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<font size=2>A last resort after chemotherapy has failed is
immunotherapy. There are numerous published records of successes using
whole promastigote antigens with or without an adjuvant. An advance
in this area has recently been made using defined antigens and
GM-CSF adjuvant.<br><br>
Badaro et al., 2001, Successful use of a defined antigen/GM-CSF adjuvant
vaccine to treat mucosal leishmaniasis refractory to antimony: A case
report. <i>Braz.J.Inf.Dis., <b>5</b>, </i>223-232</font></html>