFERENCE: Infect Immun 2007 Feb 75(2):846-51<br>
With large amounts of parasite gene sequence available, additional
bioinformatic tools to screen these sequences for identifying genes
encoding antigens are needed. Proteins containing tandem repeat (TR)
domains are often B-cell antigens, and antibody responses toward TR
domains of the proteins are dominant in human infected with certain
parasites. We hypothesized that antigens of serological significance
could be identified with a search for TR domains. Here we show the
result of bioinformatic screening of the gene sequence database of the
parasitic protozoan <b>Leishmania</b> infantum. Of 8,191 genes scanned, 64
genes contained TR domains. Of the 64 genes, 22 encoded previously
characterized antigens; the remaining 42 genes were previously
uncharacterized. By using sera from Sudanese visceral leishmaniasis
patients, we confirmed that the TR domains of LinJ11.0070, LinJ25.1100,
LinJ27.0400, and LinJ29.0110, which were from the 42 uncharacterized
proteins, are also antigenic. The results suggest the validity of this
approach for identifying leishmanial antigens of serological
significance.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-05.xml&id=17244414" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17244414</a>
<input name="id_17244414" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17244414" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Bio-available Zn(2+) in the growth medium as a cue for
<b>Leishmania</b> to express its protective surface protease.</a><br>
AUTHORS: J Porter-Kelley, M Seay, P K Singh, G Chaudhuri<br>
AFFILIATION: Division of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immune Response, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Meharry Medical College, 1005 D. B. Todd Jr Boulevard, Nashville, TN 37208, U.S.A.<br>
REFERENCE: Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2007 Jan 101(1):89-93<br>
<br><br>
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PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-05.xml&id=17255229" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17255229</a>
<input name="id_17255229" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17255229" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Asymptomatic colitis in naturally infected dogs with
<b>leishmania</b> infantum: a prospective study.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Katerina K Adamama-Moraitou, Timoleon S Rallis, Alexander F Koytinas, Dimitris Tontis, Katerina Plevraki, Maria Kritsepi<br>
AFFILIATION: Companion Animal Clinic (Medicine), Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Laboratory of Pathology, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece; Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
<br>
REFERENCE: Am J Trop Med Hyg 2007 Jan 76(1):53-7<br>
A total of 31 dogs with naturally occurring and symptomatic
leishmaniasis (<b>Leishmania</b> infantum), but without historical or clinical
evidence of overt colitis, were included in this study. With owners'
consent, a colonoscopy was performed in all these dogs, revealing
patches of hyperemic, edematous, irregular, and mildly erosive colonic
mucosa in 25.8% of the animals. Biopsies were obtained from the colonic
mucosa and stained with hematoxylin-eosin (histopathology) and avidin-
biotin-peroxidase technique (immunohistochemical detection of parasites
). <b>Leishmania</b> amastigotes were detected immunohistochemically in 32.3%
of the dogs. The most common inflammatory pattern in the colonic mucosa
of these dogs was pyogranulomatous (90%), whereas in the dogs without
<b>Leishmania</b> amastigotes immunohistochemically detected in the colonic
mucosa (67.7%), there was no evidence of gross and microscopic lesions.
Also, in 2 of the 10 dogs in which parasites were detected
immunohistochemically in the colonic mucosa, no lesions could be
detected on colonoscopy. There was no correlation between the dogs with
or without parasites detected in the colonic mucosa regarding the sex,
age, or the type of diet of these animals. However, the positive
correlation (P < 0.001) found between colonic parasitism and gross
lesions detected on colonoscopy would justify the inclusion of canine
leishmaniasis in the list of differentials of canine chronic or
recurrent colitis.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-05.xml&id=17253053" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17253053</a>
<input name="id_17253053" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17253053" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Epidemiology of American tegumentary leishmaniasis in domestic dogs in an endemic zone of western Venezuela.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: R Cardenas, C M Sandoval, A J Rodriguez-Morales, H Bendezu, A Gonzalez, A Briceño, J De-La-Paz-Pineda, E M Rojas, J V Scorza<br>
AFFILIATION: Experimental Institute Jose-Witremundo-Torrealba, Universidad de Los Andes, Trujillo, Venezuela.<br>
REFERENCE: Bull Soc Pathol Exot 2006 Dec 99(5):355-8<br>
Domestic dogs are not only reservoir hosts of the American zoonotic
visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) but of the American zoonotic tegumentary
leishmaniasis (ATL) as well, for different reasons. However it is still
controversial to state that dogs are incriminated as ATL reservoir hosts
as there is evidence that humans and dogs are likely to be exposed in
the same way to sandfly vector. In Venezuela this issue has not been
completely addressed, for this reason we selected a location inside
Trujillo city to study eco-epidemiological conditions as well as to
survey a significant sample of dogs by Montenegro Skin Test (MST).
Antigen was prepared according to standard procedure using <b>Leishmania</b> (V
) braziliensis promastigotes (80 microg/ml); response was read 48 hours
post-inoculation with an induration size > 5 mm being considered as
positive. The study place is an endemic mountainous semi-urban area
located at 850-950 masl with an average rainfall of 150 mm/year. We
evaluated 61 dogs in 46 houses with 168 human beings. Among the human
population 27 cases of ATL were reported (16.1%). With the MST we found
19 positive-reaction dogs (31%) (mean MST size of 9.58 mm, 95% CI: 8.41-
10.75) in 13 houses (28%). Multivariate analysis did not reveal
significant association between domestic MST positive-dog ownership and
human ATL cases (RR = 1.48, p = 0.28). Although some studies have
indicated that dog ownership and dog infection rates are associated with
an increased risk of human disease in different evaluated places, this
question has not been completely answered in Venezuelan studied zones,
further research is necessary.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-05.xml&id=17043012" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17043012</a>
<input name="id_17043012" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17043012" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">[Visceral leishmaniasis with cardiac affectation in an immunocompetent patient]
</a><br>
AUTHORS: José Luis Puerto-Alonso, Francisco José Molina-Ruano, Francisco Gómez-Soto, Francisco Gómez-RodrÃguez<br>
REFERENCE: Med Clin (Barc) 2006 Oct 127(13):519<br>
<br><br>
********************************************************************************************************************<br>
The following references are revised files and are brought to you in accordance to license agreement with the NLM.<br>
********************************************************************************************************************<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-05.xml&id=12734193" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">12734193</a>
<input name="id_12734193" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12734193" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Transforming growth factor-beta-Smad signaling pathway negatively regulates nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae-induced MUC5AC mucin transcription via mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatase-1-dependent inhibition of p38 MAPK.
</a><br>
AUTHORS: Hirofumi Jono, Haidong Xu, Hirofumi Kai, David J Lim, Young S Kim, Xin-Hua Feng, Jian-Dong Li<br>
AFFILIATION: Gonda Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, House Ear Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90057, USA.<br>
REFERENCE: J Biol Chem 2003 Jul 278(30):27811-9<br>
In contrast to the extensive studies on the role of transforming growth
factor-beta (TGF-beta) in regulating cell proliferation, differentiation
, and apoptosis over the past decade, relatively little is known about
the exact role of TGF-beta signaling in regulating host response in
infectious diseases. Most of the recent studies have suggested that TGF-
beta inhibits macrophage activation during infections with pathogens
such as Trypanosoma cruzi and <b>Leishmania</b>, thereby favoring virulence. In
certain situations, however, there is also evidence that TGF-beta has
been correlated with enhanced resistance to microbes such as Candida
albicans, thus benefiting the host. Despite these distinct observations
that mainly focused on macrophages, little is known about how TGF-beta
regulates host primary innate defensive responses, such as up-regulation
of mucin, in the airway epithelial cells. Moreover, how the TGF-beta-
Smad signaling pathway negatively regulates p38 mitogen-activated
protein kinase (MAPK), a key pathway mediating host response to bacteria
, still remains largely unknown. Here we show that nontypeable
Haemophilus influenzae, a major human bacterial pathogen of otitis media
and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, strongly induces up-
regulation of MUC5AC mucin via activation of the Toll-like receptor 2-
MyD88-dependent p38 path-way. Activation of TGF-beta-Smad signaling,
however, leads to down-regulation of p38 by inducing MAPK phophatase-1,
thereby acting as a negative regulator for MUC5AC induction. These
studies may bring new insights into the novel role of TGF-beta signaling
in attenuating host primary innate defensive responses and enhance our
understanding of the signaling mechanism underlying the cross-talk
between TGF-beta-Smad signaling pathway and the p38 MAPK pathway.<br>
<br><br>
REQUEST: [ sand fly NOT culicoides ]<br>
(4 articles match this request. 1 article matching other requests removed)<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-05.xml&id=17249339" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17249339</a>
<input name="id_17249339" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17249339" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">A comparison of the intraspecific variability of Phlebotomus sergenti Parrot, 1917 (Diptera: Psychodidae).
</a><br>
AUTHORS: V Dvorak, A M Aytekin, B Alten, S Skarupova, J Votypka, P Volf<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague, 128 44, Czech Republic.<br>
REFERENCE: J Vector Ecol 2006 Dec 31(2):229-38<br>
Phlebotomus sergenti populations from different areas of the
Mediterranean basin are known to exhibit high intraspecific variability
. Previous studies of ITS2 revealed the presence of two branches that
may represent sibling species. To corroborate this finding by other
tools, two colonies of P. sergenti originating from Turkey and Israel,
each belonging to a different ITS2 branch, were compared by three
different methods: geometric morphometric analysis of wing shape, RAPD (
random amplified polymorphic DNA), and cross-mating study. For geometric
morphometric analysis, two-dimensional Cartesian coordinates of 16
landmarks from the wings were digitized and analyzed. Significant shape
differences were found between colonies but not between sexes within
each colony. RAPD results formed two distinctive clades corresponding to
the origin of the colony but also showed heterogenity among members of
both colonies. In cross-mating studies, viable hybrid F1 and F2 progeny
were obtained when both Turkish males/Israeli females and Israeli males/
Turkish females were crossed. F1 progeny was included in RAPD analysis
and these hybrids formed a distinctive clade with an intermediate
position between the two parental clades. No significant differences
were found in egg production of crossed sand flies. The cross-mating
study showed that there is no reproductive barrier between P. sergenti
from different geographical areas. On the other hand, RAPD and geometric
morphometric analysis revealed a significant difference between
colonies and confirmed the suitability of previous ITS2 analysis for
discrimination among <b>sand fly</b> populations. Further development of
molecular markers should resolve a possible existence of sibling species
within Phlebotomus sergenti.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-05.xml&id=17249356" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17249356</a>
<input name="id_17249356" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17249356" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">Comparative demography of the
<b>sand fly</b> Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) at constant temperatures.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Ozge Erisoz Kasap, Bulent Alten<br>
AFFILIATION: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ecology Section, EBAL Laboratories, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey.<br>
REFERENCE: J Vector Ecol 2006 Dec 31(2):378-85<br>
We measured reproductive and population parameters of adult sand flies,
Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli, 1786) (Diptera: Psychodidae), in
environmental chambers maintained at temperatures of 15, 18, 20, 25, 28
, and 32 degrees C. Based on cohorts of adults at each temperature
regime, horizontal life tables were constructed using established
laboratory colonies initiated from specimens collected in Sanliurfa
Province, southeastern Anatolia, Turkey. The fecundity and longevity of
the insects were both highly variable, depending on the temperature. At
15 degrees C, all of the cohort females died before laying eggs, so the
construction of a life table for this temperature regime was not
possible. Within a range of 18 to 32 degrees C, the longevity of adult P
. papatasi increased as the temperature decreased; at 15 degrees C, the
mean survival times of females and males were 19.04 +/- 6.94 days (9-35
) and 17.84 +/- 7.11 days (9-33), respectively. While the highest number
of eggs was found in the cohort at 28 degrees C (44.08 +/- 7.79), this
was only 3.60 +/- 1.55 in the cohort at 32 degrees C and 2.8 +/- 0.9 in
the cohort at 18 degrees C. This result showed that extreme temperatures
negatively affect the fecundity of this species. The cohort reared at
28 degrees C exhibited the highest intrinsic rates of population
increase (r(m)) for P. papatasi. The r(m) ranged from 0.098 at 28
degrees C to 0.007 at 18 degrees C. The cohort placed at 28 degrees C
was found to be significantly different (P < 0.01) from the other
cohorts producing the fewest progeny in terms of net reproductive rate,
R(0), (15.87). The values for mean generation time (T) were estimated to
vary from 36 days to 271 days depending on temperature. Principal
Component Analysis (PCA) confirmed results from the previous studies
that the cohort at 28 degrees C orientated and clustered as a distinct
group along the first two PCs.<br>
<br><br>
PMID: <a href="http://refscout.com/cgi-bin/exportAbstract.pl?base=medline-2007-05.xml&id=17249362" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">17249362</a>
<input name="id_17249362" value="Y" type="checkbox"><br>
TITLE: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17249362" target="_blank" onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)">The peridomiciliar
<b>sand fly</b> fauna (Diptera: Psychodidae) in areas of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Além ParaÃba, Minas Gerais, Brazil.</a><br>
AUTHORS: Reginaldo P Brazil, Wagner Lança Passos, Andressa A Fuzari, Alda L Falcão, José Dilermando Andrade Filho<br>
AFFILIATION: Laboratório de BioquÃmica e Fisiologia de Insetos Departamento de BioquÃmica e Biologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Avenida Brasil, 4.365. Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21045-900, Brazil.<br>
REFERENCE: J Vector Ecol 2006 Dec 31(2):418-20<br>
<br><br>
REQUEST: [ sandfly NOT culicoides ]<br>
(2 articles match this request. 2 articles matching other requests removed)<br><br>
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