[Leish-l] Leishmaniasis - Argentina: epidemic potential
neena goyal
neenacdri at yahoo.com
Wed Mar 25 01:24:38 BRT 2009
To all,
I think the right word is 'sandfly' not sand fly
Neena
--- On Wed, 25/3/09, Carlos Costa <chncosta at gmail.com> wrote:
> From: Carlos Costa <chncosta at gmail.com>
> Subject: Re: [Leish-l] Leishmaniasis - Argentina: epidemic potential
> To: "Chang, Kwang-Poo" <KwangPoo.Chang at rosalindfranklin.edu>
> Cc: "fred opperdoes" <fred.opperdoes at uclouvain.be>, Leish-l at lineu.icb.usp..br
> Date: Wednesday, 25 March, 2009, 1:16 AM
> To: all
>
> By the way, what is the right English writing: sand
> fly or sandfly? Is it a matter of England vs. US?
>
> Carlos H.
>
>
> 2009/3/21 Chang, Kwang-Poo <KwangPoo.Chang at rosalindfranklin.edu>
>
>
>
>
> To:
> Prof. Laila Nimri and all
>
> The
> issue appears to be a language translation problem. I was
> told that all blood sucking flies are referred to as
> “mosquito” in Spanish.
>
>
> KP
>
>
>
>
>
> From: leish-l-bounces at lineu.icb.usp.br
> [mailto:leish-l-bounces at lineu.icb.usp.br]
> On Behalf Of
> Laila Nimri
>
> Sent:
> Thursday, February 26, 2009 1:53 AM
> To: fred
> opperdoes; Leish-l at lineu.icb.usp.br
>
> Subject: Re:
> [Leish-l] Leishmaniasis - Argentina: epidemic
> potential
>
>
>
>
>
> Just to
> correct a very important information about the vector of
> Visceral leishmaniasis, it is definitely not a mosquito, it
> is a sand fly of the genus Lutzomyia as mentioned
> correctly below or a Phlebotomus. The environmental or
> climatic changes that affect mosquitoes might have affected
> the sand flies and lead to the emergence of the
> disease.
>
>
>
>
> Prof. Laila
> Nimri
>
>
>
>
> From: leish-l-bounces at lineu.icb.usp.br
> [leish-l-bounces at lineu.icb.usp.br]
> On Behalf Of fred opperdoes [fred.opperdoes at uclouvain.be]
>
> Sent:
> Thursday, February 26, 2009 8:21 AM
> To: Leish-l at lineu.icb.usp.br
>
> Subject:
> [Leish-l] Leishmaniasis - Argentina: epidemic
> potential
>
>
> Date:
> Wed, 25 Feb 2009 21:23:15 -0500
> (EST)
>
> From: ProMED-mail <promed at promed.isid.harvard.edu>
> Subject: PRO/AH/EDR> Leishmaniasis - Argentina:
> epidemic potential
>
>
> LEISHMANIASIS - ARGENTINA: EPIDEMIC POTENTIAL
> ***********************************************
> A ProMED-mail post
> <http://www.promedmail.org>
>
> ProMED-mail is a program of the
> International Society for Infectious Diseases
> <http://www.isid.org>
>
> Date: Tue 24 Feb 2009
>
> Source: Datachaco.com [trans. Mod JGM,
> edited]
> <http://datachaco.com/noticia.php?numero=17399>
>
>
> The occurrence of cases of yellow fever made people
> pay attention to
>
> mosquito-borne diseases, and dengue fever, which is
> currently
> attacking with unusual strength in Paraguay, set
> another alarm in
> Chaco, Corrientes, and Misiones provinces, which
> share borders with
>
> Paraguay and Bolivia.
>
> However, a new emerging disease has become the main
> epidemic threat
> in Argentina: Visceral leishmaniasis. This little
> known disease is
>
> being analyzed now as a cause for a sanitary red
> alert in Argentina.
>
> Visceral leishmaniasis is also
> caused by a
> mosquito-borne
> parasite.
>
> There is no vaccine for this disease, and therapy is
> instituted only
> once a case is clearly defined. Its mortality rate is
> around 8 per
> cent, and it has a particular feature: Dogs may act
> as reservoirs for
>
> the parasite.
>
> A summary of the life cycle of the parasite indicates
> that
> _Lutzomyia_
> insects
> infect
> dogs. These animals develop the
> disease
>
> and transmit the parasite to another insect vector,
> which now is
> capable of transmitting visceral leishmaniasis to
> humans. There is no
> human-to-human transmission.
>
> Since the very 1st case was reported in 2006, 36
> persons have been
>
> affected, and there are 4 deceased patients. The
> possibility of a
> rapid increase in the number of cases is a reason for
> concern.
>
> Last week 2 cases of visceral leishmaniasis were
> reported in Posadas.
>
> One is an 18-year-old woman, and the other is a
> 21-year-old man, who
> separately developed the symptoms of the disease.
> Some personnel from
> the army are currently collaborating with municipal
> authorities in
>
> Posadas for cleaning wastelands, which
> are considered breeding places
> for insect vectors.
>
> This health problem has become quite dangerous and
> important in the
>
> main cities in Misiones province, and specialists
> warn that the
> disease may reach other provinces in the short
> term.
>
> "We are observing that the vector is spreading
> fast, and 2 corridors
>
> have been established, one directing towards
> Resistencia and the
> other one towards Corrientes. Also, the northern area
> of Entre Rios,
> as well as Santa Fe, and Cordoba are vulnerable
> places. The mosquito
>
> vector for visceral
> leishmaniasis has become an
> urban-living insect,
>
> so there is a substantial risk for its presence in
> big urban
> centers," explained Dr. Daniel Salomon, from the
> National Center for
> Epidemics in Argentina's Ministry of
> Health.
>
>
> "It is quite difficult to implement preventive
> measures, because
> people are so in love with their pets,"
> commented Dr. Salomon. There
> are very few options for controlling the spread of
> the disease apart
>
> from sacrificing sick animals.
>
> In 2004, the 1st dog infected with the causative
> agent of visceral
> leishmaniasis was detected. When 40 cases were
> reported in Misiones
> province, the Ministry of Health issued a red alert.
> Nonetheless, the
>
> current situation is much worse. In Posadas, it was
> determined that
> 7000 dogs actually have the parasite. Additionally,
> there are 300
> infected dogs in Corrientes, and it is worth
> mentioning that in its
>
> capital city, there are thousands of homeless dogs
> considered to be
> infected with the parasite.
>
> The analysis of the experience from Brazil and
> Paraguay indicates
> that there is a probability of having one person
> infected for every
>
> 60 infected dogs. There is a high risk for an
> epidemic.
>
> Sanitary authorities recommend that pets must not be
> carried to the
> areas considered to be at risk. It is also advisable
> not to transport
>
> dogs from the affected regions to other areas in the
> country. The
> idea is to cut the transmission cycle of the
> parasite. Those persons
> who may visit the northern part of Argentina must be
> immunized
>
> against yellow fever as an ordinary preventive
> measure, and they must
> leave their pets at home as an additional preventive
> measure.
>
> "Visceral leishmaniasis was present in the
> northern part of South
>
> America until migrating workers started moving it towards
> the south.
> In early 2000, there were some important outbreaks in
> Campo Grande do
> Sul and in Asuncion, where the average number of
> persons infected is
>
> around 70 per year. In Brazil there are around 4000
> cases and 200
> deaths per year," pointed out Dr. Salomon, who
> had been doing some
> field work during the past few weeks in the Litoral
> provinces.
>
>
> He also added: "There is a trend for an increase
> in visceral
> leishmaniasis, so the disease may spread, and it is
> expected to have
> more cases."
>
> Climate changes and deforesting seem to be the main
> explanations for
>
> the migration of
> mosquito-borne
> diseases. However, trying
> to justify
>
> the occurrence of emergent diseases only because of
> reasons inherent
> to nature itself may exonerate provincial and
> municipal authorities
> for not complying with their obligations with respect
> to the
>
> implementation of disease control programs and
> cleaning empty lots.
>
> Consequently, now there are many public accusations
> between Misiones,
> Corrientes, and Chaco health officers.
> These persons, now that there
>
> are cases of visceral leishmaniasis, immediately try
> to explain that
> transmission may have taken place outside their
> respective
> jurisdictions. The clear point is that the
> mosquito
> vector
> appears
>
> because of lack of public hygiene.
>
> - --
> Communicated by:
> ProMED-mail <promed at promedmail.org>
>
>
> [Leishmaniasis has been slowly spreading in northern
> Argentina over
> the past decades (Salomon O et al. First visceral
> leishmaniasis focus
> in Argentina. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz.
> 2008;103:109-11
>
> <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18368242?ordinalpos=9&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum>).
>
>
> The ecology of the vector has been changing, and
> increasing
> urbanization has been suggested as one of the
> explanations (Salomon
> OD et
> al. Phlebotominae (Diptera:
> Psycodidae) fauna in the Chaco
>
> region and Cutaneous Leishmaniasis transmission
> patterns in
> Argentina. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz.
> 2008;103:578-84
> <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18949328?ordinalpos=3&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum>).
>
> -
> Mod.EP]
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>
>
>
> --
> Dr. Carlos Henrique Nery Costa.
>
> Coordenador Executivo - Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia
> Diretor Geral - Instituto de Doenças Tropicais Natan
> Portella
> Universidade Federal do Piauí
> Rua Artur de Vasconcelos 151-Sul
> 64.001-450 Teresina-PI
> Brasil
>
> Telefones: IDTNP:+55 86 3221-3413;
> Celular: +55 86 9985-6132; Fax: +55 86 3222-3248
>
>
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