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REQUEST: [ leishmaniasis ]
(23 articles match this request)
PMID: 15324405
TITLE: Leishmaniasis of the lip in a patient with Down's syndrome.
AUTHORS: C Ferreli, L Atzori, M Zucca, P Pistis, N Aste
AFFILIATION: Dermatology Department, Cagliari University via Ospedale 54-09124,
Cagliari, Italy.
REFERENCE: J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2004 Sep 18(5):599-602
ABSTRACT Cutaneous leishmaniasis is an endemic protozoan infection in
Sardinia, one of the major islands of the Mediterranean Basin. The main
causative strain in this country is Leishmania infantum, which rarely
involves mucocutaneous areas, but has the potential to cause visceral
leishmaniasis. An atypical leishmaniasis involving the inferior lip of a
57-year-old female with Down's syndrome was observed at the Dermatology
Department of Cagliari (italy). The diagnosis was mainly based upon
histopathological examination, revealing intra- and extra-cellular
leishmania amastigotes. The leishmania infantum zymodeme MON-111 was
identified by isoenzymatic characterization. Laboratory investigations
revealed a normal complete blood count and biochemistry profile, except
for an inverted CD4/CD8 ratio. Treatment with meglumine antimoniate 60
mg/kg/day (Glucantime(R)) intramuscularly for 15 days, followed by
intralesional administration 1 ml weekly for 4 weeks led to complete
recovery. No relapses were observed at 6-month follow-up. The unusual
localization is likely to be a reflection of the uncommon site of
inoculation of the protozoa, transmitted by bites from flying vectors.
Nevertheless, the presence of Down's syndrome in our patient may have
contributed to the atypical presentation by traumatic exacerbation of
the lesion, due to repeated auto-induced microtraumas of the inferior
lip accompanied by subclinical immunodeficiency. In fact, the specific
immune response to Leishmania infection depends on a host-cell-mediated
immune response, reported as defective in Down's syndrome patients.
Differential diagnosis and early detection of the infection are
necessary in order to start effective treatment and prevent more serious
complications.
PMID: 15328080
TITLE: Treatment of experimental visceral leishmaniasis with amphotericin B in
stable albumin microspheres.
AUTHORS: J A Sánchez-Brunete, M A Dea, S Rama, F Bolás, J M Alunda, R Raposo,
M T Méndez, S Torrado-Santiago, J J Torrado
AFFILIATION: Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza Ramón y Cajal
s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain. torrado1 at farm.ucm.es
REFERENCE: Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004 Sep 48(9):3246-52
Hydrophilic albumin microspheres are proposed as a new delivery system
for amphotericin B (AMB; AMB microspheres). The acute toxicity of AMB
microspheres was lower than that of the AMB-deoxycholate (AMB-Doc)
reference formulation in hamsters. Lethal doses in healthy and infected
animals were improved at least eight times. Intravenous bolus
administration of doses of AMB microspheres up to 40 mg/kg of body
weight did not produce acute symptoms of toxicity. The efficacy of this
new formulation was tested against Leishmania infantum-infected hamsters
at doses of 2, 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg. With the 2-mg/kg dose, the
activity of AMB, as assessed through the parasite load reductions in the
liver and spleen and the evolution of antibody levels, was also
improved (P < 0.05) by use of the AMB microsphere system. At the
higher doses of 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg, reductions in parasite levels of
more than 99% were achieved in the liver and spleen after the
administration of AMB microspheres. A pharmacokinetic study was
performed to study the serum, liver, and spleen AMB concentrations after
administration of AMB microspheres and the reference formulation.
Interestingly, a significant accumulation of AMB in the spleen and liver
was observed after AMB microsphere administration. Our results suggest
that this new formulation is a promising alternative to the conventional
AMB-Doc formulation for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis.
PMID: 15334256
TITLE: Improving methods for epidemiological control of canine visceral
leishmaniasis based on a mathematical model. Impact on the incidence of the
canine and human disease.
AUTHORS: Clarisa B Palatnik-De-Sousa, Leopoldina M Batista-De-Melo, Gulnara P
Borja-Cabrera, Marcos Palatnik, Carlile C Lavor
AFFILIATION: Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes, Universidade
Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-590.
REFERENCE: An Acad Bras Cienc 2004 Sep 76(3):583-93
The mathematical model described by Dye (1996) condemned the
epidemiological canine visceral leishma-niasis control campaign,
considering it non-efficient. Using this model, we mathematically
demonstrate that the control is not efficient, only at low values (rate
at which latent and infectious dogs are lost by the destruction program
) which match the canine seropositivity observed in the field by the
immunofluorescency (IF) blood eluates analysis. With higher k values,
corresponding to IF (k = 0.07) or ELISA ( k = 0.25) results in sera
samples, the number of infectious dogs declines to a Ro =1 or Ro =0,
respectively, interrupting the transmission and the advancement of
epidemics. We also experimentally demonstrate that the dog removal,
following the results of IF of sera, instead of eluates lead to a 57% (p
< 0.005) decrease in canine cases and 87.5% (p < 0.005) in
human cases. Our mathematical and experimental results indicate that the
control campaign become more efficient by enhancing the sensitivity of
the diagnostic assay.
PMID: 15334250
TITLE: The T-cell anergy induced by Leishmania amazonensis antigens is related
with defective antigen presentation and apoptosis.
AUTHORS: Roberta O Pinheiro, Eduardo F Pinto, Alessandra B Benedito, Ulisses G
Lopes, Bartira Rossi-Bergmann
AFFILIATION: Instituto de BiofÃsica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal
do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21949-900, Brasil.
REFERENCE: An Acad Bras Cienc 2004 Sep 76(3):519-27
Leishmania amazonensis is the main agent of diffuse cutaneous
leishmaniasis, a disease associated with anergic immune responses. In
this study we show that the crude antigen of Leishmania amazonensis (
LaAg) but not L. braziliensis promastigotes (LbAg) contains substances
that suppress mitogenic and spontaneous proliferative responses of T
cells. The suppressive substances in LaAg are thermoresistant (100
masculine C/1h) and partially dependent on protease activity. T cell
anergy was not due to a decreased production of growth factors as it was
not reverted by addition of exogenous IL-2, IL-4, IFN-gamma or IL-12.
LaAg did not inhibit anti-CD3-induced T cell activation, suggesting that
anergy was due to a defect in antigen presentation. It was also not due
to cell necrosis, but was accompanied by expressive DNA fragmentation
in lymph node cells, indicative of apoptosis. Although pre-incubation of
macrophages with LaAg prevented their capacity to present antigens,
this effect was not due to apoptosis of the former. These results
suggest that the T cell anergy found in diffuse leishmaniasis may be the
result of parasite antigen-driven apoptosis of those cells following
defective antigen presentation.
PMID: 15322004
TITLE: Senescent BALB/c mice are able to develop resistance to Leishmania major
infection.
AUTHORS: Jan Ehrchen, Anca Sindrilaru, Stephan Grabbe, Frank Schönlau,
Christian Schlesiger, Clemens Sorg, Karin Scharffetter-Kochanek, Cord
Sunderkötter
AFFILIATION: Institute of Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology,
University of Münster, Germany.
REFERENCE: Infect Immun 2004 Sep 72(9):5106-14
Aging has been associated with a decline in immunocompetence and
resistance to infections, partially due to dysregulated NO production by
macrophages and deficits in mounting Th2 cell responses. We wondered if
these alterations would reverse the immune response in experimental
leishmaniasis. Bone-marrow-derived macrophages from 2- and 18-month-old
(senescent) C57BL/6 or BALB/c mice showed no marked difference in
leishmanicidal functions. In vivo infections of resistant C57BL/6 mice
with Leishmania major revealed no difference between senescent and young
mice. However, among susceptible BALB/c mice, senescent animals showed
less foot-pad swelling than young mice, and 40 to 60% of them even
showed healing of ulcers, reduced parasite dissemination, and a Th1 cell
response. These changes were associated with a spontaneous release of
interleukin-12 (IL-12) by macrophages from aged but not from young mice
. Since exogenous microbial stimulation can influence immune responses
during aging, we also infected senescent mice who were raised under
specific-pathogen-free (SPF) conditions. They showed neither resistance
nor a Th1 response, but their macrophages still spontaneously released
IL-12. A microbiological analysis showed that conventionally kept mice,
but not SPF mice, had experienced infection with murine hepatitis virus
(MHV), an infection associated with a Th1-like response. We conclude
that for the reversal of the immune response, senescence is the premier
requirement but needs to be completed by another mandatory event such as
microbial stimulation. One of the age-related, but not environment-
related, factors is the spontaneous release of IL-12 by macrophages,
while confrontation with MHV presents an environment-related difference
, with both having the potential to support a Th1 response.
PMID: 15324473
TITLE: Impact of a co-factor on the dynamics of Leishmania donovani infection:
does HIV infection encourage the recurrence of visceral leishmaniasis following
post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis?
AUTHORS: A Nandy, M Addy, A K Maji, S K Guha
AFFILIATION: Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, Chittaranjan Avenue, Calcutta
- 700073, India.
REFERENCE: Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2004 Sep 98(6):651-4
PMID: 15325799
TITLE: Dynamics of CD62L/CD45RB CD4(+) and CD8(+) lymphocyte subsets in hepatic
and splenic tissues during murine visceral leishmaniasis.
AUTHORS: Sandra Gomes-Pereira, OlÃvia Roos Rodrigues, Gabriela Maria
Santos-Gomes
AFFILIATION: Unidade de Leishmanioses, Centro de Malária e Outras Doenças
Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova
de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira 96, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal.
REFERENCE: Immunol Lett 2004 Aug 95(1):63-70
This study aimed to characterise, for the first time, the dynamics of
CD4(+) and CD8(+) lymphocyte CD62L/CD45RB subsets, during visceral
leishmaniasis. Memory/activated status of hepatic and splenic T cells
was compared in mice strains with "cure" and "non-cure" phenotypes to
Leishmania infantum infection. In both mice strains, a correlation
between the dynamics of the memory CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells (CD62L(low
)/CD45RB(low)) subsets in the liver and the pre-activated phenotype of
lymphocytes (CD62L(low)/CD45RB(high)) from the spleen was detected
suggesting that this organ is the source of Leishmania-specific T
lymphocytes that migrate to the liver, where parasite replication is
highly active. In the liver, these pre-activated cells become effector T
lymphocytes, however, a strong regulation of CD8(+) T cell effector
function was observed, probably preventing hepatic tissue damage.
Comparing mice strains with "cure" and "non-cure" phenotype, an
imbalance between "protective" CD45RB(high) and "pathogenic" CD45RB(low
) CD4(+) subsets in B10.D2/n animals might be involved in the evolution
of a non-healing infection.
PMID: 15294090
TITLE: IL-5-Induced Eosinophils Suppress the Growth of Leishmania amazonensis In
Vivo and Kill Promastigotes In Vitro in Response to Either IL-4 or IFN-gamma.
AUTHORS: Yoshiya Watanabe, Emi Hamaguchi-Tsuru, Norihito Morimoto, Youhei
Nishio, Ken-Ichi Yagyu, Yuko Konishi, Mari Tominaga, Jun-Ichi Miyazaki, Masato
Furuya, Akira Tominaga
AFFILIATION: Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kochi Medical School,
Kochi University, Nankoku City, 783-8505, Japan.
REFERENCE: DNA Cell Biol 2004 Jul 23(7):412-8
In IL-5 transgenic mice (C3H/HeN-TgN(IL-5)-Imeg), in which 50% of
peripheral blood leukocytes are eosinophils, the development of
infection by Leishmania amazonensis was clearly suppressed. To determine
mechanistically how this protozoan parasite is killed, we performed in
vitro killing experiments. Either IL-4 or IFN-gamma effectively
stimulated eosinophils to kill Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes, and
most of the killing was inhibited by catalase but not by the NO
inhibitor L-N5-(1-iminoethyl)-ornithine, suggesting that hydrogen
peroxide is responsible for the killing of L. amazonensis by eosinophils
. There was no significant degranulation of eosinophils in the culture,
because eosinophil peroxidase was not detected in culture supernatants
when L. amazonensis promastigotes were killed by activated eosinophils.
Such resistance was also observed in BALB/c mice, which are highly
susceptible to L. amazonensis. Expression plasmids for IL-4, IL-5, and
IFN-gamma were transferred into muscle by electroporation in vivo
starting 1 week before infection. Expression plasmid for IL-5 was most
effective in slowing the development of infection among three expression
plasmids. Expression plasmid for IL-4 was slightly effective and that
for IFN-gamma had no effect on the progress of disease. These results
suggest that IL-5 gene transfer into muscle by electroporation is useful
as a supplementary protection method against L. amazonensis infection.
PMID: 15184505
TITLE: Low dose Leishmania major promotes a transient T helper cell type 2
response that is down-regulated by interferon gamma-producing CD8+ T cells.
AUTHORS: Jude E Uzonna, Karen L Joyce, Phillip Scott
AFFILIATION: Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine,
University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia 19104, USA.
REFERENCE: J Exp Med 2004 Jun 199(11):1559-66
An unresolved issue in the field of T helper (Th) cell development
relates to the findings that low doses of antigen promote Th2 cell
development in vitro, whereas several classic in vivo studies suggest
the opposite. Here we resolve this paradox by studying the early immune
response in mice after infection with different doses of Leishmania
major. We found that low parasite doses induced a Th2 response in C57BL/
6 (B6) mice, whereas high doses induced a Th1 response. However, the Th2
response in low dose-infected mice was transient and the animals healed
. The appearance of a Th1 response after low dose infection was
dependent upon the concomitant activation of interferon gamma-producing
CD8+ T cells. In the absence of CD8+ T cells, the Th2 response was
maintained. However, either neutralization of interleukin (IL)-4 or
administration of IL-12 promoted a Th1 response after low dose infection
of CD8-deficient mice, indicating that the required role for CD8+ T
cells was limited to modulation of CD4+ T cell responses. Thus, the
discrepant results seen between in vivo and in vitro studies on the
effects of antigen dose on Th cell differentiation may depend upon
whether CD8+ T cells participate in the immune response.
PMID: 15189464
TITLE: Evaluation of a urinary antigen-based latex agglutination test in the
diagnosis of kala-azar in eastern Nepal.
AUTHORS: S Rijal, M Boelaert, S Regmi, B M S Karki, D Jacquet, R Singh, M L
Chance, F Chappuis, M Hommel, P Desjeux, P Van der Stuyft, D Le Ray, S Koirala
AFFILIATION: B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal.
sumanrijal2 at yahoo.com
REFERENCE: Trop Med Int Health 2004 Jun 9(6):724-9
BACKGROUND: We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy as well as the
reproducibility of the urine latex agglutination test 'KAtex' in the
diagnosis of kala-azar in patients recruited at a tertiary care centre
in Dharan, Nepal, between November 2000 and January 2002. METHODS: All
patients presenting with fever of 2 weeks or more and splenomegaly were
consecutively enrolled. Bone marrow and--if negative--spleen aspirates
were examined for Leishmania donovani. Serum and urine samples were
taken in duplicate for the Direct Agglutination Test (DAT) and KAtex.
The reference laboratory determined sensitivity and specificity of KAtex
. Reproducibility between both laboratories was assessed. RESULTS: KAtex
was performed on urine from 155 parasitologically confirmed kala-azar
and 77 non-kala-azar cases (parasitology and DAT-negative). KAtex showed
a sensitivity of 47.7% (74/155, 95% CI: 39.7-55.9) and a specificity of
98.7% (76/77, 95% CI: 93.0-100.0). Reproducibility of KAtex showed a
kappa of 0.684 (P < 0.001, n = 232). CONCLUSION: KAtex evaluation
showed high specificity, low sensitivity and moderate reproducibility. A
urine test for kala-azar could become a real breakthrough in kala-azar
management if its reproducibility and sensitivity could be further
improved.
PMID: 15266752
TITLE: Nectar and honeydew feeding of Phlebotomus papatasi in a focus of
Leishmania major in Neot Hakikar oasis.
AUTHORS: Günter Müller, Yosef Schlein
AFFILIATION: Department of Parasitology, The Kuvin Center for Study of
Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Hebrew University- Hadassah Medical
School, Box 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
REFERENCE: J Vector Ecol 2004 Jun 29(1):154-8
Feeding of Phlebotomus papatasi Scopoli on nectar and honeydew was
investigated in Neot Hakikar, an oasis in the southern Jordan Valley.
Sand flies were caught with miniature light traps in cleared areas with
large Tamarix nilotica Bunge bushes, in colonies of the sandrat
Psammomys obesus Cretzschmar. Fly series were trapped and compared
according to the condition of T. nilotica bushes: with flowers, soiled
with honeydew excreted by cicadas, or without flowers. Near flowering
bushes the catch was five times greater (7.9: 1.6 flies/trap) and the
proportion of sugar-positive flies was also much greater (49.9:17.3%)
than near bushes without flowers. The catch was three times greater (6.6
:2.2 flies/trap) near cicada- infested than near uninfested bushes.
Color markers within the gut, obtained from infested or uninfested
bushes that had been sprayed with food dye, indicated feeding of 33.2%
and 4.5% of these series, respectively. Sand flies were strongly
attracted to flowers of T. nilotica. In similar trap series, those
baited with flowering branches caught 231 flies, whereas with baits of
honeydew- soiled branches, control regular branches or wet filter paper
, the catch ranged between 11 to 15 flies. This study is the first
evidence of nectar feeding by sand flies in the field and it indicates
that nectar may be an important and an attractive source of sugar.
PMID: 15243162
TITLE: Immune response to Leishmania infection.
AUTHORS: Amit Awasthi, Ram Kumar Mathur, Bhaskar Saha
AFFILIATION: National Center for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India.
amitawasthi at nccs.res.in
REFERENCE: Indian J Med Res 2004 Jun 119(6):238-58
Antileishmanial immune response is shown to be host genotype dependent
so that some inbred strains of mouse are susceptible while others are
resistant. The resistance is conferred by T-helper type-1 (Th1) cells
while the susceptibility is conferred by Th2 cells. Th1 cells secrete IL
-2 and IFN-gamma but Th2 cells secrete IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10. It has been
shown that IFN-gamma activates macrophages to express iNOS2, the enzyme
catalyzing the formation of nitric oxide. Nitric oxide kills the
intracellular amastigotes. In contrast, Th2 immune response limits the
action of Th1 functions via IL-10 and IL-4, which deactivate macrophages
helping intracellular parasite growth and disease progression. Being a
parasite, Leishmania ensures its own survival by modulating host immune
system either by inducing immunosuppression or by promoting pro-
parasitic host functions. A detailed knowledge of this host-parasite
interaction would help in designing prophylactic and therapeutic
strategies against this infection.
PMID: 15135863
TITLE: Rapid detection of Leishmania infantum infection in dogs: comparative
study using an immunochromatographic dipstick rk39 test and direct
agglutination.
AUTHORS: M Mohebali, M Taran, Z Zarei
AFFILIATION: School of Public Health, Institute of Public Health Research,
Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 6446, Tehran 14155, Iran.
mmohebali at hotmail.com
REFERENCE: Vet Parasitol 2004 May 121(3-4):239-45
A rapid, sensitive and specific tool for detection of Leishmania
infantum infection in dogs, would be highly desirable, because it would
allow control interventions in endemic areas of Zoonotic visceral
leishmaniosis (ZVL). In this study, we compared an immunochromatographic
dipstick test with direct agglutination test (DAT) for detecting L.
infantum infections in dogs from areas of ZVL endemic in Iran. The
validity of the dipstick rk39 (Cypress Diagnostic Company, Belgium) for
canine visceral leishmaniosis (CVL) was compared with a standard direct
agglutination test on 116 clinically suspected dogs and 152 healthy
controls from endemic areas of Ardabil and East Azerbaijan provinces,
north-western of Iran for 1 year. A sensitivity of 70.9% and specificity
of 84.9% were found at a 1:320 cut off titer when DAT confirmed cases
were compared with healthy control. As the dipstick rk39 test is rapid,
noninvasive and does not require much expertise or elaborate equipment,
it can be used for screening and diagnosis of canine visceral
leishmaniosis in remote endemic areas.
PMID: 15330071
TITLE: [Lutzomyia whitmani periurbanization in a focus of cutaneous
leishmaniasis in the State of Maranhão, Brazil]
AUTHORS: Francisco Santos Leonardo, José Manuel Macário Rebêlo
AFFILIATION: Distrito Sanitário de Codó da Fundação Nacional de Saúde, São
LuÃs, MA, Brasil.
REFERENCE: Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2004 May-Jun 37(3):282-4
An entomological survey was performed in the periurban area of the
municipality of Dom Pedro in the state of Maranhão in 2000, in order to
estimate the abundance of Lutzomyia longipalpis, due to the occurrence
of one suspect death caused by kala azar. However, it was surprisingly
verified that 82.4% (2,440 specimens) from the total of 2,961 sand flies
captured in the peridomicile were Lutzomyia whitmani. This association
has indicated a new pattern for cutaneous leishmaniasis transmission (
urban), as has been observed with regard to kala azar in the northeast
of Brazil.
PMID: 15329037
TITLE: Amphotericin B lipid complex: in visceral leishmaniasis.
AUTHORS: David R Goldsmith, Caroline M Perry
AFFILIATION: Adis International Limited, Auckland, New Zealand.
REFERENCE: Drugs 2004 64(17):1905-11
black triangle Amphotericin B lipid complex is a lipid formulation of
amphotericin B, an antifungal drug with activity against Leishmania spp
. Amphotericin B lipid complex appears to enhance uptake of amphotericin
B by infected macrophages in patients with visceral leishmaniasis (VL
). black triangle In randomised, open-label, dose-ranging studies, short
-course treatment with once-daily amphotericin B lipid complex (5-15 mg/
kg total cumulative dose over 5 days), administered by intravenous
infusion, produced high rates of apparent (day 19) [93-100%] and
definitive (6 months) [79-100%] cures in Indian patients with antimonial
-resistant VL. black triangle Amphotericin B lipid complex appeared to
be as effective as liposomal amphotericin B or the conventional
deoxycholate formulation in a randomised, open-label study conducted in
India in a mixed population of patients with previously untreated or
antimonial-resistant VL. black triangle In patients with HIV infection
and VL, amphotericin B lipid complex 3 mg/kg/day for 5 or 10 days
appeared to be as effective as meglumine antimonate 20 mg/kg/day for 28
days in a small randomised pilot study in southern Europe. black
triangle Amphotericin B lipid complex was generally well tolerated in
patients with VL. Infusion-related reactions were the most common
adverse events associated with amphotericin B lipid complex.
PMID: 15323268
TITLE: Fine-needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis of cutaneous
leishmaniasis.
AUTHORS: Masoom Kassi, Iqbal Tareen, Anwar Qazi, Pashtoon Murtaza Kasi
AFFILIATION: Bolan Medical College Complex Hospital, Quetta, Pakistan.
masoomkassi at yahoo.com
REFERENCE: Ann Saudi Med 2004 Mar-Apr 24(2):93-7
BACKGROUND: In areas of endemicity without sufficient laboratory
infrastructure, cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is often diagnosed on the
basis of clinical characteristics, but parasitologic confirmation is
essential to exclude erroneous diagnoses. We compared fine-needle
aspiration cytology (FNAC) with the conventional method of excisional
biopsy to assess the efficacy, utility and accuracy of FNAC for the
diagnosis of CL. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a consecutive series of 100
patients referred for a suspected CL lesion during June 2001 to May 2002
, FNAC and 'excisional biopsy followed by histopathology' were done
using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain for both procedures. RESULTS
: The study group included 40 males and 60 females, ranging in age from
1 to 70 with a mean age of 28.4 years. In more than 60% of cases, the
lesions were on the face. By histopathological examination, 86 of 100
patients were positive for CL; while FNAC showed 77 cases as positive
for CL. Taking histopathology as a standard diagnostic procedure, FNAC
showed a remarkably high sensitivity (89%) and specificity (100%). The
positive and negative predictive values were 100% and 60%, respectively
. CONCLUSION: FNAC is easier, less painful and more cost effective than
the conventional 'scraping method/biopsy followed by histopathology'.
The high sensitivity and specificity eliminate the need for other time
consuming and invasive procedures. Limitations include poor sampling and
poor yield.
PMID: 15323269
TITLE: A new epidemic focus of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in central
Iran.
AUTHORS: Mohammad Reza Yaghoobi-Ershadi, Reza Jafari, Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd
AFFILIATION: School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research,
Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Rezatr12 at yahoo.com
REFERENCE: Ann Saudi Med 2004 Mar-Apr 24(2):98-101
BACKGROUND: Reports from the health center of Yazd province of
increasing cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) cases led us to carry out an
epidemiological study using standard techniques in Ardakan County,
central Iran, during 2001. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data was collected on
the prevalence of scars and ulcers over a period of 14 months among 621
households in three villages around Ardakan County. Smears were prepared
by scraping the edges of the ulcers. We collected the same data on all
school children aged 7 to 11 years old in the area. To determine the
reservoir host of the disease, rodents and dogs were caught and examined
. Sandflies were collected biweekly from indoor and outdoor locations in
the study area, and then identified. Parasites isolated from human and
rodents were characterized by RAPD-PCR technique. RESULTS: The
prevalence of scars and ulcers were 30.4% and 24.6%, respectively, in
3024 individuals in the three villages. Individuals 10 to 14 years of
age were the most highly infected age group, with a rate of 28.4%. Males
and females were equally infected. Examination of 892 students in
primary schools showed a rate of 22.9% for scars and 23.7% for ulcers.
Meriones libycus (42.2%) and Rhombomys opimus (57.8%) were present
around the villages. Both were infected with Leishmania. Three of 19 M.
libycus (15.7%) and 3 out of 26 R. opimus (11.5%) had positive results.
The active season of sandflies was late April to late November.
Phlebotomus papatasi and Sergentomyia sintoni were the dominant species
indoors and outdoors. Natural leptomonad infection was found in P.
caucasicus and S. sintoni from gerbil and Jird burrows. CONCLUSION:
Based on this survey, there is an epidemic of zoonotic CL in the area,
with Leishmania major as the agent, M. libycus and R. opimus as the
reservoir hosts, and most probably Phlebotomus papatasi as the vector
because about 77% of indoor sandflies were of this species.
PMID: 15334262
TITLE: [Clinical and epidemiological aspects of visceral leishmaniasis in
children up to 15 years of age in Alagoas, Brasil]
AUTHORS: Célia Maria Silva Pedrosa, Eliana Maria Mauricio da Rocha
AFFILIATION: Departamento de ClÃnica Médica, Centro de Ciências da Saúde,
Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, AL.
REFERENCE: Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2004 Jul-Aug 37(4):300-4
In order to investigate epidemiological and clinical characteristics of
visceral leishmaniasis in children up to 15 years old, a prospective
study was carried out in Alagoas, Brasil from 1981 to 1995. Of the 530
diagnosed cases, predominantly from the rural area of Alagoas State, 58
% were male and 42% female, being 55.3% children under 5 years old. The
most frequently observed clinical manifestations were:
hepatosplenomegaly, fever and parlor. The average size of the liver and
the spleen of patients with shorter time of disease (<30 days) were
smaller than those presenting sickness for a extended time (> 360 days
). No matter the length of disease there was reduction of the liver and
the spleen after treatment. However, the reduction of the spleen was
higher in those patients with less time of sickness. With relation to
liver that diference was not observed.
PMID: 15334263
TITLE: [Visceral leishmaniasis among Indians of the State of Roraima, Brazil:
clinical and epidemiologic aspects of the cases observed from 1989 to 1993]
AUTHORS: Jorge Augusto O Guerra, Marcus LuÃz B Barros, Nelson Ferreira Fé,
Marcus Vinitius F Guerra, Eloy Castellon, Marcilene Gomes Paes, Italo A
Sherlock
REFERENCE: Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2004 Jul-Aug 37(4):305-11
A description of the epidemiological profile of visceral leishmaniasis
among Indians in the State of Roraima, Brazil, was based on the clinical
characteristics of human and dog disease, ecological aspects of the
area where the cases occurred and entomologic investigations performed
from 1989 to 1993. The 82 human cases were reported in six out of eight
Counties that existed then in the state; there was a 69.5% predominance
of male cases among those registered and a greater (52.4%) occurrence of
the disease in children from zero to ten years old. The rate of natural
infection was 10.3% out of 3,773 dogs examined in 74 different
locations. Lutzomyia longipalpis was found in 31 areas with greater
prevalence of the disease. The human and animal cases as well as the
vectors were concentrated in areas where mountains and arable soil
predominate, typical locations for the occurrence of American visceral
leishmaniasis.
PMID: 15332732
TITLE: Seroepidemiological study of visceral leishmaniasis among humans and
animal reservoirs in Bushehr province, Islamic Republic of Iran.
AUTHORS: M Mohebali, Y Hamzavi, G H Edrissian, A Forouzani
AFFILIATION: School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research,
Teheran University of Medical Sciences, Teheran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
REFERENCE: East Mediterr Health J 2001 Nov 7(6):912-7
Using direct agglutination tests, a survey of visceral leishmaniasis was
carried out among children and adults from 13 villages and from nomadic
tribes in Bushehr province during 1998-99. Of the 1496 plasma samples,
the overall seropositive rate (titres > or = 1:3200) was 3.4%. Almost
all cases (94.1%) were in children under 10 years old. Eighteen patients
were diagnosed with kala azar; fever and splenomegaly were the
predominant signs and symptoms. Parasitology and serology examinations
of local animals identified dogs and jackals infected with Leishmania
infantum. Suggestions for control of visceral leishmaniasis in this area
are to eliminate stray dogs, identify cases among humans and suspected
leashed dogs, and treat infected individuals.
PMID: 15332749
TITLE: Post kala azar dermal leishmaniasis in Sudan.
AUTHORS: Y M Kordofani, Y T Nour, A M El-Hassan, M H Shalayel
AFFILIATION: Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, University of Juba,
Juba, Sudan.
REFERENCE: East Mediterr Health J 2001 Nov 7(6):1061-4
Post kala azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is a condition that develops
after treatment of kala azar. We report on 42 patients with suspected
PKDL, 40% of whom were children. Diagnosis was made though investigation
of family history of kala azar, clinical examination and the use of
laboratory investigations, such as skin smear, skin biopsy, bone marrow
aspiration and the leishmanin skin test. Regarding the lesions, 24
patients (57%) had papular lesions, 10 (24%) had hypopigmented
maculopapular lesions and 8 (19%) had nodular lesions. The lesions of
PKDL may be confused with other dermatological diseases and therefore it
is important that clinicians and pathologists collaborate in diagnosing
such cases.
********************************************************************************************************************
The following references are revised files and are brought to you in accordance
to license agreement with the NLM.
********************************************************************************************************************
PMID: 11334675
TITLE: Association analysis of HLA-class II and class III gene polymorphisms in
the susceptibility to mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis.
AUTHORS: A Meddeb-Garnaoui, S Gritli, S Garbouj, M Ben Fadhel, R El Kares, L
Mansour, B Kaabi, L Chouchane, A Ben Salah, K Dellagi
AFFILIATION: Laboratory of Immunology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis,
Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia. amel.garnaoui at pasteur.rns.tn
REFERENCE: Hum Immunol 2001 May 62(5):509-17
HLA-DRB1, -DQB1, TNFalpha, TNFbeta, HSP70-2 and HSP70-hom genetic
polymorphisms were analyzed in 156 unrelated patients who developed
mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis (MVL) due to Leishmania infantum,
and 154 unrelated healthy controls, who have got asymptomatic infection
with this parasite and were selected on the basis of a positive
leishmanin skin test (LST). A significantly reduced frequency of HLA-DR2
was observed among MVL patients (16.1%), compared with controls (26.3
%) (relative risk = 0.54; p = 0.04). HLA-DR2/DR13 as well as HLA-DQB1*
0201/- genotype frequencies were significantly lower in patients vs
controls (relapse rate = 0.17 and 0.46, respectively; p < 0.05).
However, using Bonferroni correction, none of these associations
remained significant. No association was found, between either the -308
base pair TNFalpha gene polymorphism or the NcoI polymorphism in the
first intron of the TNFbeta gene and susceptibility to MVL. Analysis of
PstI and NcoI polymorphisms in the coding region of HSP70-2 and HSP70-
hom genes, respectively, revealed a significantly higher frequency of
homozygotes for the HSP70-2/PstI negative allele, among patients (21.8
%) vs controls (12.6%) (relapse rate = 1.94; p = 0.04). Again, this
result was not significant after using Bonferroni correction. These
results do not support association between susceptibility to MVL and the
MHC class II and class III loci analyzed in this study.
PMID: 11161745
TITLE: Speciation and population structure in the morphospecies Lutzomyia
longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva) as derived from the mitochondrial ND4 gene.
AUTHORS: S I Soto, T Lehmann, E D Rowton, I D Vélez B, C H Porter
AFFILIATION: PECET, Universidad de Antioquia, Apartado 1226, MedellÃn,
Colombia.
REFERENCE: Mol Phylogenet Evol 2001 Jan 18(1):84-93
Recent studies have suggested that the phlebotomine sand fly Lutzomyia
longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae), the principal vector of visceral
leishmaniasis in the Neotropics, may consist of several allopatric
sibling species. Phylogenetic and population genetic analyses of
nucleotide variation in a 618-bp fragment of the mitochondrial ND4 gene
were carried out on specimens of Lu. longipalpis from several locations
in Central and South America. The analyses were concordant with previous
findings, indicating that certain allopatric populations of Lu.
longipalpis have become sufficiently differentiated as to represent
sibling species. Phylogenetic analyses revealed deep genetic divisions
between four clades represented by specimens from northern South America
, Brazil, Central America, and an isolated Colombian population. Strong
differentiation also was observed between certain populations within the
first two clades. Partitioning of genetic diversity within and between
Central American populations did not show the presence of more than one
species in the region. However, distance, even within the 70-km range of
the Honduran collection sites, was found to have a remarkably strong
effect on gene flow. The highly subdivided population structure may be
due to the patchiness of their distribution. F(ST) values comparing a
Guatemalan population with several Honduran populations revealed a level
of differentiation associated with a negligible rate of gene flow.
REQUEST: [ leishmania ]
(21 articles match this request. 11 articles matching other requests removed)
PMID: 15149284
TITLE: Transketolase from Leishmania mexicana has a dual subcellular
localization.
AUTHORS: Nicola J Veitch, Dante A Maugeri, Juan Jose Cazzulo, Ylva Lindqvist,
Michael P Barrett
AFFILIATION: Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biomedical and
Life Sciences, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ,
Scotland, UK.
REFERENCE: Biochem J 2004 Sep 382(Pt 2):759-67
Transketolase has been characterized in Leishmania mexicana. A gene
encoding this enzyme was identified and cloned. The gene was expressed
in Escherichia coli and the protein was purified and characterized. An
apparent K(m) of 2.75 mM for ribose 5-phosphate was determined. X-ray
crystallography was used to determine the three-dimensional structure of
the enzyme to a resolution of 2.2 A (1 A identical with 0.1 nm). The C-
terminus of the protein contains a type-1 peroxisome-targeting signal,
suggestive of a possible glycosomal subcellular localization.
Subcellular localization experiments performed with promastigote forms
of the parasite revealed that the protein was predominantly cytosolic,
although a significant component of the total activity was associated
with the glycosomes. Transketolase is thus the first enzyme of the
nonoxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway whose presence has
been demonstrated in a peroxisome-like organelle.
PMID: 15325312
TITLE: Isolation of Leishmania glycosomes by a rapid method.
AUTHORS: Bikramjit Raychaudhury, Shreedhara Gupta, Shouvik Banerjee, Banasri
Das, Salil C Datta
AFFILIATION: Infectious Diseases Group, Department of Biological Chemistry,
Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700 032, India.
REFERENCE: Anal Biochem 2004 Sep 332(2):404-8
PMID: 15325040
TITLE: Sero-epidemiological survey of Neospora caninum infection in dogs in
north-eastern Italy.
AUTHORS: Gioia Capelli, Stefano Nardelli, Antonio Frangipane di Regalbono,
Antonio Scala, Mario Pietrobelli
AFFILIATION: Dipartimento di Scienze Sperimentali Veterinarie, University of
Padua, Italy.
REFERENCE: Vet Parasitol 2004 Sep 123(3-4):143-8
Risk factors associated with Neospora caninum seroprevalence in north-
eastern Italy in healthy dogs were assessed. Antibodies to N. caninum
were found in 10.9% of 707 kennel and owned dogs by a commercial
competitive ELISA (VMRD((R)) Inc.). All dogs were negative for
Leishmania infantum by indirect fluorescent antibody test indicating no
cross reactivity or association between the two protozoa in this area.
Seroprevalence association with breed and age of dogs and other factors
are discussed.
PMID: 15322192
TITLE: Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage IL-12 production by
Leishmania mexicana amastigotes: the role of cysteine peptidases and the
NF-kappaB signaling pathway.
AUTHORS: Pamela Cameron, Adrienne McGachy, Mary Anderson, Andrew Paul, Graham H
Coombs, Jeremy C Mottram, James Alexander, Robin Plevin
AFFILIATION: Department of Immunology, Strathclyde Institute for Biomedical
Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
REFERENCE: J Immunol 2004 Sep 173(5):3297-304
Infection with lesion-derived Leishmania mexicana amastigotes inhibited
LPS-induced IL-12 production by mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages.
This effect was associated with expression of cysteine peptidase B (CPB
) because amastigotes of CPB deletion mutants had limited ability to
inhibit IL-12 production, whereas preincubation of cells with a CPB
inhibitor, cathepsin inhibitor IV, was able to suppress the effect of
wild-type amastigotes. Infection with wild-type amastigotes resulted in
a time-dependent proteolytic degradation of IkappaBalpha and IkappaBbeta
and the related protein NF-kappaB. This effect did not occur with
amastigotes of CPB deletion mutants or wild-type promastigotes, which do
not express detectable CPB. NF-kappaB DNA binding was also inhibited by
amastigote infection, although nuclear translocation of cleaved
fragments of p65 NF-kappaB was still observed. Cysteine peptidase
inhibitors prevented IkappaBalpha, IkappaBbeta, and NF-kappaB
degradation induced by amastigotes, and recombinant CPB2.8, an
amastigote-specific isoenzyme of CPB, was shown to degrade GST-
IkappaBalpha in vitro. LPS-mediated IkappaBalpha and IkappaBbeta
degradation was not affected by these inhibitors, confirming that the
site of degradation of IkappaBalpha, IkappaBbeta, and NF-kappaB by the
amastigotes was not receptor-driven, proteosomal-mediated cleavage.
Infection of bone marrow macrophages with amastigotes resulted in
cleavage of JNK and ERK, but not p38 MAPK, whereas preincubation with a
cysteine peptidase inhibitor prevented degradation of these proteins,
but did not result in enhanced protein kinase activation. Collectively,
our results suggest that the amastigote-specific cysteine peptidases of
L. mexicana are central to the ability of the parasite to modulate
signaling via NF-kappaB and consequently inhibit IL-12 production.
PMID: 15328135
TITLE: Combination Therapy Using Sodium Antimony Gluconate in
Stearylamine-Bearing Liposomes against Established and Chronic Leishmania
donovani Infection in BALB/c Mice.
AUTHORS: Swati Pal, Rajesh Ravindran, Nahid Ali
AFFILIATION: Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Rd.,
Calcutta 700032, India. nali at iicb.res.in
REFERENCE: Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004 Sep 48(9):3591-3
In this work we report the activity seen with combination therapy using
sodium antimony gluconate in liposomes composed of egg phosphatidyl
choline and stearylamine for elimination of Leishmania donovani
parasites from the liver and spleen of BALB/c mice with established and
chronic infections.
PMID: 15314146
TITLE: Modulation of the Leishmania donovani peroxin 5 quaternary structure by
peroxisomal targeting signal 1 ligands.
AUTHORS: Kleber P Madrid, Gregory De Crescenzo, Shengwu Wang, Armando Jardim
AFFILIATION: Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec,
Canada.
REFERENCE: Mol Cell Biol 2004 Sep 24(17):7331-44
The import of proteins containing the peroxisomal targeting signal 1 (
PTS1) into the Leishmania glycosome is dependent on the docking of the
PTS1-loaded LdPEX5 cytosolic receptor with LdPEX14 on the glycosome
surface. Here we show that, in the absence of PTS1, LdPEX5 is a tetramer
that is stabilized by two distinct interaction domains; the first is a
coiled-coil motif encompassing residues 277 to 310, whereas the second
domain is localized to residues 1 to 202. By using microcalorimetry,
surface plasmon resonance, and size exclusion chromatography techniques
, we show that PTS1 peptide binding to LdPEX5 tetramers promotes their
dissociation into dimeric structures, which are stabilized by a coiled-
coil interaction. Moreover, we demonstrated that the resulting LdPEX5-
PTS1 complex is remarkably stable and exhibits extremely slow
dissociation kinetics. However, binding of LdPEX14 to LdPEX5 modulates
the LdPEX5-PTS1 affinity as it decreases the thermodynamic dissociation
constant for this latter complex by 10-fold. These changes in the
oligomeric state of LdPEX5 and in its affinity for PTS1 ligand upon
LdPEX14 binding may explain how, under physiological conditions, LdPEX5
can function to deliver and unload its cargo to the protein
translocation machinery on the glycosomal membrane.
PMID: 15322011
TITLE: Chemokine gene expression in toll-like receptor-competent and -deficient
mice infected with Leishmania major.
AUTHORS: Simone Antoniazi, Helen P Price, Pascale Kropf, Marina A Freudenberg,
Chris Galanos, Deborah F Smith, Ingrid Müller
AFFILIATION: Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, Department of
Immunology, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom.
REFERENCE: Infect Immun 2004 Sep 72(9):5168-74
We studied the expression of a subset of chemokines, including RANTES/
CCL5, MIP-1alpha/CCL3, IP-10/CXCL10, and MCP-1/CCL2, in Toll-like
receptor (TLR)-competent and -deficient mice after infection with
Leishmania major. Chemokine expression at the site of infection (the
footpad), in the draining lymph nodes and in the spleens of infected
animals was determined by using two different methods of analysis. The
results indicate that L. major infection causes overall upregulation of
RANTES/CCL5, MIP-1alpha/CCL3, IP-10/CXCL10, and MCP-1/CCL2 in the
footpads and lymph nodes, while expression of these chemokines is
constitutive in the spleens of TLR4-competent mice (C57BL/10ScSn) and
TLR4-deficient mice (C57BL10/ScN). Different patterns of expression were
detected depending on the time postinfection, but there was little
variation in the expression of these four chemokines in the presence or
absence of TLR4.
PMID: 15220340
TITLE: Leishmania major LmACR2 Is a Pentavalent Antimony Reductase That Confers
Sensitivity to the Drug Pentostam.
AUTHORS: Yao Zhou, Nadine Messier, Marc Ouellette, Barry P Rosen, Rita
Mukhopadhyay
AFFILIATION: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State
University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201 and Centre de Recherche
en Infectiologie and Département de Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine,
Université Laval, Quebec G1V 4G2, Canada.
REFERENCE: J Biol Chem 2004 Sep 279(36):37445-51
Arsenicals and antimonials are first line drugs for the treatment of
trypanosomal and leishmanial diseases. To create the active form of the
drug, Sb(V) must be reduced to Sb(III). Because arsenic and antimony are
related metalloids, and arsenical resistant Leishmania strains are
frequently cross-resistant to antimonials, we considered the possibility
that Sb(V) is reduced by a leishmanial As(V) reductase. The sequence
for the arsenate reductase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ScAcr2p, was
used to clone the gene for a homologue, LmACR2, from Leishmania major.
LmACR2 was able to complement the arsenate-sensitive phenotype of an
arsC deletion strain of Escherichia coli or an ScACR2 deletion strain of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Transfection of Leishmania infantum with
LmACR2 augmented Pentostam sensitivity in intracellular amastigotes.
LmACR2 was purified and shown to reduce both As(V) and Sb(V). This is
the first report of an enzyme that confers Pentostam sensitivity in
intracellular amastigotes of Leishmania. We propose that LmACR2 is
responsible for reduction of the pentavalent antimony in Pentostam to
the active trivalent form of the drug in Leishmania.
PMID: 15213342
TITLE: Visceral leishmaniasis in a patient with Wegener's granulomatosis.
AUTHORS: S Sollima, M Corbellino, R Piolini, S Calattini, S Imparato, S
Antinori
REFERENCE: Rheumatology (Oxford) 2004 Jul 43(7):935-7
********************************************************************************************************************
The following references are revised files and are brought to you in accordance
to license agreement with the NLM.
********************************************************************************************************************
PMID: 9707568
TITLE: Cloning of Leishmania nucleoside transporter genes by rescue of a
transport-deficient mutant.
AUTHORS: G Vasudevan, N S Carter, M E Drew, S M Beverley, M A Sanchez, A
Seyfang, B Ullman, S M Landfear
AFFILIATION: Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health
Sciences University, Portland, OR 97201, USA.
REFERENCE: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998 Aug 95(17):9873-8
All parasitic protozoa studied to date are incapable of purine
biosynthesis and must therefore salvage purine nucleobases or
nucleosides from their hosts. This salvage process is initiated by
purine transporters on the parasite cell surface. We have used a mutant
line (TUBA5) of Leishmania donovani that is deficient in adenosine/
pyrimidine nucleoside transport activity (LdNT1) to clone genes encoding
these nucleoside transporters by functional rescue. Two such genes,
LdNT1.1 and LdNT1.2, have been sequenced and shown to encode deduced
polypeptides with significant sequence identity to the human
facilitative nucleoside transporter hENT1. Hydrophobicity analysis of
the LdNT1.1 and LdNT1.2 proteins predicted 11 transmembrane domains.
Transfection of the adenosine/pyrimidine nucleoside transport-deficient
TUBA5 parasites with vectors containing the LdNT1.1 and LdNT1.2 genes
confers sensitivity to the cytotoxic adenosine analog tubercidin and
concurrently restores the ability of this mutant line to take up [3H]
adenosine and [3H]uridine. Moreover, expression of the LdNT1.2 ORF in
Xenopus oocytes significantly increases their ability to take up [3H]
adenosine, confirming that this single protein is sufficient to mediate
nucleoside transport. These results establish genetically and
biochemically that both LdNT1 genes encode functional adenosine/
pyrimidine nucleoside transporters.
REQUEST: [ sand fly ]
(1 article matches this request. 1 article matching other requests removed)
REQUEST: [ sandfly ]
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